乡镇尺度森林景观格局特征与影响因素定量分析
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摘要
为更客观、精细地刻画森林生态系统格局的完整性、稳定性和森林资源健康状况,为森林资源源头保护和合理经营管理提供科学依据和决策支持,以河北省易县森林资源清查数据、DEM数据和社会经济资料为基础,运用景观指数、结构方程模型和统计学方法,分析乡镇尺度森林景观类型、数量与分布,研究自然地理、社会经济和土地开发利用主导下森林景观格局特征差异及其影响机制。结果表明,西部山区乡镇森林景观资源优势明显,东部平原乡镇森林资源则较小,森林资源主要分布于海拔100～300 m浅山丘陵区和海拔500～800 m中山区。在景观和类型水平上,斑块密度(PD)、凝结度(COHESION)对地理环境支配和人类活动干扰的响应更大,低破碎化、高连通性、多样化森林景观与高海拔、高起伏度的地形条件关系密切,乡镇耕地和居民建设用地面积占比(PCLA、PRCLA)越大,林地景观破碎化越强和连通性程度越低。平均坡度(MS)、土层厚度(SD)和高差(ED)作为基础性的控制因素,直接影响耕地、居民建设用地占比等方面,间接作用于森林景观格局。在一定的地形土壤条件下,降低人口数量、耕地数量和居民建设用地占比,可降低森林景观格局破碎化,提升森林景观连通性。
To describe the integrity,stability and health of forest ecosystem more objectively and meticulously,and provide scientific basis and decision support for the protection of forest resources at the source and the rational management and management of forest resources,based on the forest resources inventory data,DEM data and social and economic data in Yi County,Hebei Province,the forest landscape types,quantity and distribution of township scale were analyzed by using landscape index,structural equation model and statistical method. The characteristics of forest landscape pattern and its influence mechanism were studied under the dominance of natural geography,social economy and land exploitation and utilization. The following results were obtained: the forest landscape resources of the western mountainous areas were obvious,while the eastern plain villages and towns were smaller. The forest resources were mainly distributed in 100 ～ 300 m hilly areas and in the middle mountains of 500 ～800 m. At the landscape and type level,the forest resources of the villages and towns in the eastern plain were relatively small. Patches density( PD) and cohesion( COHESION) were more responsive to geographical environment dominance and human activity interference. There was a close relationship between low fragmentation, high connectivity, diverse forest landscape and high elevation, high undulating terrain conditions. The larger the area ratio of proportion of cultivated land area and proportion of resident construction land area( PCLA,PRCLA) was,the lower the degree of fragmentation and connectivity of forest landscape was. Mean slope( MS),soil depth( SD) and elevation difference( ED)as the basic control factors directly influenced the cultivated land and the inhabitant construction land proportion and so on,and it had an indirect action on the forest landscape pattern. Under certain topographic and soil conditions,reducing average population size( APS),the proportion of PCLA and PRCLA can reduce the fragmentation of forest landscape pattern and enhance the connectivity of forest landscape.
To describe the integrity,stability and health of forest ecosystem more objectively and meticulously,and provide scientific basis and decision support for the protection of forest resources at the source and the rational management and management of forest resources,based on the forest resources inventory data,DEM data and social and economic data in Yi County,Hebei Province,the forest landscape types,quantity and distribution of township scale were analyzed by using landscape index,structural equation model and statistical method. The characteristics of forest landscape pattern and its influence mechanism were studied under the dominance of natural geography,social economy and land exploitation and utilization. The following results were obtained: the forest landscape resources of the western mountainous areas were obvious,while the eastern plain villages and towns were smaller. The forest resources were mainly distributed in 100 ～ 300 m hilly areas and in the middle mountains of 500 ～800 m. At the landscape and type level,the forest resources of the villages and towns in the eastern plain were relatively small. Patches density( PD) and cohesion( COHESION) were more responsive to geographical environment dominance and human activity interference. There was a close relationship between low fragmentation, high connectivity, diverse forest landscape and high elevation, high undulating terrain conditions. The larger the area ratio of proportion of cultivated land area and proportion of resident construction land area( PCLA,PRCLA) was,the lower the degree of fragmentation and connectivity of forest landscape was. Mean slope( MS),soil depth( SD) and elevation difference( ED)as the basic control factors directly influenced the cultivated land and the inhabitant construction land proportion and so on,and it had an indirect action on the forest landscape pattern. Under certain topographic and soil conditions,reducing average population size( APS),the proportion of PCLA and PRCLA can reduce the fragmentation of forest landscape pattern and enhance the connectivity of forest landscape.
引文
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[2]韩有志,王政权.森林更新与空间异质性[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):615-619.HAN Youzhi,WANG Zhengquan. Spatial heterogeneity and forest regeneration[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(5):615-619.(in Chinese)
[3] OTIENO D,LI Y,OU Y,et al. Stand characteristics and water use at two elevations in a sub-tropical evergreen forest in southern China[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,194:155-166.
[4]张启斌,岳德鹏,方敏哲,等.基于SFLA-M-L模型的景观格局优化研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):159-166.ZHANG Qibin,YUE Depeng,FANG Minzhe,et al. Landscape pattern optimization based on SFLA-M-L Model[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(7):159-166. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170720&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 07. 020.(in Chinese)
[5]程瑞梅,沈雅飞,封晓辉,等.森林自然更新研究进展[J].浙江农林大学学报,2018,35(5):955-967.CHENG Ruimei,SHEN Yafei,FENG Xiaohui,et al. Research review on forests natural regeneration[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2018,35(5):955-967.(in Chinese)
[6]赵春燕,李际平,马文俊,等.顾及耦合作用的森林景观多尺度分类[J].林业科学,2013,49(11):183-188.ZHAO Chunyan,LI Jiping,MA Wenjun,et al. Multi-scale forest landscape classification considering coupling effect[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(11):183-188.(in Chinese)
[7]岳德鹏,于强,张启斌,等.区域生态安全格局优化研究进展[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):1-10.YUE Depeng,YU Qiang,ZHANG Qibin,et al. Progress in research on regional ecological security pattern optimization[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):1-10. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170201&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 02. 001.(in Chinese)
[8]徐斌,张德成,胡延杰,等.世界林业发展热点与趋势[J].林业经济,2013(1):99-106.XU Bin,ZHANG Decheng,HU Yanjie,et al. Hot issues and trends of world forestry development[J]. Forestry Economics,2013(1):99-106.(in Chinese)
[9]唐利,邵景安,郭跃,等.社区水平森林景观格局动态特征与驱动因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):2101-2117.TANG Li,SHAO Jing'an,GUO Yue,et al. Forest landscape pattern dynamic and its driving factors at the community level[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(6):2101-2117.(in Chinese)
[10] GOND V,FREYCON V,MOLINO J F,et al. Broad-scale spatial pattern of forest landscape types in the Guiana Shield[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observations&Geoinformation,2011,13(3):357-367.
[11]赵长存.杉木老龄林群落的空间异质性与空间结构特征研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2014.ZHAO Changcun. Study on the spatial heterogeneity and spatial structure characteristics of aging Chinese fir forest community[D]. Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese)
[12]赵维俊,刘贤德,敬文茂,等.祁连山青海云杉林群落结构的空间异质性[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2591-2599.ZHAO Weijun,LIU Xiande,JING Wenmao,et al. Spatial heterogeneity of community structure of Picea crassifolia forest in Qilian Mountains,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2591-2599.(in Chinese)
[13]程越,林旻,杨刚,等.基于个体植物生长模型的森林动态演替模拟[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(6):100-110.CHENG Yue,LIN Min,YANG Gang,et al. Forest dynamic succession simulation based on individual plant growth model[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(6):100-110.(in Chinese)
[14]唐秀美,刘玉,刘新卫,等.基于格网尺度的区域生态系统服务价值估算与分析[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(4):149-153.TANG Xiumei,LIU Yu,LIU Xinwei,et al. Estimation and analysis of ecosystem service value based on grid scale[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(4):149-153. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170419&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 04.019.(in Chinese)
[15]彭羽,范敏,卿凤婷,等.景观格局对植物多样性影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(6):1061-1068.PENG Yu,FAN Min,QING Fengting,et al. Study progresses on effects of landscape metrics on plant diversity[J]. Journal of Ecological Environment,2016,25(6):1061-1068.(in Chinese)
[16]陈雅如,肖文发,冯源,等.三峡库区1992—2012年森林景观格局演变研究[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(4):542-550.CHEN Yaru,XIAO Wenfa,FENG Yuan,et al. Study on the evolution of forest landscape pattern in Three Gorges Reservoir area from 1992 to 2012[J]. Forest Research,2017,30(4):542-550.(in Chinese)
[17]刘宇.景观指数耦合景观格局与土壤侵蚀的有效性[J].生态学报,2017,37(15):4923-4935.LIU Yu. Effectiveness of landscape metrics in coupling soil erosion with landscape pattern[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(15):4923-4935.(in Chinese)
[18]赵春燕.森林景观斑块边缘效应和耦合机理研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2012.ZHAO Chunyan. Research on edge effect and coupling mechanism of forest landscape patches[D]. Changsha:Central South University of Forestry Science and Technology,2012.(in Chinese)
[19]刘庆福.景观异质性对多尺度物种多样性的影响—区分环境与人类活动的时间[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2016.LIU Qingfu. The influence of landscape heterogeneity on multi-scale species diversity-distinguish the effects of environment and human activity[D]. Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2016.(in Chinese)
[20]郭晋平,张芸香.森林景观恢复过程中景观要素空间分布格局及其动态研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(12):2021-2029.GUO Jinping,ZHANG Yunxiang. Studies on the dynamics and distribution pattern of landscape elements in the forest landscape restoration process in Guandi-shan forest region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(12):2021-2029.(in Chinese)
[21]杨国靖,肖笃宁.森林景观格局分析及破碎化评价———以祁连山西水自然保护区为例[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):56-61.YANG Guojing,XIAO Duning. Forest landscape pattern and fragmentation:a case study on Xishui Natural Reserve in Qilian Mountain[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2003,22(5):56-61.(in Chinese)
[22]郭泺,夏北成,余世孝.森林景观格局研究中的尺度效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2006,12(3):304-307.GUO Luo,XIA Beicheng,YU Shixiao. Scale effects on study of forest landscape pattern[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2006,12(3):304-307.(in Chinese)
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