山地自行车高原训练前后机能变化规律的研究
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摘要
为了探索山地自行车运动员分别进行6周平原—高原—下高原连续训练过程中的机能变化情况,为教练员是否选择高原训练、针对性地安排高原训练和下山时间提供参考依据。课题组对8名安徽山地自行车队运动员6周平原、6周高原、6周下高原训练的连续跟踪监测,对部分机能指标进行分析。结果表明:(1)6周平原训练,血清血尿素氮、酸激酶、血睾酮出现显著性变化;(2)6周高原训练,血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血尿素氮、酸激酶、血睾酮和血皮质醇均无显著性变化;(3)下高原6周训练,血红蛋白和红细胞压积先下降后回升,血尿素氮下降,肌酸激酶升高,血睾酮先下降后回升。结论:平原训练可以逐步提高运动员对训练负荷的适应能力和机能水平;平原训练比高原训练更容易提高负荷强度,高原训练比平原训练更容易提高负荷量;平原训练和高原训练都可以提高运动员的血红蛋白、红细胞压积和血睾酮水平,但高原训练比平原训练提高的幅度更大一些。建议:山地自行车运动员上高原前可以考虑安排5～6周的平原训练;高原训练期间容易引起血尿素氮升高,教练员要有计划地安排运动员的主动恢复时间;高原训练可以提高运动员的机能水平,但下高原参加比赛的时间要控制在1周之内。
To explore the functional changes of mountain cyclists during six weeks of continuous training in plain-plateau-lower plateau,so as to provide reference for coaches to choose plateau training,arrange plateau training and downhill time.EightAnhui mountain bicycle team athletes were trained continuously on the plain for 6 weeks,on the plateau for 6 weeks and on the plateau for 6 weeks,and some functional indexes were analyzed.Results:(1) Serum BUN,CK and T showed significant changes after 6 weeks of plain training;(2) There was no significant change in HB,HCT,BUN,CK,T and C during 6 weeks of high altitude training;(3) After 6 weeks of low altitude training,HB and HCT decreased first and then rose,BUN decreased,CK increased,T decreased and then rose.Conclusion:Plain training can gradually improve the adaptability and functional level of athletes to training load;plain training is easier to increase the load intensity than plateau training,plateau training is easier to increase the load than plain training;plain training and plateau training can improve the athletes' HB,HCT and T levels,but plateau training is more improved than plain training.Suggestions:Mountain bicycle athletes can consider arranging 5-6 weeks of plain training before going to plateau;during plateau training,BUN rises easily,and coaches should arrange athletes' active recovery time in a planned way;plateau training can improve athletes' functional level,but the time to participate in competitions at lower plateau should be controlled within one week.
To explore the functional changes of mountain cyclists during six weeks of continuous training in plain-plateau-lower plateau,so as to provide reference for coaches to choose plateau training,arrange plateau training and downhill time.EightAnhui mountain bicycle team athletes were trained continuously on the plain for 6 weeks,on the plateau for 6 weeks and on the plateau for 6 weeks,and some functional indexes were analyzed.Results:(1) Serum BUN,CK and T showed significant changes after 6 weeks of plain training;(2) There was no significant change in HB,HCT,BUN,CK,T and C during 6 weeks of high altitude training;(3) After 6 weeks of low altitude training,HB and HCT decreased first and then rose,BUN decreased,CK increased,T decreased and then rose.Conclusion:Plain training can gradually improve the adaptability and functional level of athletes to training load;plain training is easier to increase the load intensity than plateau training,plateau training is easier to increase the load than plain training;plain training and plateau training can improve the athletes' HB,HCT and T levels,but plateau training is more improved than plain training.Suggestions:Mountain bicycle athletes can consider arranging 5-6 weeks of plain training before going to plateau;during plateau training,BUN rises easily,and coaches should arrange athletes' active recovery time in a planned way;plateau training can improve athletes' functional level,but the time to participate in competitions at lower plateau should be controlled within one week.
引文
[1]WEHRLIN J P.Live high-train low as-sociated with haemoglobin mass as preparation for the 2003 World Championships in two native European world class runners[J].Br J Sports Med,2006,4(2):3.
[2]TOWNSEND N E.Hypoxic ventilatory response is correlated with increased submaximal exercise ventilation after live high,train low[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2005,94(1/2):207-215.
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[4]武桂新,蔡蓓蕾,周广科.山地越野自行车运动训练的生理生化监控[J].南京体育学院学报自然科学版,2010,9(3):23-26.
[5]郭子渊,宣磊,陈瑶,等.山地自行车运动员备战第12届全运会机能变化分析[J].体育科技文献通报,2016,24(8):56-58.
[6]张冰,赵刚,李强.高原训练对我国优秀男子足球运动员身体机能的影响[J].中国体育科技,2012,48(4):52-56.
[7]罗荣保,刘文锋,汤长发.低氧训练对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴内分泌相关激素的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(52):10682-10686.
[8]高欣,刘海平.高原训练期间运动员身体机能生理、生化指标的评定方法[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(1):43-56.
[9]高炳宏,马国强,崔登荣,等.8周低住高练LoHi对游泳运动员血清、变化规律的影响[J].体育科学,2006,26(5):48-52.
[10]李振江.男子自行车运动员高原训练生化指标监控[J].北京体育大学学报,2009,32(2):83-84.
[11]GORE CJ,CLARK SA,SAUNDERS PU.No hematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2007,39(9):1600-1609.
[12]邱俊,陈文鹤.高住低训和高原训练对优秀现代五项运动员运动能力的影响[J].上海体育学院学报,2011,35(1):67-72.
[13]孙伊.论场地自行车短距离项目亚高原训练的可行性[J].首都体育学院学报,2009,21(5):763-766
[14]SCHMIDT W,HEINICKE K,ROJAS J,et al.Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in endurance athletes from moderatealtitude[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,2002,34(12):1934-1940.
[15]SAUNDERS P U,PYNE D B,GORE C J.Endurance training at altitude[J].High Alt Med Biol,2009,10(2):135-148.
[16]马国强,李之俊,梁效忠,等.4周1900 m高原训练对男子短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力的影响[J].中国体育科技,2013,49(4):60-67
[17]孟志军,高炳宏,高欢.高原训练对男子赛艇运动员 EPO 和红细胞系等指标影响的研究[J].体育科技,2012,33(2):75-80.
[18]高炳宏,步振威,王道,等.LoLo、HiLo、LoHi和HiHiLo训练过程中血象指标变化规律的比较研究[J].体育科学,2005,25(10):32-36.
[19]王蕾,高炳宏,陈佩杰.HiHiLo研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志,2010,29(3):353-358.
[20]CHAPMAN R F,STAGER J M,TANNER D A,et al.Impairment 0f 3000-m run time at altitude is influenced by arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,2011,43(9):1649-1656.
[21]WEHRLIN J P,ZUEST P,HALLEN J,et al.Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes[J].Appl Physiol,2006,100(6):1938-1945.
[22]HEINICKE K,HEINICKE I,SCHMIDT W,et al.A three-week traditional altitude trainingincreases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite biathlon athletes[J].Sports Med,2005,26(5):350-355.
[23]路瑛丽,冯连世.世居高原中长跑运动员平原训练期间身体机能变化[J].中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(3):300-303.
[24]屈成刚,孟超一,王冠栋.世居高原铁人三项运动员平原训练期间的机能监控[J].四川体育科学,2006,25(1):19-21.
[2]TOWNSEND N E.Hypoxic ventilatory response is correlated with increased submaximal exercise ventilation after live high,train low[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2005,94(1/2):207-215.
[3]周广科,武桂新,蔡蓓蕾.山地越野自行车运动训练与比赛中的生理特征[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2009,8(2):30-33.
[4]武桂新,蔡蓓蕾,周广科.山地越野自行车运动训练的生理生化监控[J].南京体育学院学报自然科学版,2010,9(3):23-26.
[5]郭子渊,宣磊,陈瑶,等.山地自行车运动员备战第12届全运会机能变化分析[J].体育科技文献通报,2016,24(8):56-58.
[6]张冰,赵刚,李强.高原训练对我国优秀男子足球运动员身体机能的影响[J].中国体育科技,2012,48(4):52-56.
[7]罗荣保,刘文锋,汤长发.低氧训练对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴内分泌相关激素的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(52):10682-10686.
[8]高欣,刘海平.高原训练期间运动员身体机能生理、生化指标的评定方法[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(1):43-56.
[9]高炳宏,马国强,崔登荣,等.8周低住高练LoHi对游泳运动员血清、变化规律的影响[J].体育科学,2006,26(5):48-52.
[10]李振江.男子自行车运动员高原训练生化指标监控[J].北京体育大学学报,2009,32(2):83-84.
[11]GORE CJ,CLARK SA,SAUNDERS PU.No hematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2007,39(9):1600-1609.
[12]邱俊,陈文鹤.高住低训和高原训练对优秀现代五项运动员运动能力的影响[J].上海体育学院学报,2011,35(1):67-72.
[13]孙伊.论场地自行车短距离项目亚高原训练的可行性[J].首都体育学院学报,2009,21(5):763-766
[14]SCHMIDT W,HEINICKE K,ROJAS J,et al.Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in endurance athletes from moderatealtitude[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,2002,34(12):1934-1940.
[15]SAUNDERS P U,PYNE D B,GORE C J.Endurance training at altitude[J].High Alt Med Biol,2009,10(2):135-148.
[16]马国强,李之俊,梁效忠,等.4周1900 m高原训练对男子短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力的影响[J].中国体育科技,2013,49(4):60-67
[17]孟志军,高炳宏,高欢.高原训练对男子赛艇运动员 EPO 和红细胞系等指标影响的研究[J].体育科技,2012,33(2):75-80.
[18]高炳宏,步振威,王道,等.LoLo、HiLo、LoHi和HiHiLo训练过程中血象指标变化规律的比较研究[J].体育科学,2005,25(10):32-36.
[19]王蕾,高炳宏,陈佩杰.HiHiLo研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志,2010,29(3):353-358.
[20]CHAPMAN R F,STAGER J M,TANNER D A,et al.Impairment 0f 3000-m run time at altitude is influenced by arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,2011,43(9):1649-1656.
[21]WEHRLIN J P,ZUEST P,HALLEN J,et al.Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes[J].Appl Physiol,2006,100(6):1938-1945.
[22]HEINICKE K,HEINICKE I,SCHMIDT W,et al.A three-week traditional altitude trainingincreases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite biathlon athletes[J].Sports Med,2005,26(5):350-355.
[23]路瑛丽,冯连世.世居高原中长跑运动员平原训练期间身体机能变化[J].中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(3):300-303.
[24]屈成刚,孟超一,王冠栋.世居高原铁人三项运动员平原训练期间的机能监控[J].四川体育科学,2006,25(1):19-21.