能见度与PM_(2.5)浓度关系及其分布特征
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摘要
利用相对湿度、能见度和PM_(2.5)质量浓度观测数据,针对不同相对湿度下,建立了消光系数与PM_(2.5)质量浓度之间线性关系,并分析了相关关系的全国分布特征.结果表明,我国中东部大部分地区在一定相对湿度区间内均可建立线性相关关系,而且相关性较好,相对湿度40%～90%区间内的平均相关系数高于0. 75,其中北京相关系数高达0. 9.北京、长三角和四川等地的PM_(2.5)单位质量消光效率在同等相对湿度下明显大于其他地区.不同地区湿度对能见度影响程度不同,北京等地在相对湿度大于90%时相对湿度对能见度作用大于PM_(2.5),而广州在相对湿度大于80%时相对湿度的作用明显增强.利用能见度反算北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度可知,1980～1996年,PM_(2.5)浓度年际变化不大,受采暖方式影响冬季PM_(2.5)浓度显著较高; 1997～2009年呈现缓慢下降趋势; 2010～2012年呈现上升趋势. 1980年以来,全国的PM_(2.5)浓度整体呈上升的趋势,尤其是华北地区,PM_(2.5)浓度始终高于全国其他地区.
Monitoring data were used to analyze the relationships among relative humidity( RH),visibility,and PM_(2.5) concentrations.A strong,linear relationship expression between the extinction coefficient and PM_(2.5) concentrations at different relative humidities is proposed. The mean correlation coefficient at RH 40%-90% was higher than 0. 75 for most of Central and Eastern China,and reached0. 9 in Beijing. Comparatively,the extinction efficiency of PM_(2.5) was much larger in Beijing,the Yangzi River Delta Region,and Sichuan than in other regions. However,the influence of RH on visibility varied from region to region. In Beijing,RH dominated the decrease in visibility when RH > 90%,while in Guangzhou,this was the case when RH > 80%. From 1980 to 1996,the annual variation in PM_(2.5) concentrations was not significant in Beijing and the PM_(2.5) concentrations were significantly higher than in the 2000 s because of the dominant mode of heating. From 1997 to 2009,PM_(2.5) concentrations in Beijing showed a slow downward trend,and from2010 to 2012,showed an upward trend. Since 1980,PM_(2.5) concentrations in the entire country have been rising. PM_(2.5) concentrations have always been higher in North China than in other parts of the country.
Monitoring data were used to analyze the relationships among relative humidity( RH),visibility,and PM_(2.5) concentrations.A strong,linear relationship expression between the extinction coefficient and PM_(2.5) concentrations at different relative humidities is proposed. The mean correlation coefficient at RH 40%-90% was higher than 0. 75 for most of Central and Eastern China,and reached0. 9 in Beijing. Comparatively,the extinction efficiency of PM_(2.5) was much larger in Beijing,the Yangzi River Delta Region,and Sichuan than in other regions. However,the influence of RH on visibility varied from region to region. In Beijing,RH dominated the decrease in visibility when RH > 90%,while in Guangzhou,this was the case when RH > 80%. From 1980 to 1996,the annual variation in PM_(2.5) concentrations was not significant in Beijing and the PM_(2.5) concentrations were significantly higher than in the 2000 s because of the dominant mode of heating. From 1997 to 2009,PM_(2.5) concentrations in Beijing showed a slow downward trend,and from2010 to 2012,showed an upward trend. Since 1980,PM_(2.5) concentrations in the entire country have been rising. PM_(2.5) concentrations have always been higher in North China than in other parts of the country.
引文
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[2]陈静,赵春生.大气低能见度的影响因子分析及计算方法综述[J].气象科技进展,2014,4(4):44-51.Chen J,Zhao C. A review of influence factors and calculation of atmospheric low visibility[J]. Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology,2014,4(4):44-51.
[3] Hand J L,Copeland S A,Day D E,et al. Spatial and seasonal patterns and temporal variability of haze and its constituents in the united states report V:June 2011[EB/OL]. http://vista. cira.colostate. edu/Improve/improve-reports/,2016-08-12.
[4] Li X H,He K B,Li C C,et al. PM2. 5mass, chemical composition,and light extinction before and during the 2008Beijing Olympics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118(21):12158-12167.
[5] Wang H B,Shi G M,Mi T,et al. Aerosol optical properties and chemical composition apportionment in Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:245-257.
[6] Lin Y F,Huang K,Zhuang G S,et al. A multi-year evolution of aerosol chemistry impacting visibility and haze formation over an Eastern Asia megacity,Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,92:76-86.
[7]吴丹,蔺少龙,杨焕强,等.杭州市PM2. 5中水溶性离子的污染特征及其消光贡献[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2656-2666.Wu D,Lin S L,Yang H Q,et al. Pollution characteristics and light extinction contribution of water-soluble ions of PM2. 5in Hangzhou[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2656-2666.
[8]边海,韩素芹,张裕芬,等.天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(3):406-410.Bian H,Han S Q,Zhang Y F,et al. Relationship between atmospheric visibility and particulate matter pollution in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science,2012,32(3):406-410.
[9] Chen J,Zhao C S,Ma N,et al. A parameterization of low visibilities for hazy days in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(11):4935-4950.
[10]姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津冬季相对湿度对气溶胶浓度谱分布和大气能见度的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):596-603.Yao Q,Cai Z Y,Han S Q,et al. Effects of relative humidity on the aerosol size distribution and visibility in the winter in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):596-603.
[11]宋宇,唐孝炎,方晨,等.北京市能见度下降与颗粒物污染的关系[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(4):468-471.Song Y,Tang X Y,Fang C,et al. Relationship between the visibility degradation and particle pollution in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2003,23(4):468-471.
[12] Zhang Q,Quan J N,Tie X X,et al. Effects of meteorology and secondary particle formation on visibility during heavy haze events in Beijing,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,502:578-584.
[13]樊高峰,马浩,张小伟,等.相对湿度和PM2. 5浓度对大气能见度的影响研究:基于小时资料的多站对比分析[J].气象学报,2016,74(6):959-973.Fan G F,Ma H,Zhang X W,et al. Impacts of relative humidity and PM2. 5concentration on atmospheric visibility:A comparative study of hourly observations of multiple stations[J]. Acta Meteorological Sinica,2016,74(6):959-973.
[14]张浩,石春娥,吴必文,等.合肥市能见度与相对湿度、PM2. 5质量浓度的定量关系[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(6):1001-1008.Zhang H,Shi C E,Wu B W,et al. Quantified relationships among the visibility, relative humidity and PM2. 5mass concentration in Hefei city[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2017,26(6):1001-1008.
[15]白永清,祁海霞,刘琳,等.武汉大气能见度与PM2. 5浓度及相对湿度关系的非线性分析及能见度预报[J].气象学报,2016,74(2):189-199.Bai Y Q, Qi H X, Liu L, et al. Study on the nonlinear relationship among the visibility,PM2. 5concentration and relative humidity in Wuhan and the visibility prediction[J]. Acta Meteorological Sinica,2016,74(2):189-199.
[16] Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,et al. Fine particulate(PM2. 5)dynamics during rapid urbanization in Beijing,1973-2013[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:23604.
[17]陈静,吴兑,刘啟汉.广州地区低能见度事件变化特征分析[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(2):156-164.Chen J,Wu D,Liu Q H. Study of the variation trends of low visibility events in Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2010,26(2):156-164.
[18] Che H Z,Zhang X Y,Li Y,et al. Horizontal visibility trends in China 1981-2005[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(24):L24706.
[19] Wu J,Fu C B,Zhang L Y,et al. Trends of visibility on sunny days in China in the recent 50 years[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,55:339-346.
[20]吴兑,吴晓京,李菲,等. 1951-2005年中国大陆霾的时空变化[J].气象学报,2010,68(5):680-688.Wu D,Wu X J,Li F,et al. Temporal and spatial variation of haze during 1951-2005 in Chinese mainland[J]. Acta Meteorological Sinica,2010,68(5):680-688.
[21] Chen H P,Wang H J. Haze days in North China and the associated atmospheric circulations based on daily visibility data from 1960 to 2012[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2015,120(12):5895-5909.
[22] Han R,Wang S X,Shen W H,et al. Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,46:134-146.
[23]张静,张志坚,廖菲,等.广州站能见度数据质量评估及其参数化研究[J].热带气象学报,2017,33(6):985-991.Zhang J,Zhang Z J,Liao F,et al. Study on evaluation and parameterization of visibility measuring meters in Guangzhou[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2017,33(6):985-991.
[24]吴世美,吴有恒.人工与自动大气能见度观测的对比分析[J].贵州气象,2016,40(4):81-85.Wu S M,Wu Y H. Contrast study on the observation of artificial and automatic measurements of the atmospheric visibility[J].Journal of Guizhou Meteorology,2016,40(4):81-85.
[25] Steinfeld J I. Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[J]. Environment:Science and Policy for Sustainable Development,1998,40(7):26.
[26] Pitchford M,Malm W,Schichtel B,et al. Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation data[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2007,57(11):1326-1336.
[27]陈义珍,赵丹,柴发合,等.广州市与北京市大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度的关系[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(7):967-971.Chen Y Z,Zhao D,Chai F H,et al. Correlation between the atmospheric visibility and aerosol fine particle concentrations in Guangzhou and Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2010,30(7):967-971.
[28] Malm W C,Day D E. Estimates of aerosol species scattering characteristics as a function of relative humidity[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(16):2845-2860.
[29]陶金花,王子峰,徐谦,等.北京地区颗粒物质量消光吸湿增长模型研究[J].遥感学报,2015,19(1):12-24.Tao J H,Wang Z F,Xu Q,et al. Particulate matter mass extinction hygroscopic growth model in Beijing[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing,2015,19(1):12-24.
[30]马佳,于兴娜,安俊琳,等.南京北郊冬春季大气能见度影响因子贡献研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):41-50.Ma J,Yu X N,An J L,et al. Contributions of factors that influenced the visibility in north suburb of Nanjing in winter and spring[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):41-50.
[31]金艺娜.长春市大气细颗粒物中碳组分分布特征及其来源研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2015. 35-46.Jin Y N. Study on distribution characteristics and source for carbon fraction in fine particulate matter in Changchun[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2015. 35-46.
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