祁连山南北麓明长城夯土抗剪强度指标与分维值相关关系
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摘要
夯土是具有明显时代、地域、工艺和取材属性的土体,其抗剪性能评价和参数获取是干旱、半干旱地区夯土遗址稳定性评价和控制领域所面临的基础性问题。选取了分布于祁连山南北两麓的我国规模最大的线性遗址明长城18处段落的原状夯土作为研究样本,在建造地点、年代和工艺调查的基础上,采用直接剪切试验、土-水特征曲线测试、颗粒分析试验、相关与回归拟合分析对夯土抗剪强度指标、孔隙和颗粒特征及其联系进行了系统的研究。结果表明:18处不同属地夯土依据黏聚力和内摩擦角的取值大小可划分为抗剪性能弱型和抗剪性能强型,颗粒及孔隙的组成与分布具有良好分形特征;黏聚力和内摩擦角值与粒度分维值和孔隙分维值存在量化对应关系,以分维值为变量建立数学模型预测的抗剪强度指标与实测值的误差不超过7.5%,为有效获取抗剪参数和评价抗剪性能提供了新途径。
Rammed earth is a kind of soil with obvious characteristics of time, region, technology and materials, and its shear performance evaluation and parameter acquisition are foundation in the field of stability evaluation and control of rammed earth sites in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, in this study, the original rammed earth at 18 sites of the most widely distributed and the largest linear rammed-earth build(Great Wall of Ming Dynasty) in China, located in the north and south of the Qilian Mountains, has been selected as the research object, and direct shear test, soil water characteristic curve test, particle analysis, correlation and regression analyses of the rammed earth shear strength index, porosity and particle characteristics and its connection to the research of the system has been used. The results show that the rammed earth in the 18 sites can be divided into weak type and strong type in shear performance according to cohesion and internal friction angle; the composition and distribution of the particles and pores have good fractal characteristics. There are quantitative relationships between cohesion or internal friction angle and the pore fractal dimension or the particle fractal dimension. The error between the shear strength index of establishing mathematical model for the fractal dimension value and the measured value is no more than 7.5%, which provides a new way for obtaining effective shear parameters and evaluating shear performance.
Rammed earth is a kind of soil with obvious characteristics of time, region, technology and materials, and its shear performance evaluation and parameter acquisition are foundation in the field of stability evaluation and control of rammed earth sites in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, in this study, the original rammed earth at 18 sites of the most widely distributed and the largest linear rammed-earth build(Great Wall of Ming Dynasty) in China, located in the north and south of the Qilian Mountains, has been selected as the research object, and direct shear test, soil water characteristic curve test, particle analysis, correlation and regression analyses of the rammed earth shear strength index, porosity and particle characteristics and its connection to the research of the system has been used. The results show that the rammed earth in the 18 sites can be divided into weak type and strong type in shear performance according to cohesion and internal friction angle; the composition and distribution of the particles and pores have good fractal characteristics. There are quantitative relationships between cohesion or internal friction angle and the pore fractal dimension or the particle fractal dimension. The error between the shear strength index of establishing mathematical model for the fractal dimension value and the measured value is no more than 7.5%, which provides a new way for obtaining effective shear parameters and evaluating shear performance.
引文
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[20] Liu Xingzhi,Liu Xiaowen,Chen Ming,et al.Soil-water characteristic curve based on particle contact model using three unequal particle sizes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(2):651-656.[刘星志,刘小文,陈铭,等.基于3个不等粒径颗粒接触模型的土-水特征曲线[J].岩土力学,2018,39(2):651-656.]
[21] Li Wanshuang,Sun De′an,Gao You.Predicting shear strength of unsaturated clay using soil-water characteristic curve[J].Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Science),2016,22(5):648-655.[李万双,孙德安,高游.土水特征曲线预测非饱和黏土的抗剪强度[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(5):648-655.]
[22] Fredlund D G,Rahardjo H.Unsaturated soil mechanics[M].Chen Zhongyi,Zhang Zaiming,Chen Yujiong,et al trans.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1997.[弗雷德隆德 D G,拉哈尔佐 H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐,张在明,陈愈炯,等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.]
[23] Tao Gaoliang,Kong Lingwei,Xiao Henglin,et al.Fractal characteristics and fitting analysis of soil-water characteristic curves[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(9):2443-2447.[陶高粱,孔令伟,肖衡林,等.土-水特征曲线的分形特征及其分析拟合[J].岩土力学,2014,35(9):2443-2447.]
[24] Tyler S W,Wheatcraft S W.Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions analysis and limitations[J].Soil Science Society of America,1992,56(1):362-369.
[25] Lin Peiyuan,Tang Liansheng,Sang Haitao,et al.Fractal geometry in the past,present and future research of rock and soil mechanics[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(Suppl 1):24-29.[林沛元,汤连生,桑海涛,等.分形几何在岩土力学研究中的过去、 现在与未来[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增刊1):24-29.]
[2] Mileto C,Vegas F,Cristini V,et al.Studies for the restoration of the Islamic Bofilla Tower as an example of wood use in rammed earth structures[J].Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports,2016,7:269-279.
[3] Sun Bo,Zhou Zhonghua,Zhang Huyuan,et al.Characteristics and prediction model of surface temperature for rammed earthen architecture ruins[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(3):867-871.[孙博,周仲华,张虎元,等.夯土建筑遗址表面温度变化特征及预报模型[J].岩土力学,2011,32(3):867-871.]
[4] Chen Wenwu,Su Na,Yang Guang.Effect of wind field on sapping quantity of earthen architecture ruins along ridge of semi-humid areas[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(2):305-310.[谌文武,苏娜,杨光.风场对半湿润山脊土遗址掏蚀量的影响[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(2):305-310.]
[5] Wu Yaping,Wang Ning,Pan Gaofeng,et al.Study on the frost heaving characteristics of fine sand with high salinity in northern Qinghai[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(2):307-313.[吴亚平,王宁,潘高峰,等.青海北部高含盐细砂冻胀特性研究[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(2):307-313.]
[6] Cui Kai,Guan Xipeng,Chen Wenwu,et al.Effects of salinized deterioration and aeolian ullage on soils in undercutting areas of earthern ruins in arid regions (II)[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2017,39(10):1777-1784.[崔凯,关喜鹏,谌文武,等.干旱区土遗址掏蚀区土盐渍劣化与风蚀损耗效应(II)[J].岩土工程学报,2017,39(10):1777-1784.]
[7] Cui Kai,Chen Wenwu,Zhang Jingke,et al.Study on mechanism of degradation and feature of ancient building materials-rammed earth in arid region[J].Journal of Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition),2012,44(6):47-54.[崔凯,谌文武,张景科,等.干旱区古代建材夯土特征及劣化机理研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2012,44(6):47-54.]
[8] Chen Hongju,Yang Jianping,Tan Chunping.Responsivity of glacier to climate change in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(1):16-23.[陈虹举,杨建平,谭春萍.中国冰川变化对气候变化的响应程度研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(1):16-23.]
[9] Sun Manli,Li Zuixiong,Wang Xudong,et al.Classification of deteriorations associated with many earthen heritage sites in arid areas of Northwest China[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(6):772-778.[孙满利,李最雄,王旭东,等.干旱区土遗址病害的分类研究[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(6):772-778.]
[10] Pu Tianbiao,Chen Wenwu,Lü Haimin,et al.Analysis on function of deterioration of typical earthen ruins under the coupling of salinized and freezing and thawing in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2016,47(4):1420-1426.[蒲天彪,谌文武,吕海敏,等.青藏高原地区典型土遗址冻融与盐渍耦合劣化作用分析[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,47(4):1420-1426.]
[11] Li Zuixiong,Shao Mingshen,Chen Rui.Impact of PS on permeability of unsaturated ruins clay[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(7):2039-2044.[李最雄,邵明申,陈锐.PS加固对非饱和遗址土的渗透特性影响研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(7):2039-2044.]
[12] Wang Yanbing,Wang Sijing,Li Li,et al.Research on infiltration reinforcement mechanism and improved properties of potassium silicate for earthen relics soils[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(3):696-704.[王彦兵,王思敬,李黎,等.硅酸钾对遗址土的渗透加固机制及改进特性研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(3):696-704.]
[13] Jaquin P.Influence of Arabic and Chinese rammed earth techniques in the Himalayan region[J].Environmental Sciences,2012,4(10):2650-2660.
[14] Reddy B V V,Kumar P P.Cement stabilized rammed earth:Part B:compressive strength and stress-strain characteristics[J].Materials and Structures,2011,44(3):695-707.
[15] Zhao Haiying,Wang Ren,Li Zuixiong,et al.Tentative research on the consolidated Great Wall of Qin Dynasty at the Warring States[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(Suppl 1):79-84.[赵海英,汪稔,李最雄,等.战国秦时期夯土长城加固强度试验研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28(增刊1):79-84.]
[16] Sun Manli.A study of the protection and reinforcement about the ruins of Jiaohe,Turpan,China[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2006.[孙满利.吐鲁番交河故城保护加固研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2006.]
[17] Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage.Protection and restoration techniques for Chinese cultural relics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.[中国文化遗产研究院.中国文物保护与修复技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.]
[18] Xie Huazhang.Construction technique of rammed-earth construction of Fujian earth building[J].Housing Science,2004(7):39-42.[谢华章.福建土楼夯土版筑的建造技艺[J].住宅科技,2004(7):39-42.]
[19] Luo Zhewen.A question on the Great Wall[J].Root Exploration,2001(6):66-76.[罗哲文.关于长城的答问[J].寻根,2001(6):66-76.]
[20] Liu Xingzhi,Liu Xiaowen,Chen Ming,et al.Soil-water characteristic curve based on particle contact model using three unequal particle sizes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(2):651-656.[刘星志,刘小文,陈铭,等.基于3个不等粒径颗粒接触模型的土-水特征曲线[J].岩土力学,2018,39(2):651-656.]
[21] Li Wanshuang,Sun De′an,Gao You.Predicting shear strength of unsaturated clay using soil-water characteristic curve[J].Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Science),2016,22(5):648-655.[李万双,孙德安,高游.土水特征曲线预测非饱和黏土的抗剪强度[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(5):648-655.]
[22] Fredlund D G,Rahardjo H.Unsaturated soil mechanics[M].Chen Zhongyi,Zhang Zaiming,Chen Yujiong,et al trans.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1997.[弗雷德隆德 D G,拉哈尔佐 H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐,张在明,陈愈炯,等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.]
[23] Tao Gaoliang,Kong Lingwei,Xiao Henglin,et al.Fractal characteristics and fitting analysis of soil-water characteristic curves[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(9):2443-2447.[陶高粱,孔令伟,肖衡林,等.土-水特征曲线的分形特征及其分析拟合[J].岩土力学,2014,35(9):2443-2447.]
[24] Tyler S W,Wheatcraft S W.Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions analysis and limitations[J].Soil Science Society of America,1992,56(1):362-369.
[25] Lin Peiyuan,Tang Liansheng,Sang Haitao,et al.Fractal geometry in the past,present and future research of rock and soil mechanics[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(Suppl 1):24-29.[林沛元,汤连生,桑海涛,等.分形几何在岩土力学研究中的过去、 现在与未来[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增刊1):24-29.]