黄土高原不同尺度生态系统保护与修复模式及其生态效应
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摘要
20世纪50年代以来,黄土高原地区实施了几项重大生态系统修复工程,包括退耕还林、牧场重建、梯田和坝地建设。经过几十年的综合治理,该地区在控制水土流失、减少入沉积物等方面取得了初步成效。更重要的是,生态系统保护和修复工程使黄土高原生态和环境发生了明显变化,如植被覆盖度增加、黄河输沙量减少、居民生活的明显改善。但目前,该地区的生态系统修复模式仍然存在诸如水土保持功能低而不稳、生态产业发展不均衡、科技水平不高等问题。通过总结黄土高原不同尺度生态系统修复模式的基础上,探讨了由此带来的生态效应,并提出黄土高原现有修复模式中存在的问题,旨在为该地区今后的生态系统修复或治理模式提供最优化的科学依据。
Since the 1950s,several major ecological restoration projects have been implemented in the Loess Plateau,such as sloping cropland re-vegetation,pasture reconstruction,terracing and check dams. Remarkable achievements on controlling soil erosion and reducing sediments have been made benefited from these comprehensive managements. More importantly,the Loess Plateau has experienced a significant change ecologically and environmentally,such as the increased vegetation coverage,the reduced sediment transport and the improved residents' livelihoods.However,there are still issues in the existing ecosystem restoration patterns,such as the low and unstable soil or water conservation,unbalanced development of ecological industry,and low-level of technological capability.In this research,we summarized the restoration patterns of different scale ecosystems on the Loess Plateau,discussed the potential ecological effects,and proposed potential problems in current ecosystem restoration patterns to provide operable scientific grounds for the regional ecosystem restoration patterns in the future.
Since the 1950s,several major ecological restoration projects have been implemented in the Loess Plateau,such as sloping cropland re-vegetation,pasture reconstruction,terracing and check dams. Remarkable achievements on controlling soil erosion and reducing sediments have been made benefited from these comprehensive managements. More importantly,the Loess Plateau has experienced a significant change ecologically and environmentally,such as the increased vegetation coverage,the reduced sediment transport and the improved residents' livelihoods.However,there are still issues in the existing ecosystem restoration patterns,such as the low and unstable soil or water conservation,unbalanced development of ecological industry,and low-level of technological capability.In this research,we summarized the restoration patterns of different scale ecosystems on the Loess Plateau,discussed the potential ecological effects,and proposed potential problems in current ecosystem restoration patterns to provide operable scientific grounds for the regional ecosystem restoration patterns in the future.
引文
[1]乔玉飞.黄河水资源保护流域化管理研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2014.
[2]左仲国,肖培青,黄静.黄河流域水土保持科研进展及展望[J].中国水土保持,2016(9):63-67.
[3]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区小流域不同整地措施长期影响下的土壤水力学特性[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3860-3870.
[4]刘瑞顺.内蒙古永利煤矿排土场边坡土壤侵蚀调查与试验研究[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2014.
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[6]WEI Y H,HE Z,LI Y J,et al.Sediment yield deduction from check-dams deposition in the weathered sandstone watershed on the north loess plateau,China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(1):217-231.
[7]魏艳红,焦菊英,张世杰.黄土高原典型支流淤地坝拦沙对输沙量减少的贡献[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(5):16-22.
[8]贾娜.黄土高原生态修复问题研究[J].农业灾害研究,2015,5(12):52-53.
[9]周玮莹.黄土高原坝控小流域土壤与泥沙C、N、P计量特征解析[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[10]TUO D F,GAO G Y,CHANG R Y,et al.Effects of revegetation and precipitation gradient on soil carbon and nitrogen variations in deep profiles on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,626:399-411.
[11]韦景树,李宗善,焦磊,等.黄土高原羊圈沟小流域人工物种和自然物种径向生长对气候变化的响应差异[J].生态学报,2018,8(22):1-10.
[12]KONG D X,MIAO C Y,BORTHWICK A G L,et al.Spatiotemporal variations in vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau,China,between 1982 and 2013:possible causes and potential impacts[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(14):13633-13644.
[13]刘姝彤.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度植被恢复特征[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[14]张乐涛.基于侵蚀能量的径流输沙尺度效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016.
[15]刘玉林,朱广宇,邓蕾,等.黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(7):2163-2172.
[16]GAO X R,SUN M,ZHAO Q,et al.Actual ET modelling based on the Budyko framework and the sustainability of vegetation water use in the loess plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:1550-1559.
[17]刘国彬,王兵,卫伟,等.黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7074-7077.
[18]WANG Y,SHAO M A,SHAO H.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1-2):9-17.
[19]JIA Y H,SHAO M A.Dynamics of deep soil moisture in response to vegetational restoration on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:523-531.
[20]FENG X,FU B,PIAO S,et al.Revegetation in China's Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits[J].Nature Climate Change,2016,6(11):1019.
[21]冯舒,赵文武,陈利顶,等.2010年来黄土高原景观生态研究进展[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):3957-3966.
[22]LIU G,SHANGGUAN Z,YAO W,et al.Ecological effects of soil conservation in loess plateau[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(1):11-19.
[2]左仲国,肖培青,黄静.黄河流域水土保持科研进展及展望[J].中国水土保持,2016(9):63-67.
[3]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区小流域不同整地措施长期影响下的土壤水力学特性[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3860-3870.
[4]刘瑞顺.内蒙古永利煤矿排土场边坡土壤侵蚀调查与试验研究[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[5]WEI Y H,HE Z,JIAO J Y,et al.Variation in the sediment deposition behind check-dams under different soil erosion conditions on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2018,43(9):1899-1912.
[6]WEI Y H,HE Z,LI Y J,et al.Sediment yield deduction from check-dams deposition in the weathered sandstone watershed on the north loess plateau,China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(1):217-231.
[7]魏艳红,焦菊英,张世杰.黄土高原典型支流淤地坝拦沙对输沙量减少的贡献[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(5):16-22.
[8]贾娜.黄土高原生态修复问题研究[J].农业灾害研究,2015,5(12):52-53.
[9]周玮莹.黄土高原坝控小流域土壤与泥沙C、N、P计量特征解析[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[10]TUO D F,GAO G Y,CHANG R Y,et al.Effects of revegetation and precipitation gradient on soil carbon and nitrogen variations in deep profiles on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,626:399-411.
[11]韦景树,李宗善,焦磊,等.黄土高原羊圈沟小流域人工物种和自然物种径向生长对气候变化的响应差异[J].生态学报,2018,8(22):1-10.
[12]KONG D X,MIAO C Y,BORTHWICK A G L,et al.Spatiotemporal variations in vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau,China,between 1982 and 2013:possible causes and potential impacts[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(14):13633-13644.
[13]刘姝彤.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度植被恢复特征[D].咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[14]张乐涛.基于侵蚀能量的径流输沙尺度效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016.
[15]刘玉林,朱广宇,邓蕾,等.黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(7):2163-2172.
[16]GAO X R,SUN M,ZHAO Q,et al.Actual ET modelling based on the Budyko framework and the sustainability of vegetation water use in the loess plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:1550-1559.
[17]刘国彬,王兵,卫伟,等.黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7074-7077.
[18]WANG Y,SHAO M A,SHAO H.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1-2):9-17.
[19]JIA Y H,SHAO M A.Dynamics of deep soil moisture in response to vegetational restoration on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:523-531.
[20]FENG X,FU B,PIAO S,et al.Revegetation in China's Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits[J].Nature Climate Change,2016,6(11):1019.
[21]冯舒,赵文武,陈利顶,等.2010年来黄土高原景观生态研究进展[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):3957-3966.
[22]LIU G,SHANGGUAN Z,YAO W,et al.Ecological effects of soil conservation in loess plateau[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(1):11-19.
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