乌海市生态环境评价及驱动因子分析
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摘要
中国西部作为主要的矿产生产基地,拥有丰富的矿产资源,但由于多年无节制的开采使当地生态环境发生巨大变化,因此深入了解中国西部生态环境变化及驱动因子具有重要的现实意义。以内蒙古乌海市为研究对象,选取坡度、坡向、曲率、地形起伏度、高程、植被覆盖度、到水源的距离、到道路的距离、人口数目、工业总产值、居民人均可支配收入等11个因子,应用层次分析法(AHP)构建生态环境敏感性评价模型分析乌海市生态变化,并结合地理探测器分析影响乌海市生态环境变化的主要影响因子。结果表明:乌海市生态环境经历了初期的生态环境良好—生态破坏—生态修复的过程,不同过程中生态环境的空间分区存在明显差异,虽然整体生态环境有所改善,但改善程度较小。截至2016年海勃湾和乌达区的生态环境得到修复,但修复面积仅为46.790和0.212 km2,分别占分区比例的9.0%和0.1%。乌海市生态环境变化是自然和人为因子共同作用的结果,其中到水源的距离(q=0.782, P<0.05)、人口数量(q=0.708, P<0.05)、工业总产值(q=0.499, P<0.05)、全体居民人均可支配收入(q=0.490, P<0.05)等是最主要的驱动因子。在今后的生态修复工作中要加大对上述因子的调控,以达到最佳的治理效果。图1表4参30
Western China, as a m ain production base, was rich in mineral resources; however, due to unrestrained mining, the local ecological environment underwent tremendous changes. So, to deeply understand changes in the ecological environment and driving factors in Western China, Wuhai City was studied with 11 factors(independent variables, x) being selected namely, slope, aspect, curvature, relief amplitude, altitude,vegetation coverage, distance to water sources, distance to roads, population, gross industrial output value, and per capita disposable income of residents. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to construct an evaluation model of eco-environmental sensitivity, and then we used the geographic detectors model to analyze the main factors affecting the ecological environment changes. We selected the study years(2008, 2013, 2016)which are impacted to Wuhai City. The year which we selected, was used as a sample and the sample size is2 200. Results showed the ecologically fragile zone extends from the south-central region(607.145 km2) in2008 to the northern region(1 715.978 km2) in 2013. Up to 2016, restoration of the ecological environment was 46.790 km2 for Haibowan District(9.0% of the partitioned area) and 0.212 km2 for Wuda District(0.1%).Changes in the ecological environment of Wuhai City resulted from combined actions between nature and anthropogenic factors with the distance to water sources(q=0.782, P<0.05), population number(q=0.708, P<0.05), gross industrial output value(q=0.499, P<0.05), and per capita disposable income of residents(q=0.490, P <0.05) being the main driving factors. Therefore, regulation of the above factors should increase to achieve the best treatment effect. [Ch, 1 fig. 4 tab. 30 ref.]
Western China, as a m ain production base, was rich in mineral resources; however, due to unrestrained mining, the local ecological environment underwent tremendous changes. So, to deeply understand changes in the ecological environment and driving factors in Western China, Wuhai City was studied with 11 factors(independent variables, x) being selected namely, slope, aspect, curvature, relief amplitude, altitude,vegetation coverage, distance to water sources, distance to roads, population, gross industrial output value, and per capita disposable income of residents. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to construct an evaluation model of eco-environmental sensitivity, and then we used the geographic detectors model to analyze the main factors affecting the ecological environment changes. We selected the study years(2008, 2013, 2016)which are impacted to Wuhai City. The year which we selected, was used as a sample and the sample size is2 200. Results showed the ecologically fragile zone extends from the south-central region(607.145 km2) in2008 to the northern region(1 715.978 km2) in 2013. Up to 2016, restoration of the ecological environment was 46.790 km2 for Haibowan District(9.0% of the partitioned area) and 0.212 km2 for Wuda District(0.1%).Changes in the ecological environment of Wuhai City resulted from combined actions between nature and anthropogenic factors with the distance to water sources(q=0.782, P<0.05), population number(q=0.708, P<0.05), gross industrial output value(q=0.499, P<0.05), and per capita disposable income of residents(q=0.490, P <0.05) being the main driving factors. Therefore, regulation of the above factors should increase to achieve the best treatment effect. [Ch, 1 fig. 4 tab. 30 ref.]
引文
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[2]王占军，张悦国，石嵩云，等.基于理想点法的矿区生态环境敏感性评价[J].水土保持通报，2015, 35(2):225-230.WANG Zhanjun, ZHANG Yueguo, SHI Songyun, et al. Eco-environment sensitivity evaluation of mining areas based on TOPSIS[J]. Bull Soil Water Conserv, 2015, 35(2):225-230.
[3]周杨明，于秀波，鄢帮有.生态指标研究的若干问题[J].生态环境学报，2013, 22(3):541-546.ZHOU Yangming, YU Xiubo, YAN Bangyou. Some problems on ecological indicator research[J]. Ecol Environ Sci,2013, 22(3):541-546.
[4] LI Qian, GUO Fengqing, GUAN Yuntao. A GIS-based evaluation of environmental sensitivity for an urban expressway in Shenzhen, China[J]. Engineering, 2018, 4(2):230-234.
[5]欧阳志云，王效科，苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究[J].生态学报，2000, 20(1):9-12.OUYANG Zhiyun, WANG Xiaoke, MIAO Hong. China’s eco-environmental sensitivity and its spatial heterogeneity[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2000, 20(1):9-12.
[6]颜磊，许学工，谢正磊，等.北京市域生态敏感性综合评价[J].生态学报，2009, 29(6):3117-3125.YAN Lei, XU Xuegong, XIE Zhenglei, et al. Integrated assessment on ecological sensitivity for Beijing[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29(6):3117-3125.
[7]史娜娜，全占军，韩煜，等.基于生态敏感性评价的乌海市土地资源承载力分析[J].水土保持研究, 2017, 24(1):239-243.SHI Nana, QUAN Zhanjun, HAN Yu, et al. Analysis of land resources carrying capacity in Wuhai City based on ecological sensitivity[J]. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2017, 24(1):239-243.
[8]闫虎，王玉杰，张会兰.新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州生态敏感性分析[J].干旱区地理，2015, 38(6):1226-1233.YAN Hu, WANG Yujie, ZHANG Huilan. Ecological sensitivity of Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geo, 2015, 38(6):1226-1233.
[9]吕远洋，刘志红，叶帮苹，等.川西高原精细化生态敏感性评价[J].水土保持研究，2016, 23(1):272-277.L譈Yuanyang, LIU Zhihong, YE Bangping, et al. Evaluation on ecological sensitivity of Chuanxi Plateau based on GIS[J]. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2016, 23(1):272-277.
[10]刘晓南，程炯，李铖.珠海市陆域空间生态敏感性评价与生态安全对策[J].安全与环境学报，2016, 16(3):354-360.LIU Xiaonan, CHENG Jiong, LI Cheng. Ecosystem sensitivity assessment and corresponding ecological security countermeasures for Zhuhai land space[J]. J Saf Environ, 2016, 16(3):354-360.
[11]吴金华，李纪伟，朱鸿儒.基于ArcGIS区统计的延安市土地生态敏感性评价[J].自然资源学报，2011, 26(7):1180-1188.WU Jinhua, LI Jiwei, ZHU Hongru. Land ecological sensitivity evaluation of Yan’an based on zonal statistics of ArcGIS[J]. J Nat Resour, 2011, 26(7):1180-1188.
[12]周隽，王志强，沈月琴，等.浙江山区县域经济社会协调发展评价[J].浙江农林大学学报，2014, 31(6):965-973.ZHOU Jun, WANG Zhiqiang, SHEN Yueqin, et al. Evaluation of coordinated social and economic development of mountainous counties in Zhejiang Province[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2014, 31(6):965-973.
[13] WANG Jinfeng, ZHANG Tonglin, FU Bojie. A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity[J]. Ecol Indic, 2016, 67:250-256.
[14] WANG Jinfeng, LI Xinhu, CHRISTAKOS G, et al. Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun Region, China[J]. Int J Geogr Inf Sci, 2010, 24(1):107-127.
[15]那寒矗，李夕兵，马春德.改进的层次分析法-模糊数学模型在矿井人体舒适度评价中的应用[J].安全与环境学报，2015, 15(4):12-16.NA Hanchu, LI Xibing, MA Chunde. Application of the modified AHP-fuzzy method to the assessment of the mining personal comfort degree[J]. J Saf Environ, 2015, 15(4):12-16.
[16]李祚泳，丁晶.环境质量评价原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社，2005:37-47.
[17]王劲峰，徐成东.地理探测器：原理与展望[J].地理学报，2017, 72(1):116-134.WANG Jinfeng, XU Chengdong. Geodetector:principle and prospective[J]. Acta Geogr Sin, 2017, 72(1):116-134.
[18]翟孟源，徐新良，江东，等. 1979-2010年乌海市煤矿开采对生态环境影响的遥感监测[J].遥感技术与应用，2012, 27(6):933-940.ZHAI Mengyuan, XU Xinliang, JIANG Dong, et al. Remote sensing monitoring of the ecological environment in Wuhai mining area since 1979[J]. Rem Sens Technol Appl, 2012, 27(6):933-940.
[19]徐红燕，杨莉，马伯永，等.乌海市转型发展的经验及其启示[J].中国矿业，2016, 25(10):56-59.XU Hongyan,YANG Li, MA Boyong, et al. The experience and revelation of city transformation on development strategy of Wuhai city[J]. China Min Mag, 2016, 25(10):56-59.
[20]汤傲，李效顺，闫庆武.西部矿区土（草）地退化因素分析与实证研究:以乌海市为例[J].中国矿业，2016, 25(5):58-64.TANG Ao, LI Xiaoshun, YAN Qingwu. Empirical research on the driving factors of land(grassland)degradation in western mining area:a case study of the Wuhai[J]. China Min Mag, 2016, 25(5):58-64.
[21]曾琦，杨耀淇.压煤村庄搬迁对农业生产的影响：以兖州市为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境，2017, 27(2):102-108.ZENG Qi, YANG Yaoqi. Influence of coal mining village migration on agricultural production:a case of Yanzhou[J]. China Popul Resour Environ, 2017, 27(2):102-108.
[22]郑卫星，刘俐娜.青岛市工业竞争力分析[J].中国统计，2008(12):17-18.ZHENG Weixing, LIU Lina. Analysis of Qingdao’s industrial competitiveness[J]. China Stat, 2008(12):17-18.
[23]郭淑敏，刘光栋，陈印军，等.都市型农业土地利用面源污染环保意识和支付意愿研究[J].生态环境学报，2005, 14(4):514-517.GUO Shumin, LIU Guangdong, CHEN Yinjun, et al. Environmental protection consciousness and willingness to pay for agricultural non-point pollution in urban agricultural area[J]. Ecol Environ, 2005, 14(4):514-517.
[24]马宁，陈雨含.工业城市土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究：以内蒙古乌海市为例[J].西部资源，2012(3):73-77.MA Ning, CHEN Yuhan. Environmental impact assessment of urban land use planning:a case study of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia[J]. Western Resour, 2012(3):73-77.
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