北京地区奶牛场用水量及污水产生现状调查报告
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摘要
本调查采集了北京地区25家奶牛场用水量及污水产生情况数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)养殖场的水源来源单一,主要为深井水;98%的牛场已安装水表记录牛场用水情况。(2)牛场中用水最多的环节为奶牛饮水,其次是挤奶厅清洗用水和喷淋用水。(3)夏季牛场头均总用水量显著高于春、秋、冬季(P<0.01);牛场头均总用水量随着总存栏量的增大有增加的趋势(P=0.08);相比于井水,水来源为自来水时,头均奶牛饮水量显著提高(P=0.03);头年产奶量大于10 000kg的牛场,头均喷淋用水量有增加趋势(P=0.06)。(4)大部分牛场已安装雨污分离和干湿分离设备,但仍有小部分未安装此设备。
The information of water utilization and sewage generation was collected based on 25 dairy farms in Beijing area. The results showed that:(1)the water sources were single and it's mainly from deep well water. 98% of the farms had installed water meters to record the water utilization.(2)The most water-consumption in farms was the drinking water of dairy cows, followed by milking parlor water and spray water consumption.(3)The total water consumption per head in summer was significantly higher than that in the other seasons(P < 0.01); the total water consumption per head tended to increase with the elevation of stock size(P = 0.08); the dairy cows' tap water intake per head was significantly higher than their well water consumption(P = 0.03); the farms of annual milk yield more than 10000 kg tended to have a higher spray water consumption per head(P = 0.06).(4)The facilities of rain and sewage shunting, and dry and wet wastes separation were installed in most of the dairy farms but not all.
The information of water utilization and sewage generation was collected based on 25 dairy farms in Beijing area. The results showed that:(1)the water sources were single and it's mainly from deep well water. 98% of the farms had installed water meters to record the water utilization.(2)The most water-consumption in farms was the drinking water of dairy cows, followed by milking parlor water and spray water consumption.(3)The total water consumption per head in summer was significantly higher than that in the other seasons(P < 0.01); the total water consumption per head tended to increase with the elevation of stock size(P = 0.08); the dairy cows' tap water intake per head was significantly higher than their well water consumption(P = 0.03); the farms of annual milk yield more than 10000 kg tended to have a higher spray water consumption per head(P = 0.06).(4)The facilities of rain and sewage shunting, and dry and wet wastes separation were installed in most of the dairy farms but not all.
引文
[1]罗小红.北京奶牛养殖业水资源利用绩效研究[D].北京:北京农学院,2016.
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[3]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析[J].干旱区地理(汉文版),2006,29(2):186-192.
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[8]王俊伟.规模化牧场挤奶厅粪污处理系统浅谈[A].第四届中国奶业大会论文集[C].2013,414-415.
[9]Ingraham R H,Gillette D D,Wagner W D.Relationship of temperature and humidity to conception rate of Holstein cows in subtropical climate[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1976,59(12):2086-2090.
[10]Pragna P,Archana P R,Aleena J,et al.Heat stress and dairy cow:Impact on both milk yield and composition[J].International Journal of Dairy Science,2006.
[11]张幸开.夏季奶牛舍环境控制和设备运行要点[J].中国奶牛,2011,18:61-64.
[12]Chen J M,Schütz K E,Tucker C B.Cooling cows efficiently with water spray:Behavioral,physiological,and production responses to sprinklers at the feed bunk[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(6):4607.
[13]孙国强,胡士林,孔凡虎,等.山东省牛场粪污处理现状的调研报告[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2014,35(4):80-82.
[2]朱宏鹄,常志州,叶小梅,等.太湖地区规模奶牛场粪尿年产生量估算[J].江苏农业学报,2010,26(3):517-521.
[3]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析[J].干旱区地理(汉文版),2006,29(2):186-192.
[4]陈逢杰.畜牧业经济发展存在的问题及对策[J].当代畜牧,2016,35:5-6.
[5]张炳利,黄河.奶牛重要营养素-水[J].中国饲料,2005,5:18-19.
[6]周玉岚,晋鹏.奶牛的科学饮水与产奶量[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2004,2:54-55.
[7]Visconi L,罗宝京.奶牛的饮水行为和饮水需要[J].中国乳业,2006,7:25-28.
[8]王俊伟.规模化牧场挤奶厅粪污处理系统浅谈[A].第四届中国奶业大会论文集[C].2013,414-415.
[9]Ingraham R H,Gillette D D,Wagner W D.Relationship of temperature and humidity to conception rate of Holstein cows in subtropical climate[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1976,59(12):2086-2090.
[10]Pragna P,Archana P R,Aleena J,et al.Heat stress and dairy cow:Impact on both milk yield and composition[J].International Journal of Dairy Science,2006.
[11]张幸开.夏季奶牛舍环境控制和设备运行要点[J].中国奶牛,2011,18:61-64.
[12]Chen J M,Schütz K E,Tucker C B.Cooling cows efficiently with water spray:Behavioral,physiological,and production responses to sprinklers at the feed bunk[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(6):4607.
[13]孙国强,胡士林,孔凡虎,等.山东省牛场粪污处理现状的调研报告[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2014,35(4):80-82.