磁性液体数值模拟研究进展
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摘要
磁性液体(magneticfluid)是一种力学性能受磁场调控的磁流变智能材料,在医学与工业生产中有广泛应用.近年来,随着计算机性能的发展,数值模拟日益成为研究磁性液体力学行为细观机理的重要方法.本文综述并评价了磁性液体理论与数值模拟领域的最新研究进展,介绍了磁性液体在剪切、挤压和阀模式3种工作模式下的力学模型,对磁性液体的现有模拟方法进行了总结,讨论了磁性液体数值模拟的研究现状,并展望了数值模拟的发展前景.磁性液体的数值模拟亟待开展以下三方面研究:(1)建立涵盖多种微观相互作用的精细理论模型,研究颗粒表面包覆、添加剂等非磁性成分对磁流变效应的影响;(2)将不同数值模拟方法相结合,建立磁性液体的多尺度模型,进一步提高模拟精度,利用机器学习协调不同尺度的数值模拟,压缩计算量,已成为一种可行思路;(3)将力学模型与电、磁学模型相结合,发展多尺度、多物理场耦合的数值模拟方法,模拟磁性液体其他物理性能.最终为高性能磁性液体的研制及其应用研究提供技术和理论支撑.
Magnetic fluid is a novel magnetorheological(MR) intelligent material consisting of magnetic particles, non-magnetic matrix, and additive agents. After applying the external magnetic field, magnetic particles will interact with each other due to the magnetic dipolar forces. The viscosity and yield stress of magnetic fluid could increase several orders of magnitude in milliseconds, which is called the MR effect. The controllable and reversible property makes magnetic fluid widely applied in drug targeting delivery, magnetic thermal therapy, commercial dampers, and polishing etc. In order to comprehend the mechanical behaviors of magnetic fluid, researchers developed several theoretical models for different flow conditions. However, due to the extensive calculation, theoretical models are only applicable for some special problems, such as 2-dimensional and axial symmetry. In recent years, with the development of computer performance, simulation has become an important method to investigate the MR mechanism of magnetic fluid. This paper reviews the recent progress in the theory and simulation of magnetic fluid. Firstly, theoretical models of magnetic fluid under shear mode, squeeze mode, and valve mode are introduced. Secondly, the existing simulation methods for magnetic fluid, such as molecular dynamics, particle-level dynamic simulation, and finite element method, are illustrated. The validity of the methods and their merits and drawbacks are discussed. Then, the research progress of the simulation of magnetic fluid is summarized from 3 aspects: Simulations of mechanical properties of novel magnetic fluid, simulations of complex mechanical behaviors of conventional magnetic fluid, and simulations of biomagnetic fluid. Finally, some future trends of simulation of magnetic fluid are proposed. The following 3 topics should be emphasized in the future work. First, a comprehensive theoretical model considering a variety of microscopic interactions is required. In order to prepare magnetic particles with high MR effect, excellent dispersibility, and low density, surface coating, modification, and additive agents are usually applied in experiments. Unfortunately, the influence of non-magnetic components on the MR effect is seldom considered in simulations. Second, current simulations could not simultaneously obtain the macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructures of magnetic fluid in complex flow. Finite element method and computational fluid dynamics are applicable for complex macroscopic problems but can not obtain the microstructures at the same time. Mesoscopic simulation methods can not exhibit large-scale aggregations of particles, which leads to the deviation compared with experiments. To establish multi-scale simulation methods and improve the accuracy of simulations have become an urgent requirement. Combining simulation methods with different spatial scales and reducing the time cost by using machine learning have become a possible approach. Third, multi-physics coupling simulation methods should be established. The magnetic field controlled electrical properties of magnetic fluid have attracted researchers' interest in recent years. Magnetic fluid with this novel controllable property could be widely applied in battery and sensors. Investigations on other physical properties of magnetic fluid by using mechanical, electrical, and magnetic model together will be a future trend. These achievements will all contribute to the development of high-performance magnetic fluids and further enlarge the range of applications of magnetic fluid.
Magnetic fluid is a novel magnetorheological(MR) intelligent material consisting of magnetic particles, non-magnetic matrix, and additive agents. After applying the external magnetic field, magnetic particles will interact with each other due to the magnetic dipolar forces. The viscosity and yield stress of magnetic fluid could increase several orders of magnitude in milliseconds, which is called the MR effect. The controllable and reversible property makes magnetic fluid widely applied in drug targeting delivery, magnetic thermal therapy, commercial dampers, and polishing etc. In order to comprehend the mechanical behaviors of magnetic fluid, researchers developed several theoretical models for different flow conditions. However, due to the extensive calculation, theoretical models are only applicable for some special problems, such as 2-dimensional and axial symmetry. In recent years, with the development of computer performance, simulation has become an important method to investigate the MR mechanism of magnetic fluid. This paper reviews the recent progress in the theory and simulation of magnetic fluid. Firstly, theoretical models of magnetic fluid under shear mode, squeeze mode, and valve mode are introduced. Secondly, the existing simulation methods for magnetic fluid, such as molecular dynamics, particle-level dynamic simulation, and finite element method, are illustrated. The validity of the methods and their merits and drawbacks are discussed. Then, the research progress of the simulation of magnetic fluid is summarized from 3 aspects: Simulations of mechanical properties of novel magnetic fluid, simulations of complex mechanical behaviors of conventional magnetic fluid, and simulations of biomagnetic fluid. Finally, some future trends of simulation of magnetic fluid are proposed. The following 3 topics should be emphasized in the future work. First, a comprehensive theoretical model considering a variety of microscopic interactions is required. In order to prepare magnetic particles with high MR effect, excellent dispersibility, and low density, surface coating, modification, and additive agents are usually applied in experiments. Unfortunately, the influence of non-magnetic components on the MR effect is seldom considered in simulations. Second, current simulations could not simultaneously obtain the macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructures of magnetic fluid in complex flow. Finite element method and computational fluid dynamics are applicable for complex macroscopic problems but can not obtain the microstructures at the same time. Mesoscopic simulation methods can not exhibit large-scale aggregations of particles, which leads to the deviation compared with experiments. To establish multi-scale simulation methods and improve the accuracy of simulations have become an urgent requirement. Combining simulation methods with different spatial scales and reducing the time cost by using machine learning have become a possible approach. Third, multi-physics coupling simulation methods should be established. The magnetic field controlled electrical properties of magnetic fluid have attracted researchers' interest in recent years. Magnetic fluid with this novel controllable property could be widely applied in battery and sensors. Investigations on other physical properties of magnetic fluid by using mechanical, electrical, and magnetic model together will be a future trend. These achievements will all contribute to the development of high-performance magnetic fluids and further enlarge the range of applications of magnetic fluid.
引文
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4 Pineux F,Marega R,Stopin A,et al.Biotechnological promises of Fe-filled CNTs for cell shepherding and magnetic fluid hyperthermia applications.Nanoscale,2015,7:20474-20488
5 Lee J W,Hong K P,Cho M W,et al.Polishing characteristics of optical glass using PMMA-coated carbonyl-iron-based magnetorheological fluid.Smart Mater Struct,2015,24:065002
6 Sun S S,Yang J,Li W H,et al.Development of a novel variable stiffness and damping magnetorheological fluid damper.Smart Mater Struct,2015,24:085021
7 Sun S S,Ning D H,Yang J,et al.Development of an MR seat suspension with self-powered generation capability.Smart Mater Struct,2017,26:085025
8 Aravind A,Nair R,Raveendran S,et al.Aptamer conjugated paclitaxel and magnetic fluid loaded fluorescently tagged PLGA nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy.J Magn Magn Mater,2013,344:116-123
9 Margida A J,Weiss K D,Carlson J D.Magnetorheological materials based on iron alloy particles.Int J Mod Phys B,1996,10:3335-3341
10 Pu H T,Jiang F J.Towards high sedimentation stability:Magnetorheological fluids based on CNT/Fe3O4 nanocomposites.Nanotechnology,2005,16:1486
11 Jang D S,Liu Y D,Kim J H,et al.Enhanced magnetorheology of soft magnetic carbonyl iron suspension with hard magneticγ-Fe2O3nanoparticle additive.Colloid Polym Sci,2015,293:641-647
12 Luo X P,Li T F,Yi H L,et al.Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,2017,62:446-454[罗小平,李天富,易红亮,等.生物磁流体传热的耗散粒子动力学模拟.科学通报,2017,62:446-454]
13 Guo C Y.Study on normal force of magnetorheological fluid and magnetorheological damper(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2013[郭朝阳.磁流变液法向力及减振器研究.博士学位论文.合肥:中国科学技术大学,2013]
14 Liu M.Fluid dynamics of colloidal magnetic and electric liquid.Phys Rev Lett,1995,74:4535
15 Shahrivar K,Carreón-González E,Morillas J R,et al.Aggregation kinetics of carbonyl iron based magnetic suspensions in 2D.Soft Matter,2017,13:2677-2685
16 Li W H,Du H.Design and experimental evaluation of a magnetorheological brake.Int J Adv Des Manuf Technol,2003,21:508-515
17 Gedik E,Kurt H,Recebli Z,et al.Two-dimensional CFD simulation of magnetorheological fluid between two fixed parallel plates applied external magnetic field.Comput Fluids,2012,63:128-134
18 Okada K,Satoh A.Regime of aggregate structures and magneto-rheological characteristics of a magnetic rod-like particle suspension:Monte Carlo and Brownian dynamics simulations.J Magn Magn Mater,2017,437:29-41
19 Bahiuddin I,Mazlan S A,Shapiai M I,et al.A new constitutive model of a magneto-rheological fluid actuator using an extreme learning machine method.Sens Actuators A,2018,281:209-221
20 Pei L,Pang H M,Chen K H,et al.Simulation of the optimal diameter and wall thickness of hollow Fe3O4 microspheres in magnetorheological fluid.Soft Matter,2018,14:5080-5091
21 Sherman S G,Becnel A C,Wereley N M.Relating Mason number to Bingham number in magnetorheological fluids.J Magn Magn Mater,2015,380:98-104
22 Tang H S,Kalyon D M.Estimation of the parameters of Herschel-Bulkley fluid under wall slip using a combination of capillary and squeeze flow viscometers.Rheol Acta,2004,43:80-88
23 Dimakopoulos Y,Pavlidis M,Tsamopoulos J.Steady bubble rise in Herschel-Bulkley fluids and comparison of predictions via the augmented Lagrangian method with those via the Papanastasiou model.J Non-Newton Fluid Mech,2013,200:34-51
24 Zhu H,Kim Y D,De Kee D.Non-Newtonian fluids with a yield stress.J Non-Newton Fluid Mech,2005,129:177-181
25 Yang S P,Zhu K Q.Analytical solutions for squeeze flow of Bingham fluid with Navier slip condition.J Non-Newton Fluid Mech,2006,138:173-180
26 Mendes P R S,Dutra E S S.Viscosity function for yield-stress liquids.Appl Rheol,2004,14:296-302
27 Walawender W P,Chen T Y,Cala D F.An approximate Casson fluid model for tube flow of blood.Biorheology,1975,12:111-119
28 Bahrainian S S,Nabati A,Haji Davalloo E.Improved rheological model of oil-based drilling fluid for south-western Iranian oilfields.JPet Sci Technol,2018,8:53-71
29 Kelessidis V C,Maglione R.Modeling rheological behavior of bentonite suspensions as Casson and Robertson-Stiff fluids using Newtonian and true shear rates in Couette viscometry.Powder Technol,2006,168:134-147
30 Liu T X.Study on the magneto-mechanical behavior of magnetorheological plastomer and its microstructure-based mechanism(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2015[刘太祥.磁流变塑性体磁致力学行为及其内部结构演化机理研究.博士学位论文.合肥:中国科学技术大学,2015]
31 Keaveny E E,Maxey M R.Modeling the magnetic interactions between paramagnetic beads in magnetorheological fluids.J Comput Phys,2008,227:9554-9571
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