湿地反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化研究进展
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摘要
甲烷是最重要的温室气体之一,其单分子温室效应是CO2的298倍。湿地是甲烷重要的排放源,也是氮素的源和汇。微生物参与湿地碳、氮转化的生物地球化学循环过程,湿地CH4是土壤淹水条件下微生物厌氧降解有机质而产生,微生物又可以通过反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(DAMO)降低湿地甲烷的排放,对缓解全球温室效应具有重要作用。本文系统介绍了DAMO过程机理、功能微生物Methylomirabilis oxyfera菌群特性、分布以及土壤DAMO过程的检测方法和DAMO过程的影响因素,并对未来更多的湿地DAMO微生物的发现,尤其是对稻田湿地DAMO过程的相关研究提出展望,以期推动该领域更深入的研究,为稻田湿地甲烷排放量的估算及制定合理的减排措施提供科学依据。
Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases,whose greenhouse effect is298 times of CO2. Wetland is the most important source of methane emission and the source and sink of nitrogen. Microorganisms are involved in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in wetlands. CH4 is produced through anaerobic degradation of organic matter by microorganisms under anaerobic condition. CH4 emission can be reduced by microorganisms through denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation processes( DAMO) in wetlands,which plays an important role in alleviating global greenhouse effect. The mechanism of DAMO,characteristics and distribution of Methylomirabilis oxyfera,detection method and influencing factors of DAMO process are systematically introduced in this review. The discovery of more DAMO microorganisms and the study of DAMO process in paddy field are prospected in the future,to promote further research in this area and thus provide scientific basis for regulating CH4 emission from paddy field soils.
Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases,whose greenhouse effect is298 times of CO2. Wetland is the most important source of methane emission and the source and sink of nitrogen. Microorganisms are involved in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in wetlands. CH4 is produced through anaerobic degradation of organic matter by microorganisms under anaerobic condition. CH4 emission can be reduced by microorganisms through denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation processes( DAMO) in wetlands,which plays an important role in alleviating global greenhouse effect. The mechanism of DAMO,characteristics and distribution of Methylomirabilis oxyfera,detection method and influencing factors of DAMO process are systematically introduced in this review. The discovery of more DAMO microorganisms and the study of DAMO process in paddy field are prospected in the future,to promote further research in this area and thus provide scientific basis for regulating CH4 emission from paddy field soils.
引文
蔡琛.2013.反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物的富集培养研究(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学.
陈槐,周舜,吴宁,等.2006.湿地甲烷的产生、氧化及排放通量研究进展.应用与环境生物学报,12(5):726-733.
何崭飞,蔡琛,沈李东,等.2012.DAMO过程中甲烷传质模型的建立与验证.化工学报,63(6):1836-1841.
周利,李怡潇,庄林杰,等.2017.旱地土壤反硝化甲烷氧化菌的垂向分布特性与活性分析.环境科学学报,37(2):703-711.
杨东叶.2015.反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物富集及特性研究(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江工商大学.
赵荣,朱雷,吴箐,等.2017.亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程影响因素研究.环境科学学报,37(1):178-184.
Batista Siniscalchi LA,Leite LR,Oliveira G,et al.2017.Illumina sequencing-based analysis of a microbial community enriched under anaerobic methane oxidation condition coupled to denitrification revealed coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,24:16751-16764.
Barnes RO,Goldberg ED.1976.Methane production and consumption in anoxic marine sediments.Geology,4:297-300.
Chen J,Zhou ZC,Gu JD.2014.Occurrence and diversity of nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria in the sediments of the South China Sea revealed by amplification of both 16S rRNA and pmo A genes.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,98:5685-5696.
Chen SL,Chen JF,Chang S,et al.2018.Aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophic communities in urban landscape wetland.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,102:433-445.
Conrad R.2009.The global methane cycle:Recent advances in understanding microbial processes involved.Environmental Microbiology Reports,1:285-292.
Ding J,Fu L,Ding ZW,et al.2016.Environmental evaluation of coexistence of denitrifying anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in a paddy field.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:439-446.
Eitzer BD.1995.Emissions of volatile organic chemicals from municipal solid waste composting facilities.Environmental Science and Technology,29:896-902.
Ettwig KF,Butler MK,Le Paslier D,et al.2010.Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria.Nature,464:543-548.
Ettwig KF,Shima S,van De Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2008.Denitrifying bacteria anaerobically oxidize methane in the absence of Archaea.Environmental Microbiology,10:3164-3173.
Ettwig KF,van Alen T,van de Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2009.Enrichment and molecular detection of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria of the NC10 phylum.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,75:3656-3662.
Hanson RS,Hanson TE.1996.Methanotrophic bacteria.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,60:439-471.
He ZF,Cai C,Geng S,et al.2013.Modeling a nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation process:Parameters identification and model evaluation.Bioresource Technology,147:315-320.
He ZF,Wang JQ,Hu JJ,et al.2016.Improved PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from NC10 bacteria.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:5099-5108.
Hu BL,Shen LD,Lian X,et al.2014.Evidence for nitritedependent anaerobic methane oxidation as a previously over looked microbial methane sink in wetlands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111:4495-4500.
Hu S,Zeng RJ,Burow LC,et al.2009.Enrichment of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing microorganisms.Environmental Microbiology Reports,1:377-384.
Hu S,Zeng RJ,Keller J,et al.2011.Effect of nitrate and nitrite on the selection of microorganisms in the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation process.Environmental Microbiology Reports,3:315-319.
International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).Climate change2014:synthesis report//Core Writing Team,Pachauri,RK,Meyer LA,eds.Contribution of Working Groups I,IIand III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.IPCC,Geneva,Switzerland.
Kampman C,Hendrickx TL,Luesken FA,et al.2012.Enrichment of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria for application after direct low-temperature anaerobic sewage treatment.Journal Hazardous Materials,227:164-171.
Kojima H,Tsutsumi M,Ishikawa K,et al.2012.Distribution of putative denitrifying methane oxidizing bacteria in sediment of a freshwater lake,Lake Biwa.Systematic and Applied Microbiology,35:233-238.
Li D,Liu M,Cheng Y,et al.2011.Methane emissions from double-rice cropping system under conventional and no tillage in southeast China.Soil&Tillage Research,113:77-81.
Liu LH,Xu XR,Cao YC,et al.2017.Nitrate decreases methane production also by increasing methane oxidation through stimulating NC10 population in ruminal culture.AMBExpress,7:1-7.
Liu Y,Zhang J X,Zhao L,et al.2015.Aerobic and nitritedependent methane-oxidizing microorganisms in sediments of freshwater lakes on the Yunnan Plateau.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,99:2371-2381.
Lu YZ,Fu L,Li N,et al.2018.The content of trace element iron is a key factor for competition between anaerobic ammonium oxidation and methane-dependent denitrification processes.Chemosphere,198:370-376.
Luesken FA,van Alen TA,van der Biezen E,et al.2011b.Diversity and enrichment of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing bacteria from wastewater sludge.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,92:845-854.
Luesken FA,Wu ML,Op den Camp HJ,et al.2012.Effect of oxygen on the anaerobic methanotroph‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’:Kinetic and transcriptional analysis.Environmental Microbiology,14:1024-1034.
Luesken FA,Zhu B,van Alen TA,et al.2011a.pmo A primers for detection of anaerobic methanotrophs.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,77:3877-3880.
Meng H,Wang YF,Chan HW,et al.2016.Co-occurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane oxidation processes in subtropical acidic forest soils.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:7727-7739.
Raghoebarsing AA,Pol A,van de Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2006.A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification.Nature,440:918-921.
Shen LD,Hu BL,Liu S,et al.2016a.Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to nitrite reduction can be a potential methane sink in coastal environments.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:7171-7180.
Shen LD,Huang Q,He ZF,et al.2015b.Vertical distribution of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidising bacteria in natural freshwater wetland soils.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,99:349-357.
Shen LD,Liu S,He ZF,et al.2015a.Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,83:43-51.
Shen LD,Liu S,Huang Q,et al.2014a.Evidence for the cooccurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane oxidation processes in a flooded paddy field.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,80:7611-7619.
Shen LD,Liu S,Zhu Q,et al.2014b.Distribution and diversity of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidising bacteria in the sediments of the Qiantang River.Microbial Ecology,67:341-349.
Shen LD,Wu HS,Gao ZQ,et al.2016b.Comparison of community structures of Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera like bacteria of NC10 phylum in different freshwater habitats.Scientific Reports,6:25647.
Shi Y,Wang ZQ,He CG,et al.2017.Using13C isotopes to explore denitrification-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation in a paddy-peatland.Scientific Reports,7:40840.
Sun FY,Dong WY,Shao MF,et al.2013.Aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification in a membrane biofilm reactor:Treatment performance and the effect of oxygen ventilation.Bioresource Technology,145:2-9.
Thauer RK,Shima S.2006.Biogeochemistry:methane and microbes.Nature,440:878-879.
Wang SH,Liu YJ,Liu GF,et al.2017.A new primer to amplify pmo A gene from NC10 bacteria in the sediments of Dongchang lake and Dongping lake.Current Microbiology,74:908-914.
Wang Y,Zhu G,Harhangi HR,et al.2012.Co-occurrence and distribution of nitrite-dependent an aerobic ammonium and methane oxidizing bacteria in a paddy soil.FEMS Microbiology Letters,336:79-88.
Wu ML,Ettwig KF,Jetten MS,et al.2011.A new intra-aerobic metabolism in the nitrite-dependent anaerobic methaneoxidizing bacterium‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’.Biochemical Society Transactions,39:243-248.
Wu ML,van Alen TA,van Donselaar EG,et al.2012.Colocalization of particulate methane monooxygenase and cd1nitrite reductase in the denitrifying methanotroph‘Candidatus Methylomirabilisoxyfera’.FEMS Microbiology Letters,334:49-56.
Yan PZ,Li MC,Wei GS,et al.2015.Molecular fingerprint and dominant environmental factors of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in sediments from the Yellow River Estuary.China.PLo S ONE,10:e0137996.
Yang J,Jiang HC,Wu G,et al.2012.Cooccurrence of nitritedependent anaerobic methane oxidizing and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in two Qinghai-Tibetan saline lakes.Frontiers of Earth Science,6:383-391.
Yang MX,Guo QW,Tong TL,et al.2017.Vegetation type and layer depth influence nitrite-dependent methane-oxidizing bacteria in constructed wetland.Archives of Microbiology,199:505-511.
Zhang YF,Ma AZ,Liu WZ,et al.2018.The occurrence of putative nitric oxide dismutase(Nod)in an alpine wetland with a new dominant subcluster and the potential ability for a methane sink.Archaea,3:1-7.
Zhou LL,Wang Y,Long XE,et al.2014.High abundance and diversity of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in a paddy field profile.FEMS Microbiology Letters,360:33-41.
Zhu B,van Dijk G,Fritz C,et al.2012.Anaerobic oxidization of methane in a minerotrophic peatland:Enrichment of nitrite-dependent methane-oxidizing bacteria.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,78:8657-8665.
Zhu GB,Wang MZ,Li YX,et al.2018.Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing in global upland soil:Sporadic and noncontinuous distribution with low influence.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,119:90-100.
Zhu G,Zhou L,Wang Y,et al.2015.Biogeographical distribution of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing bacteria in Chinese wetland ecosystems.Environmental Microbiology Reports,7:128-138.
陈槐,周舜,吴宁,等.2006.湿地甲烷的产生、氧化及排放通量研究进展.应用与环境生物学报,12(5):726-733.
何崭飞,蔡琛,沈李东,等.2012.DAMO过程中甲烷传质模型的建立与验证.化工学报,63(6):1836-1841.
周利,李怡潇,庄林杰,等.2017.旱地土壤反硝化甲烷氧化菌的垂向分布特性与活性分析.环境科学学报,37(2):703-711.
杨东叶.2015.反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物富集及特性研究(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江工商大学.
赵荣,朱雷,吴箐,等.2017.亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程影响因素研究.环境科学学报,37(1):178-184.
Batista Siniscalchi LA,Leite LR,Oliveira G,et al.2017.Illumina sequencing-based analysis of a microbial community enriched under anaerobic methane oxidation condition coupled to denitrification revealed coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,24:16751-16764.
Barnes RO,Goldberg ED.1976.Methane production and consumption in anoxic marine sediments.Geology,4:297-300.
Chen J,Zhou ZC,Gu JD.2014.Occurrence and diversity of nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria in the sediments of the South China Sea revealed by amplification of both 16S rRNA and pmo A genes.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,98:5685-5696.
Chen SL,Chen JF,Chang S,et al.2018.Aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophic communities in urban landscape wetland.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,102:433-445.
Conrad R.2009.The global methane cycle:Recent advances in understanding microbial processes involved.Environmental Microbiology Reports,1:285-292.
Ding J,Fu L,Ding ZW,et al.2016.Environmental evaluation of coexistence of denitrifying anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in a paddy field.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:439-446.
Eitzer BD.1995.Emissions of volatile organic chemicals from municipal solid waste composting facilities.Environmental Science and Technology,29:896-902.
Ettwig KF,Butler MK,Le Paslier D,et al.2010.Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria.Nature,464:543-548.
Ettwig KF,Shima S,van De Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2008.Denitrifying bacteria anaerobically oxidize methane in the absence of Archaea.Environmental Microbiology,10:3164-3173.
Ettwig KF,van Alen T,van de Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2009.Enrichment and molecular detection of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria of the NC10 phylum.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,75:3656-3662.
Hanson RS,Hanson TE.1996.Methanotrophic bacteria.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,60:439-471.
He ZF,Cai C,Geng S,et al.2013.Modeling a nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation process:Parameters identification and model evaluation.Bioresource Technology,147:315-320.
He ZF,Wang JQ,Hu JJ,et al.2016.Improved PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from NC10 bacteria.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:5099-5108.
Hu BL,Shen LD,Lian X,et al.2014.Evidence for nitritedependent anaerobic methane oxidation as a previously over looked microbial methane sink in wetlands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111:4495-4500.
Hu S,Zeng RJ,Burow LC,et al.2009.Enrichment of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing microorganisms.Environmental Microbiology Reports,1:377-384.
Hu S,Zeng RJ,Keller J,et al.2011.Effect of nitrate and nitrite on the selection of microorganisms in the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation process.Environmental Microbiology Reports,3:315-319.
International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).Climate change2014:synthesis report//Core Writing Team,Pachauri,RK,Meyer LA,eds.Contribution of Working Groups I,IIand III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.IPCC,Geneva,Switzerland.
Kampman C,Hendrickx TL,Luesken FA,et al.2012.Enrichment of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria for application after direct low-temperature anaerobic sewage treatment.Journal Hazardous Materials,227:164-171.
Kojima H,Tsutsumi M,Ishikawa K,et al.2012.Distribution of putative denitrifying methane oxidizing bacteria in sediment of a freshwater lake,Lake Biwa.Systematic and Applied Microbiology,35:233-238.
Li D,Liu M,Cheng Y,et al.2011.Methane emissions from double-rice cropping system under conventional and no tillage in southeast China.Soil&Tillage Research,113:77-81.
Liu LH,Xu XR,Cao YC,et al.2017.Nitrate decreases methane production also by increasing methane oxidation through stimulating NC10 population in ruminal culture.AMBExpress,7:1-7.
Liu Y,Zhang J X,Zhao L,et al.2015.Aerobic and nitritedependent methane-oxidizing microorganisms in sediments of freshwater lakes on the Yunnan Plateau.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,99:2371-2381.
Lu YZ,Fu L,Li N,et al.2018.The content of trace element iron is a key factor for competition between anaerobic ammonium oxidation and methane-dependent denitrification processes.Chemosphere,198:370-376.
Luesken FA,van Alen TA,van der Biezen E,et al.2011b.Diversity and enrichment of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing bacteria from wastewater sludge.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,92:845-854.
Luesken FA,Wu ML,Op den Camp HJ,et al.2012.Effect of oxygen on the anaerobic methanotroph‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’:Kinetic and transcriptional analysis.Environmental Microbiology,14:1024-1034.
Luesken FA,Zhu B,van Alen TA,et al.2011a.pmo A primers for detection of anaerobic methanotrophs.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,77:3877-3880.
Meng H,Wang YF,Chan HW,et al.2016.Co-occurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane oxidation processes in subtropical acidic forest soils.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:7727-7739.
Raghoebarsing AA,Pol A,van de Pas-Schoonen KT,et al.2006.A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification.Nature,440:918-921.
Shen LD,Hu BL,Liu S,et al.2016a.Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to nitrite reduction can be a potential methane sink in coastal environments.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,100:7171-7180.
Shen LD,Huang Q,He ZF,et al.2015b.Vertical distribution of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidising bacteria in natural freshwater wetland soils.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,99:349-357.
Shen LD,Liu S,He ZF,et al.2015a.Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,83:43-51.
Shen LD,Liu S,Huang Q,et al.2014a.Evidence for the cooccurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane oxidation processes in a flooded paddy field.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,80:7611-7619.
Shen LD,Liu S,Zhu Q,et al.2014b.Distribution and diversity of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidising bacteria in the sediments of the Qiantang River.Microbial Ecology,67:341-349.
Shen LD,Wu HS,Gao ZQ,et al.2016b.Comparison of community structures of Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera like bacteria of NC10 phylum in different freshwater habitats.Scientific Reports,6:25647.
Shi Y,Wang ZQ,He CG,et al.2017.Using13C isotopes to explore denitrification-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation in a paddy-peatland.Scientific Reports,7:40840.
Sun FY,Dong WY,Shao MF,et al.2013.Aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification in a membrane biofilm reactor:Treatment performance and the effect of oxygen ventilation.Bioresource Technology,145:2-9.
Thauer RK,Shima S.2006.Biogeochemistry:methane and microbes.Nature,440:878-879.
Wang SH,Liu YJ,Liu GF,et al.2017.A new primer to amplify pmo A gene from NC10 bacteria in the sediments of Dongchang lake and Dongping lake.Current Microbiology,74:908-914.
Wang Y,Zhu G,Harhangi HR,et al.2012.Co-occurrence and distribution of nitrite-dependent an aerobic ammonium and methane oxidizing bacteria in a paddy soil.FEMS Microbiology Letters,336:79-88.
Wu ML,Ettwig KF,Jetten MS,et al.2011.A new intra-aerobic metabolism in the nitrite-dependent anaerobic methaneoxidizing bacterium‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’.Biochemical Society Transactions,39:243-248.
Wu ML,van Alen TA,van Donselaar EG,et al.2012.Colocalization of particulate methane monooxygenase and cd1nitrite reductase in the denitrifying methanotroph‘Candidatus Methylomirabilisoxyfera’.FEMS Microbiology Letters,334:49-56.
Yan PZ,Li MC,Wei GS,et al.2015.Molecular fingerprint and dominant environmental factors of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in sediments from the Yellow River Estuary.China.PLo S ONE,10:e0137996.
Yang J,Jiang HC,Wu G,et al.2012.Cooccurrence of nitritedependent anaerobic methane oxidizing and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in two Qinghai-Tibetan saline lakes.Frontiers of Earth Science,6:383-391.
Yang MX,Guo QW,Tong TL,et al.2017.Vegetation type and layer depth influence nitrite-dependent methane-oxidizing bacteria in constructed wetland.Archives of Microbiology,199:505-511.
Zhang YF,Ma AZ,Liu WZ,et al.2018.The occurrence of putative nitric oxide dismutase(Nod)in an alpine wetland with a new dominant subcluster and the potential ability for a methane sink.Archaea,3:1-7.
Zhou LL,Wang Y,Long XE,et al.2014.High abundance and diversity of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in a paddy field profile.FEMS Microbiology Letters,360:33-41.
Zhu B,van Dijk G,Fritz C,et al.2012.Anaerobic oxidization of methane in a minerotrophic peatland:Enrichment of nitrite-dependent methane-oxidizing bacteria.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,78:8657-8665.
Zhu GB,Wang MZ,Li YX,et al.2018.Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing in global upland soil:Sporadic and noncontinuous distribution with low influence.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,119:90-100.
Zhu G,Zhou L,Wang Y,et al.2015.Biogeographical distribution of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing bacteria in Chinese wetland ecosystems.Environmental Microbiology Reports,7:128-138.
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