氯/二氧化氯消毒对热水管壁生物膜的控制作用
|
摘要
建筑生活热水存在严重的生物安全性问题,需要采取必要的消毒措施.为此,采用建筑生活热水模拟管道系统,对比研究氯或二氧化氯冲击消毒对管壁生物膜微生物的灭活效果,并通过高通量测序和扫描电子显微镜评估冲击消毒对管壁生物膜群落组成和生物膜表观特征的影响.结果表明,高消毒剂质量浓度可显著提高微生物的灭活速率,但已不能进一步改善微生物灭活率; 1. 5 mg/L氯或二氧化氯的消毒效果不佳; 3～5 mg/L氯或二氧化氯在冲击消毒120 min后,总大肠菌群、细菌总数和异养菌(HPC)均可达到完全灭活的程度,能够有效控制热水管道生物膜,说明足够的消毒剂质量浓度和消毒时间对保持高效灭活率非常必要.生活热水管壁生物膜的微生物多样性丰富,异常球菌-栖热菌门和变形菌门为优势门,并含有多种致病菌,与市政供水和二次供水管道系统的优势菌群有很大差异;氯或二氧化氯冲击消毒对各种菌门均有不同程度的灭活效果,二氧化氯对致病菌、变形菌门和衣原体门等的灭活效果更佳.氯或二氧化氯冲击消毒能有效破坏生物膜的表面结构,使生物膜出现间隙变大、萎缩、脱落等现象,二氧化氯对生物膜的破坏作用更显著,具有更佳的冲击消毒作用和消毒效果.研究结果为建筑生活热水系统的安全消毒技术以及生物安全性保障提供了支持.
Effective disinfection measures are in urgent need due to the serious biosafety issues in domestic hot water supply system. In this study,biofilms annular reactor was applied to simulate the domestic hot water pipeline system. The effects of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on microbial inactivation in biofilm were investigated. The changes of microbial community and the surface structure of biofilm were further explored using Illumina Mi Seq sequencing and scanning electron microscopy( SEM). The results show that by increasing disinfectant concentration,the microbial inactivation rate could be notably improved while the inactivation effect remained stable. 1. 5 mg/L chlorine or chlorine dioxide did not achieve a good microbial inactivation effect. However,the complete inactivation of Escherichia coli,total number of bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria( HPC) were observed in the presence of 3-5 mg/L chlorine and chlorine dioxide. 3-5 mg/L chlorine and chlorine dioxide can effectively control the biofilm of hot water pipeline. The results suggest that adequate concentration of disinfectant and disinfection time are important for keeping high inactivation effect. The pipeline biofilm was high in biodiversity. Different from those in municipal water supply system and the secondary water supply system,the predominant phyla of pipeline biofilm were Deinococcus-Thermus and Proteobacteria,as well as some detected pathogenic bacteria. The shock disinfection of chlorine or chlorine dioxide showed a different inactivation effect on each phylum. Specifically,compared with chlorine,chlorine dioxide had a better inactivation effect on pathogenic bacteria,Proteobacteria,and Chlamydiae. The results of SEM indicate that the surface structure of biofilm was effectively destroyed by chlorine and chlorine dioxide,resulting in the larger gaps,shrinkage,and shedding of biofilm. Moreover,the effect of chlorine dioxide on biofilm surface structure was higher than chlorine. Overall,the results are important for the biosafety in hot water system.
Effective disinfection measures are in urgent need due to the serious biosafety issues in domestic hot water supply system. In this study,biofilms annular reactor was applied to simulate the domestic hot water pipeline system. The effects of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on microbial inactivation in biofilm were investigated. The changes of microbial community and the surface structure of biofilm were further explored using Illumina Mi Seq sequencing and scanning electron microscopy( SEM). The results show that by increasing disinfectant concentration,the microbial inactivation rate could be notably improved while the inactivation effect remained stable. 1. 5 mg/L chlorine or chlorine dioxide did not achieve a good microbial inactivation effect. However,the complete inactivation of Escherichia coli,total number of bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria( HPC) were observed in the presence of 3-5 mg/L chlorine and chlorine dioxide. 3-5 mg/L chlorine and chlorine dioxide can effectively control the biofilm of hot water pipeline. The results suggest that adequate concentration of disinfectant and disinfection time are important for keeping high inactivation effect. The pipeline biofilm was high in biodiversity. Different from those in municipal water supply system and the secondary water supply system,the predominant phyla of pipeline biofilm were Deinococcus-Thermus and Proteobacteria,as well as some detected pathogenic bacteria. The shock disinfection of chlorine or chlorine dioxide showed a different inactivation effect on each phylum. Specifically,compared with chlorine,chlorine dioxide had a better inactivation effect on pathogenic bacteria,Proteobacteria,and Chlamydiae. The results of SEM indicate that the surface structure of biofilm was effectively destroyed by chlorine and chlorine dioxide,resulting in the larger gaps,shrinkage,and shedding of biofilm. Moreover,the effect of chlorine dioxide on biofilm surface structure was higher than chlorine. Overall,the results are important for the biosafety in hot water system.
引文
[1]许萍,龙袁虎,吴俊奇,等.生活热水水质微生物学指标试验研究[J].给水排水,2008,34(s1):90XU Ping, LONG Yuanhu, WU Junqi, et al. Study on the microbiology of water quality of living hot water[J]. Water&Wastewater,2008,34(s1):90. DOI:10. 369/j. issn. 1002-8471.2008. z1. 030
[2]PROCTOR C R,DAI D,EDWARDS M A,et al. Interactive effects of temperature,organic carbon,and pipe material on microbiota composition and Legionella pneumophila in hot water plumbing systems[J]. Microbiome,2017,5(1):130. DOI:10. 1186/s40168-017-0348-5
[3]沈晨.生活热水银离子消毒技术研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2013SHEN Chen. Research on silver ion disinfection technology of living hot water[D]. Kunming:Kunming University of Technology,2013
[4]MATHYS W,STANKE J,HARMUTH M,et al. Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating[J]. Int J Hyg Environ Health,2008,211(1/2):179.DOI:10. 1016/j. ijheh. 2007. 02. 004
[5]赵锂,刘振印,傅文华,等.热水供应系统水质问题的探讨[J].给水排水,2011,37(7):56ZHAO Li,LIU Zhenyin,FU Wenhua,et al. Probe into water quality problems in hot water supply system[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2011,37(7):56. DOI:10. 13789/j. cnki. wwe1964.2011. 07. 029
[6]钱城,赵锐,刘玉敏. 2006—2010年北京市宾馆饭店生活热水中嗜肺军团菌污染现状研究[C]//中国建筑学会建筑给水排水研究分会第二次会员大会暨学术交流会.杭州,2010:145QIAN Cheng, ZHAO Rui,LIU Yumin. Study on Legionella pneumophila contamination of hot system at hotels in Beijing from2006 to 2010[C]//The 2nd General Meeting and Academic Exchange Meeting of China Architecture Society Building Water Supply and Drainage Research Branch. Hangzhou,2010:145.DOI:10. 13789/j. cnki. wwe1964. 2011. 07. 029
[7]李雨婷.建筑生活热水安全消毒技术研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2016LI Yuting. Research on the safety and disinfection of hot water in building[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2016
[8]尚思宏.生活热水消毒技术的微生物灭活效能研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2017SHANG Sihong. Research on microbial inactivation of living hot water disinfection technology[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2017
[9]王帅,杨艳玲,李星,等.氯和氯胺冲击消毒对二次供水管道生物膜的控制作用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,49(8):71WANG Shuai,YANG Yanling,LI Xing,et al. Effect of shock chlorine and chloramine disinfection on biofilm disinfection in pipe system of secondary water supply[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,49(8):71. DOI:10. 11918/j. issn. 0367-6234. 201607073
[10]鲁巍,王云,张晓健. BAR反应器中生物膜的分离及定量[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(2):91LU Wei,WANG Yun,ZHANG Xiaojian. Biofilm separation and biomass quantification method in biological annular reactor[J].China Water&Wastewater,2005,21(2):91. DOI:10. 3321/j.issn:1000-4602. 2005. 02. 029
[11]张晓煜.二氧化氯对细菌杀灭机理的研究[D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院(武汉病毒研究所),2006ZHANG Xiaoyu. Study on the mechanism of killing bacteria by chlorine dioxide[D]. Wuhan:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Wuhan Virus Research Institute),2006
[12]GHAFOOR A,HAY I D,REHM B H A. Role of exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and architecture[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(15):5238.DOI:10. 1128/aem. 00637-11
[13]WOLF M,MULLER T,DANDEKAR T,et al. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma(Mollicutes)as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data[J]. International Journal of Systematic&Evolutionary Microbiology,2004,54(Pt 3):871. DOI:10. 1099/ijs. 0. 02868-0
[14]REVETTA R P,GOMEZALVAREZ V,GERKE T L,et al.Establishment and early succession of bacterial communities in monochloramine-treated drinking water biofilms[J]. Fems Microbiology Ecology,2013,86(3):404. DOI:10. 1111/1574-6941. 12170
[15]祝泽兵.供水管网中的耐氯菌群及其耐氯机制研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015ZHU Zebing. The chlorine-resistant bacteria in the water supply network and its chlorine resistance mechanism[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2015
[16]林文芳,余志晟,陈曦,等.给水管网生物膜反应器及分子生物学研究方法进展[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(6):76LIN Wenfang,YU Zhisheng,CHEN Xi,et al. Progress on research methods of biofilm reactor and molecular biology in drinking water distribution[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2012,35(6):76. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1003-6504. 2012. 06. 016
[17]相坤.氧化剂对原水输水管道生物作用的影响研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2015XIANG Kun. Effects of oxidants on the biological effects of the water pipeline[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2015
[2]PROCTOR C R,DAI D,EDWARDS M A,et al. Interactive effects of temperature,organic carbon,and pipe material on microbiota composition and Legionella pneumophila in hot water plumbing systems[J]. Microbiome,2017,5(1):130. DOI:10. 1186/s40168-017-0348-5
[3]沈晨.生活热水银离子消毒技术研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2013SHEN Chen. Research on silver ion disinfection technology of living hot water[D]. Kunming:Kunming University of Technology,2013
[4]MATHYS W,STANKE J,HARMUTH M,et al. Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating[J]. Int J Hyg Environ Health,2008,211(1/2):179.DOI:10. 1016/j. ijheh. 2007. 02. 004
[5]赵锂,刘振印,傅文华,等.热水供应系统水质问题的探讨[J].给水排水,2011,37(7):56ZHAO Li,LIU Zhenyin,FU Wenhua,et al. Probe into water quality problems in hot water supply system[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2011,37(7):56. DOI:10. 13789/j. cnki. wwe1964.2011. 07. 029
[6]钱城,赵锐,刘玉敏. 2006—2010年北京市宾馆饭店生活热水中嗜肺军团菌污染现状研究[C]//中国建筑学会建筑给水排水研究分会第二次会员大会暨学术交流会.杭州,2010:145QIAN Cheng, ZHAO Rui,LIU Yumin. Study on Legionella pneumophila contamination of hot system at hotels in Beijing from2006 to 2010[C]//The 2nd General Meeting and Academic Exchange Meeting of China Architecture Society Building Water Supply and Drainage Research Branch. Hangzhou,2010:145.DOI:10. 13789/j. cnki. wwe1964. 2011. 07. 029
[7]李雨婷.建筑生活热水安全消毒技术研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2016LI Yuting. Research on the safety and disinfection of hot water in building[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2016
[8]尚思宏.生活热水消毒技术的微生物灭活效能研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2017SHANG Sihong. Research on microbial inactivation of living hot water disinfection technology[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2017
[9]王帅,杨艳玲,李星,等.氯和氯胺冲击消毒对二次供水管道生物膜的控制作用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,49(8):71WANG Shuai,YANG Yanling,LI Xing,et al. Effect of shock chlorine and chloramine disinfection on biofilm disinfection in pipe system of secondary water supply[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,49(8):71. DOI:10. 11918/j. issn. 0367-6234. 201607073
[10]鲁巍,王云,张晓健. BAR反应器中生物膜的分离及定量[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(2):91LU Wei,WANG Yun,ZHANG Xiaojian. Biofilm separation and biomass quantification method in biological annular reactor[J].China Water&Wastewater,2005,21(2):91. DOI:10. 3321/j.issn:1000-4602. 2005. 02. 029
[11]张晓煜.二氧化氯对细菌杀灭机理的研究[D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院(武汉病毒研究所),2006ZHANG Xiaoyu. Study on the mechanism of killing bacteria by chlorine dioxide[D]. Wuhan:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Wuhan Virus Research Institute),2006
[12]GHAFOOR A,HAY I D,REHM B H A. Role of exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and architecture[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(15):5238.DOI:10. 1128/aem. 00637-11
[13]WOLF M,MULLER T,DANDEKAR T,et al. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma(Mollicutes)as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data[J]. International Journal of Systematic&Evolutionary Microbiology,2004,54(Pt 3):871. DOI:10. 1099/ijs. 0. 02868-0
[14]REVETTA R P,GOMEZALVAREZ V,GERKE T L,et al.Establishment and early succession of bacterial communities in monochloramine-treated drinking water biofilms[J]. Fems Microbiology Ecology,2013,86(3):404. DOI:10. 1111/1574-6941. 12170
[15]祝泽兵.供水管网中的耐氯菌群及其耐氯机制研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015ZHU Zebing. The chlorine-resistant bacteria in the water supply network and its chlorine resistance mechanism[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2015
[16]林文芳,余志晟,陈曦,等.给水管网生物膜反应器及分子生物学研究方法进展[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(6):76LIN Wenfang,YU Zhisheng,CHEN Xi,et al. Progress on research methods of biofilm reactor and molecular biology in drinking water distribution[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2012,35(6):76. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1003-6504. 2012. 06. 016
[17]相坤.氧化剂对原水输水管道生物作用的影响研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2015XIANG Kun. Effects of oxidants on the biological effects of the water pipeline[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2015