南方红壤区水土流失治理成效的多尺度趋势分析
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摘要
借助我国土壤侵蚀普查数据,利用土壤侵蚀综合指数(EI)进行各级侵蚀强度的综合量化,同时结合典型流域的实测数据和重点工程所在县的监测资料,从红壤全区、重点工程县和典型流域3个尺度进行水土流失治理成效评估。结果表明:1)近10年来南方红壤区土壤侵蚀面积呈减少趋势,共减少0. 5万km2,不同等级的侵蚀面积变化趋势各不相同,中度侵蚀面积明显减少,而轻度侵蚀面积显著增加。从省级变化趋势来看,江西、湖北等6省土壤侵蚀程度有所减轻,而广西、广东等4省区的土壤侵蚀状况有加重趋势。2)从177个重点工程县的EI来看,有112个县土壤侵蚀程度减轻,占63. 3%。其中,生态文明工程县EI平均值减幅最大,水土流失治理成效最显著,其次是国家重点治理区、科技示范园和清洁小流域所在县。从分布片区来看,赣南、湘中、皖西及浙闽沿海各县土壤侵蚀状况有不同程度的好转,而湘南、皖南山区和粤东沿海各县有局部加重趋势。3)从典型流域尺度来看,近几十年来江河流域径流量随时间的推移有轻微上升趋势,但输沙量显著下降,且随着小流域内植被覆盖率和农民人均纯收入的不断增加,其平均土壤侵蚀模数也呈下降趋势。本研究结果从不同尺度揭示了南方红壤区的水土流失治理成效,明确了区内不同类型工程的水土流失成效状况,对今后的水土保持布局有借鉴意义。
[Background]The red soil region is one of the eight soil and water conservation districts in China,and it is an important production base for grain,oil,crop and timber. Soil and water erosion process in this area is complicated and difficult to be controlled,thus comprehensive managements are needed. Reasonable analysis of the effects of these managements in easing erosion is important to soil and water conservation planning. [Methods]This study was conducted based on the data from two national soil erosion surveys( Ministry of Water Resources 2002,2011),and erosion indexes( EI) were calculated to quantify soil erosion risk. Field measured data from typical watersheds and key project counties were also adopted to analyze the effects of comprehensive harness in soil and water erosion from multi-scales. Besides,EI is a comprehensive index value based on the quantitative classification of soil erosion area and total land area in a unit,and weight transformation. [Results]1) Soil erosion area in the whole region declined by 5 000 km2 recently with the moderate erosion level contributed the most.However,the erosion area of the light level increased. Generally,the soil erosion risk in Jiangxi,Hubei,Zhejiang,Fujian,Hunan and Anhui provinces have been controlled at different degrees. Nevertheless,the erosion risk in Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan and Jiangsu provinces still need to be improved. 2)From the perspective of 177 key project counties,the soil erosion risk of 112 counties had a downward trend,accounting for 63. 3%. Among them,the average value of EI in ecological civilization project declined the most,followed by national key prevention and control region,technology demonstration parks and clean small watersheds. From the aspect of distribution area,those in southern Jiangxi,central Hunan,western Anhui,Zhejiang and Fujian coastal counties showed obvious efficiency in erosion controlling. The counties in southern Hunan,southern Anhui and eastern Guangdong are still suffering relatively high erosion risk. According to national key prevention and control regions,erosion area and EI in upstream protection region of Xiang River,Zi River,Yuan River,and Li River and upstream protection region of Dong River increased obviously. 3) In the watershed scale of typical rivers,the runoff showed an inconspicuous upward trend during the past decades,while the sediment showed a significant declining trend. On the other hand,with the increase of vegetation coverage and the per capita net income of farmers,the average soil erosion modulus in the small watersheds also descended. Both indicated that the soil and water erosion control in the region has achieved remarkable results.[Conclusions]After years of treatment,the soil and water erosion risk in the region showed a general improvement and partial deterioration. The results revealed the effects of soil and water erosion control from different scales,which are of great significance for future soil and water conservation layout in the red soil region.
[Background]The red soil region is one of the eight soil and water conservation districts in China,and it is an important production base for grain,oil,crop and timber. Soil and water erosion process in this area is complicated and difficult to be controlled,thus comprehensive managements are needed. Reasonable analysis of the effects of these managements in easing erosion is important to soil and water conservation planning. [Methods]This study was conducted based on the data from two national soil erosion surveys( Ministry of Water Resources 2002,2011),and erosion indexes( EI) were calculated to quantify soil erosion risk. Field measured data from typical watersheds and key project counties were also adopted to analyze the effects of comprehensive harness in soil and water erosion from multi-scales. Besides,EI is a comprehensive index value based on the quantitative classification of soil erosion area and total land area in a unit,and weight transformation. [Results]1) Soil erosion area in the whole region declined by 5 000 km2 recently with the moderate erosion level contributed the most.However,the erosion area of the light level increased. Generally,the soil erosion risk in Jiangxi,Hubei,Zhejiang,Fujian,Hunan and Anhui provinces have been controlled at different degrees. Nevertheless,the erosion risk in Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan and Jiangsu provinces still need to be improved. 2)From the perspective of 177 key project counties,the soil erosion risk of 112 counties had a downward trend,accounting for 63. 3%. Among them,the average value of EI in ecological civilization project declined the most,followed by national key prevention and control region,technology demonstration parks and clean small watersheds. From the aspect of distribution area,those in southern Jiangxi,central Hunan,western Anhui,Zhejiang and Fujian coastal counties showed obvious efficiency in erosion controlling. The counties in southern Hunan,southern Anhui and eastern Guangdong are still suffering relatively high erosion risk. According to national key prevention and control regions,erosion area and EI in upstream protection region of Xiang River,Zi River,Yuan River,and Li River and upstream protection region of Dong River increased obviously. 3) In the watershed scale of typical rivers,the runoff showed an inconspicuous upward trend during the past decades,while the sediment showed a significant declining trend. On the other hand,with the increase of vegetation coverage and the per capita net income of farmers,the average soil erosion modulus in the small watersheds also descended. Both indicated that the soil and water erosion control in the region has achieved remarkable results.[Conclusions]After years of treatment,the soil and water erosion risk in the region showed a general improvement and partial deterioration. The results revealed the effects of soil and water erosion control from different scales,which are of great significance for future soil and water conservation layout in the red soil region.
引文
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[13]陈必奎,穆如发.从龙泉河小流域治理谈生态建设与可持续发展[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(4):300.CHEN Bikui,MU Rufa.Eco-construction and sustainable development based on harness of Longquan River small watershed[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(4):300.
[14]朱秀端.闽北小流域综合治理的效益和体会[J].福建水土保持,2001(1):41.ZHU Xiuduan.Benefits and experience of comprehensive harness in the small watersheds of northern Fujian[J].Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,2001(1)41.
[15]胡建民.南方花岗岩剧烈侵蚀区小流域综合治理技术推广及其效益分析:以横坑小流域可持续开发治理为例[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(3):54,56.HU Jianmin.Techniques popularization and its benefits analysis of comprehensive harness in the small watersheds of the southern severe erosion granite region:Acase study on sustainable exploitation and harness of Hengkeng small watershed[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,20(3):54,56.
[16]苏典南.宅内小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析[J].福建水土保持,1992(2):37.SU Diannan.Analysis on benefits of soil and water comprehensive harness in Zhainei small watershed[J].Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,1992(2):37.
[17]张玉刚,卢慧中,曹龙熹,等.太湖流域片土壤侵蚀现状与变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):26.ZHANG Yugang,LU Huizhong,CAO Longxi,et al.Soil erosion situation and changing trend in the Taihu Lake basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):26.
[18]郭春香.我国土壤侵蚀普查中水蚀模型的比对研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013:34.GUO Chunxiang.Comparative study based on the different evaluating model of the soil erosion survey in China[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013:34.
[19]LIANG Yin,LI Decheng,SU Chunli,et al.Soil erosion assessment in the red soil region of Southeast China using an integrated index[J].Soil Science,2009,174(10):574.
[20]赵其国.我国南方当前水土流失与生态安全中值得重视的问题[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(2):2.ZHAO Qiguo.Some considerations for present soil and water erosion and ecology security of South China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(2):2.
[21]金瑞,史文中.广东省城镇化经济发展空间分析[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):45.JIN Rui,SHI Wenzhong.Spatial analysis of urban economics in Guangdong province[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):45.
[22]陈康,邹秋宝,唐立模,等.信江中下游近60年水沙分配变化特征[J].水利水电技术,2018,49(9):142.CHEN Kang,ZOU Qiubao,TANG Limo,et al.Variation characteristics of water and sediment distribution of midlower Xinjiang in recent 60 years[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2018,49(9):142.
[23]冯德锃,吴栋栋,赵玲玲,等.1952-2014年饶河流域水沙变化特征及影响因素[J].南水北调与水利科技,2018(11):1.FENG Dezeng,WU Dongdong,ZHAO Lingling,et al.A-nalysis on runoff and sediment change characteristics and influence factors of Rao River from 1952 to 2014[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2018(11):1.
[24]穆兴民.黄土高原水土保持对河川径流及土壤水文的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002:8.MU Xingmin.Impacts of soil and water conservation on river flow and soil-hydrology on the Loess Plateau[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2002:8.
[25]顾朝军,穆兴民,高鹏,等.赣江流域径流量和输沙量的变化过程及其对人类活动的响应[J].泥沙研究,2016(3):38.GU Chaojun,MU Xingmin,GAO Peng,et al.Variation of runoff and sediment discharge and response to human activities in Ganjiang[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(3):38.
[2]尹辉,蒋忠诚,罗为群,等.湘中丘陵区水土保持效益综合评价[J].中国水土保持,2010(12):50.YIN Hui,JIANG Zhongcheng,LUO Weiqun,et al.Comprehensive benefit assessment of soil and water conservation in the hilly region of central Hunan[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2010(12):50.
[3]何长高,刘茂福,张利超,等.江西省水土流失治理历程及成效[J].中国水土保持,2017(8):10.HE Changgao,LIU Maofu,ZHANG Lichao,et al.Soil and water conservation history and effect of Jiangxi province[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2017(8):10.
[4]梁音,张斌,潘贤章,等.南方红壤丘陵区水土流失现状与综合治理对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):22.LIANG Yin,ZHANG Bin,PAN Xianzhang,et al.Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil and water erosion for hilly region in the Southern China[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(1):22.
[5]中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况公报[R].北京,2013(5):2.Ministry of Water Resources,P.R.China.Bulletin of first national water census for soil and water conservation[R].Beijing,2013(5):2.
[6]江西省水利厅.江西省水土保持公报[R].南昌:2008-2013.Jiangxi Water Resources Department.Jiangxi bulletin of soil and water conservation[R].Nanchang:2008-2013.
[7]岳辉,陈志彪.朱溪河小流域水土流失治理与生态环境效应[J].福建地理,2003(1):7.YUE Hui,CHEN Zhibiao.Control of soil and water erosion and the effects of ecological environment in Zhuxi River small watershed[J].Fujian Geography,2003(1):7.
[8]王一鸣,高鹏,穆兴民,等.南方红壤丘陵区小流域水土保持综合效益评价:以江西阳坑小流域为例[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):8.WANG Yiming,GAO Peng,MU Xingmin,et al.Assessment on comprehensive benefits from soil and water conservation in the small watersheds of hilly region in the Southern China:A case study in Yangkeng small watershed in Jiangxi province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(5):8.
[9]郑国权,杨宪杰,温美丽,等.广东省小流域综合治理效益的定量评价:以清远市瑶安小流域为例[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(4):242.ZHENG Guoquan,YANG Xianjie,WEN Meili,et al.Quantitative benefit evaluation of comprehensive watershed harness in Guangdong province:A case study of Yao'an small watershed in Qingyuan city[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(4):242.
[10]黄锦祥,熊伟.宁化县小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析:以常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例[J].山西农业科学,2014,42(1):56.HUANG Jinxiang,XIONG Wei.Analysis on comprehensive benefits of soil and water conservation in the small watersheds of Ninghua county:A case study of Changfengli and Shibixi watersheds[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(1):56.
[11]宋月君,杨洁,汪邦稳,等.塘背河小流域水土保持生态建设成效分析[J].中国水土保持,2012(4)64.SONG Yuejun,YANG Jie,WANG Bangwen,et al.Analysis on soil and water conservation benefits of eco-construction in Tangbei River small watershed[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2012(4):64.
[12]林新明,郭新波,邓岚.乌陂河小流域生态修复技术及效益浅析[J].广东水利水电,2005(1):15.LIN Xinming,GUO Xinbo,DENG Lan.Ecological restoration technology and benefit analysis of Wubei River small watershed[J].Guangdong Water resources and Hydropower,2005(1):15.
[13]陈必奎,穆如发.从龙泉河小流域治理谈生态建设与可持续发展[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(4):300.CHEN Bikui,MU Rufa.Eco-construction and sustainable development based on harness of Longquan River small watershed[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(4):300.
[14]朱秀端.闽北小流域综合治理的效益和体会[J].福建水土保持,2001(1):41.ZHU Xiuduan.Benefits and experience of comprehensive harness in the small watersheds of northern Fujian[J].Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,2001(1)41.
[15]胡建民.南方花岗岩剧烈侵蚀区小流域综合治理技术推广及其效益分析:以横坑小流域可持续开发治理为例[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(3):54,56.HU Jianmin.Techniques popularization and its benefits analysis of comprehensive harness in the small watersheds of the southern severe erosion granite region:Acase study on sustainable exploitation and harness of Hengkeng small watershed[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,20(3):54,56.
[16]苏典南.宅内小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析[J].福建水土保持,1992(2):37.SU Diannan.Analysis on benefits of soil and water comprehensive harness in Zhainei small watershed[J].Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,1992(2):37.
[17]张玉刚,卢慧中,曹龙熹,等.太湖流域片土壤侵蚀现状与变化[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):26.ZHANG Yugang,LU Huizhong,CAO Longxi,et al.Soil erosion situation and changing trend in the Taihu Lake basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):26.
[18]郭春香.我国土壤侵蚀普查中水蚀模型的比对研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013:34.GUO Chunxiang.Comparative study based on the different evaluating model of the soil erosion survey in China[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013:34.
[19]LIANG Yin,LI Decheng,SU Chunli,et al.Soil erosion assessment in the red soil region of Southeast China using an integrated index[J].Soil Science,2009,174(10):574.
[20]赵其国.我国南方当前水土流失与生态安全中值得重视的问题[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(2):2.ZHAO Qiguo.Some considerations for present soil and water erosion and ecology security of South China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(2):2.
[21]金瑞,史文中.广东省城镇化经济发展空间分析[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):45.JIN Rui,SHI Wenzhong.Spatial analysis of urban economics in Guangdong province[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):45.
[22]陈康,邹秋宝,唐立模,等.信江中下游近60年水沙分配变化特征[J].水利水电技术,2018,49(9):142.CHEN Kang,ZOU Qiubao,TANG Limo,et al.Variation characteristics of water and sediment distribution of midlower Xinjiang in recent 60 years[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2018,49(9):142.
[23]冯德锃,吴栋栋,赵玲玲,等.1952-2014年饶河流域水沙变化特征及影响因素[J].南水北调与水利科技,2018(11):1.FENG Dezeng,WU Dongdong,ZHAO Lingling,et al.A-nalysis on runoff and sediment change characteristics and influence factors of Rao River from 1952 to 2014[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2018(11):1.
[24]穆兴民.黄土高原水土保持对河川径流及土壤水文的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002:8.MU Xingmin.Impacts of soil and water conservation on river flow and soil-hydrology on the Loess Plateau[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2002:8.
[25]顾朝军,穆兴民,高鹏,等.赣江流域径流量和输沙量的变化过程及其对人类活动的响应[J].泥沙研究,2016(3):38.GU Chaojun,MU Xingmin,GAO Peng,et al.Variation of runoff and sediment discharge and response to human activities in Ganjiang[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(3):38.