县域生态保护成效评估方法——以峨山县为例
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摘要
县域是我国基本的行政单元,建立县域生态保护成效评估方法是完善我国生态文明制度建设重要任务。生态系统生产总值(GEP)是指一定区域在一定时期内生态系统为人类福祉提供的最终产品与服务及其价值总和,开展县域GEP核算可以客观反映县域的生态系统状况和生态保护的成效。以省级生态文明县——峨山彝族自治县为例,研究了县域GEP的核算指标体系和核算方法,开展了峨山县GEP核算,分析了峨山县GEP构成及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)峨山县生态系统产品与服务可以分为产品提供、调节服务和文化服务3大类15项;(2)2015年,峨山县GEP为158.42亿元,气候调节功能和水源涵养功能是最主要的服务功能,二者总和占当年GEP的62.02%;(3)2000年以来,峨山县GEP明显提高,剔除价格因素后,共增加了25.04%,其中产品提供和文化服务功能价值提升明显,分别增加了236.25%和3004.06%。调节服务价值稳中有升,增加了1.30%。本研究表明,现有的生态环境监测数据和经济社会统计数据基本上可以支撑县域GEP的核算,同时县域GEP的变化能够体现出生态系统的保护成效,并为完善政府绩效考核制度提供依据。
The county is the essential administrative unit of our country, and it is an important task in the improvement of the ecological civilization system of our country to establish an effectiveness evaluation method of ecological protection in the county area. Gross ecosystem product(GEP) is defined as total values of ecosystem products and services for human welfare and sustainable development. The county-scale GEP accounting can objectively reflect the county′s ecological system status and the effectiveness of ecological protection. Using the provincial ecological civilized county, Eshan County, as an example, we built an accounting index system and method for the county′s GEP, increased Eshan County′s GEP accounting, and analyzed the county GEP′s constitution and trend. The results showed that:(1) ecosystem products and services in Eshan County could be divided into 3 categories, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services and 15 sub-categories.(2) In 2015, The GEP of Eshan County was 15.842 billion yuan. Climate regulation and water retention are the main ecosystem services, the sum of which accounted for 62.02% of the GEP of the year.(3) Since 2000, Eshan County′s GEP significantly increased. Eliminating the price factor, the GEP increased by 25.04%. Specifically, the value of the product delivery service and cultural service increased significantly by 236.25% and 3004.06%, respectively. The value of regulating services rose steadily, increasing by 1.30%. The present study showed that the existing environmental monitoring data, and economic and social statistics can basically support the accounting of a county′s GEP. Furthermore, the changes in a county GEP could reflect the effect of ecosystem protection, and provide the basis for improving the performance appraisal system.
The county is the essential administrative unit of our country, and it is an important task in the improvement of the ecological civilization system of our country to establish an effectiveness evaluation method of ecological protection in the county area. Gross ecosystem product(GEP) is defined as total values of ecosystem products and services for human welfare and sustainable development. The county-scale GEP accounting can objectively reflect the county′s ecological system status and the effectiveness of ecological protection. Using the provincial ecological civilized county, Eshan County, as an example, we built an accounting index system and method for the county′s GEP, increased Eshan County′s GEP accounting, and analyzed the county GEP′s constitution and trend. The results showed that:(1) ecosystem products and services in Eshan County could be divided into 3 categories, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services and 15 sub-categories.(2) In 2015, The GEP of Eshan County was 15.842 billion yuan. Climate regulation and water retention are the main ecosystem services, the sum of which accounted for 62.02% of the GEP of the year.(3) Since 2000, Eshan County′s GEP significantly increased. Eliminating the price factor, the GEP increased by 25.04%. Specifically, the value of the product delivery service and cultural service increased significantly by 236.25% and 3004.06%, respectively. The value of regulating services rose steadily, increasing by 1.30%. The present study showed that the existing environmental monitoring data, and economic and social statistics can basically support the accounting of a county′s GEP. Furthermore, the changes in a county GEP could reflect the effect of ecosystem protection, and provide the basis for improving the performance appraisal system.
引文
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[29] 赵勇,李树人,阎志平.城市绿地的滞尘效应及评价方法.华中农业大学学报,2002,21(6):582- 586.
[30] 何介南,康文星.洞庭湖湿地对污染物的净化功能与价值.中南林业科技大学学报,2008,28(2):24- 28,34- 34.
[31] 贾军梅,罗维,杜婷婷,李中和,吕永龙.近十年太湖生态系统服务功能价值变化评估.生态学报,2015,35(7):2255- 2264.
[32] 薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估—长白山自然保护区案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1997.
[33] 张彪,高吉喜,谢高地,王艳萍.北京城市绿地的蒸腾降温功能及其经济价值评估.生态学报,2012,32(24):7698- 7705.
[34] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455- 1459.
[35] 许宪春.中国现行工农业不变价增加值的计算方法及其改革.管理世界,2001,(3):61- 66.
[36] 刘厚甫.换算不变价格的两种方法比较.统计,1985,(6):26- 28.
[37] 裴会平,罗明义.论云南旅游与生态建设的融合发展.生态经济,2014,30(7):119- 121.
[38] 刘魏魏,王效科,逯非,欧阳志云.全球森林生态系统碳储量、固碳能力估算及其区域特征.应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2881- 2890.
[39] 叶建仁.中国森林病虫害防治现状与展望.南京林业大学学报,2000,24(6):1- 5.
[40] 赵良平,叶建仁,曹国江,王晓华,吴黎明,刘建智,吴松玲.森林健康理论与病虫害可持续控制——对美国林业考察的思考.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2002,26(1):5- 9.
[2] 民政部.2016年社会服务发展统计公报.(2017-08-03)[2018-06-01].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-08/03/content_5215805.htm.
[3] 赵庆忠.生态文明看聊城.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:68- 70.
[4] 中国新闻网.贵州取消10个国家级扶贫县GDP考核指标.(2014- 10- 23)[2018-06-01].http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2014/10- 23/6711188.shtml.
[5] 汤洁,林年丰,卞建民.农业生态地质环境质量综合评价——以吉林省乾安县为例.世界地质,1999,(2):89- 94.
[6] 欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(11):6183- 6188.
[7] European Commission,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,United Nations,World Bank.System of environmental-economic accounting 2012:experimental ecosystem accounting.[2018-06-01].http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/eea_white_cover.pdf.
[8] 欧阳志云,靳乐山.面向生态补偿的生态系统生产总值(GEP)和生态资产核算.北京:科学出版社,2017:12- 13.
[9] 欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,徐卫华,郑华,张琰,肖燚.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究.生态学报,2013,33(21):6747- 6761.
[10] 白玛卓嘎,肖燚,欧阳志云,王莉雁.甘孜藏族自治州生态系统生产总值核算研究.生态学报,2017,37(19):6302- 6312.
[11] 王莉雁,肖燚,欧阳志云,韦勤,博文静,张健,任苓.国家级重点生态功能区县生态系统生产总值核算研究——以阿尔山市为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(3):146- 154.
[12] 盐田区政府.盐田区城市GEP‘双核算,双运行,双提升′机制政策解读.(2016-05- 25)[2018-06-01].http://www.yantian.gov.cn/cn/zjyt/zcjd/ytcsgep/.
[13] Limburg K E,O′Neill R V,Costanza R,Farber S.Complex systems and valuation.Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):409- 420.
[14] Kong L Q,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Li C,Zhang J J,Huang B B.Mapping ecosystem service bundles to detect distinct types of multifunctionality within the diverse landscape of the Yangtze River Basin,China.Sustainability,2018,10(3):857.
[15] 云南省峨山彝族自治县志编纂委员会.峨山彝族自治县志.北京:中华书局,2001.
[16] 峨山彝族自治县史志编纂办公室.峨山年鉴2016.芒市:德宏民族出版社,2016.
[17] 《中国物价年鉴》编辑部.中国物价年鉴2001- 2002.北京:中国物价年鉴编辑部,2002.
[18] 《中国物价年鉴》编辑部.中国物价年鉴2016.北京:中国物价年鉴编辑部,2016.
[19] 侯元兆,王琦.中国森林资源核算研究.世界林业研究,1995,(3):51- 56.
[20] 国家林业局.LY/T 1721- 2008 森林生态系统服务功能评估规范.北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[21] 肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,王效科,韩艺师.海南岛生态系统土壤保持空间分布特征及生态经济价值评估.生态学报,2000,20(4):552- 558.
[22] 欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱,肖寒,王效科.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395- 1402.
[23] 国务院.排污费征收标准管理办法(国家发展计划委员会、财政部、环保总局、经贸委令第31号2003-07-01).北京:国务院,2003.
[24] 饶恩明,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国湖库洪水调蓄功能评价.自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1356- 1366.
[25] 龚诗涵,肖洋,方瑜,郑华,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国森林生态系统地表径流调节特征.生态学报,2016,36(22):7472- 7478.
[26] 龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素.生态学报,2017,37(7):2455- 2462.
[27] 韩素芸,田大伦,闫文德,梁小翠,王光军,朱凡.湖南省主要森林类型生态服务功能价值评价.中南林业科技大学学报,2009,29(6):6- 13.
[28] 马新辉,孙根年,任志远.西安市植被净化大气物质量的测定及其价值评价.干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4):83- 86.
[29] 赵勇,李树人,阎志平.城市绿地的滞尘效应及评价方法.华中农业大学学报,2002,21(6):582- 586.
[30] 何介南,康文星.洞庭湖湿地对污染物的净化功能与价值.中南林业科技大学学报,2008,28(2):24- 28,34- 34.
[31] 贾军梅,罗维,杜婷婷,李中和,吕永龙.近十年太湖生态系统服务功能价值变化评估.生态学报,2015,35(7):2255- 2264.
[32] 薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估—长白山自然保护区案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1997.
[33] 张彪,高吉喜,谢高地,王艳萍.北京城市绿地的蒸腾降温功能及其经济价值评估.生态学报,2012,32(24):7698- 7705.
[34] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455- 1459.
[35] 许宪春.中国现行工农业不变价增加值的计算方法及其改革.管理世界,2001,(3):61- 66.
[36] 刘厚甫.换算不变价格的两种方法比较.统计,1985,(6):26- 28.
[37] 裴会平,罗明义.论云南旅游与生态建设的融合发展.生态经济,2014,30(7):119- 121.
[38] 刘魏魏,王效科,逯非,欧阳志云.全球森林生态系统碳储量、固碳能力估算及其区域特征.应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2881- 2890.
[39] 叶建仁.中国森林病虫害防治现状与展望.南京林业大学学报,2000,24(6):1- 5.
[40] 赵良平,叶建仁,曹国江,王晓华,吴黎明,刘建智,吴松玲.森林健康理论与病虫害可持续控制——对美国林业考察的思考.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2002,26(1):5- 9.
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