西双版纳地区鞘花的繁殖物候特征及影响因素
|
摘要
桑寄生植物作为关键种和关键性食物资源在生态系统中扮演着重要角色,其鞘花的繁殖物候特征不仅会影响自身的繁殖适合度而且还会影响依赖于其获取食物资源的动物。为了解鞘花的繁殖物候特征及其影响因素,探究其与寄主植物和种子散布者之间的相互作用关系。该研究以西双版纳地区分布的鞘花为对象,通过定期观测鞘花和其寄主植物木荷的繁殖物候,测量它们的生物学特性和温湿度等环境因子,并分析鞘花在个体水平和种群水平上的繁殖物候特征以及寄主植物和温湿度对其繁殖物候的影响。结果表明:(1)鞘花的开花物候属于集中大量开花模式,整个种群的花期和果期的持续时间分别约为20 d和72 d,花期和果期的同步性指数都较高,6月中旬鞘花果实被取食的数量和速率最大,之后逐渐降低。(2)鞘花的始花期与木荷的始花期相关性较高,花期和果期与木荷的繁殖物候基本重叠。(3)每月开花和果熟的个体数量与同期和前一个月的平均温度和相对湿度的相关关系均不显著。总之,桑寄生植物的繁殖物候特征可能受到较多因素的影响,若想全面了解半寄生植物的繁殖物候特征,就要综合考虑生物和非生物等多种因子的共同作用。
Mistletoes play an important role in the ecosystem as key stone species and critical food resources for many birds and mammals. As a main kind of mistletoe species in Xishuangbanna region,the reproductive pheno-logical characteristics of Macrosolen cochinchinensis can not only affect their reproductive fitness,but also affect the animals that depend on them for food resources. To understand the reproductive phenological characteristics and impact factors of this mistletoe species,and also to explore the interaction between host plants and its seed dispersers of this mistletoe,we studied the reproductive phenology of M. cochinchinensis in Xishuangbanna region. We observed the reproductive phenology of M. cochinchinensis and its host species Schima superba at regular intervals,and measured their biological traits and environmental factors like temperature and humidity. Meanwhile,we analyzed the reproductive phenological characteristics of Macrosolen cochinchinensis at individual and population levels,and probe into the effects of its host plants and environmental factors( temperature and humidity etc.) on their reproductive phenology at the same time. The main results were as follows:( 1) The flowering phenology of M. cochinchinensis belong to mass flowering patterns. The flowering and fruit duration of the whole population were about 20 d and 72 d respectively. The synchrony index of flowering and fruiting duration was relatively higher. The number of fruits foraged and rate of fruit foraged reached the maximum peak in the middle of June,and then gradua decreased.( 2) The first flowering date of M. cochinchinensis and its host species Schima superba was highly correlated,and the flowering and fruiting period of Macrosolen cochinchinensis and Schima superba were mainly overlapped in time scale.( 3) Individuals numbers of flowering and fruit mature plants per month of Macrosolen cochinchinensis was not significantly correlated with the average temperature and relative humidity of the same and previous months. In summary,the reproductive phenological characteristics of mistletoe species may be influenced by many factors,and it is essential to consider comprehensively combination of multiple factors such as many biotic and abiotic factors to understand the reproductive phenological characteristics of those hemiparasite mistletoes in the ecosystem.
Mistletoes play an important role in the ecosystem as key stone species and critical food resources for many birds and mammals. As a main kind of mistletoe species in Xishuangbanna region,the reproductive pheno-logical characteristics of Macrosolen cochinchinensis can not only affect their reproductive fitness,but also affect the animals that depend on them for food resources. To understand the reproductive phenological characteristics and impact factors of this mistletoe species,and also to explore the interaction between host plants and its seed dispersers of this mistletoe,we studied the reproductive phenology of M. cochinchinensis in Xishuangbanna region. We observed the reproductive phenology of M. cochinchinensis and its host species Schima superba at regular intervals,and measured their biological traits and environmental factors like temperature and humidity. Meanwhile,we analyzed the reproductive phenological characteristics of Macrosolen cochinchinensis at individual and population levels,and probe into the effects of its host plants and environmental factors( temperature and humidity etc.) on their reproductive phenology at the same time. The main results were as follows:( 1) The flowering phenology of M. cochinchinensis belong to mass flowering patterns. The flowering and fruit duration of the whole population were about 20 d and 72 d respectively. The synchrony index of flowering and fruiting duration was relatively higher. The number of fruits foraged and rate of fruit foraged reached the maximum peak in the middle of June,and then gradua decreased.( 2) The first flowering date of M. cochinchinensis and its host species Schima superba was highly correlated,and the flowering and fruiting period of Macrosolen cochinchinensis and Schima superba were mainly overlapped in time scale.( 3) Individuals numbers of flowering and fruit mature plants per month of Macrosolen cochinchinensis was not significantly correlated with the average temperature and relative humidity of the same and previous months. In summary,the reproductive phenological characteristics of mistletoe species may be influenced by many factors,and it is essential to consider comprehensively combination of multiple factors such as many biotic and abiotic factors to understand the reproductive phenological characteristics of those hemiparasite mistletoes in the ecosystem.
引文
AIZEN MA,2003.Influences of animal pollination and seed dispersal on winter flowering in a temperate mistletoe[J].Ecology,84(10):2613-2627.
AUGSPURGER CK,1981.Reproductive synchrony of a tropical shrub-experimental studies on effects of pollinators and seed predators on Hybanthus prunifolius(Violaceae)[J].Ecology,62(3):775-788.
AUGSPURGER CK,1983.Phenology,flowering synchrony,and fruit set of six neotropical shrubs[J].Biotropica,15(4):257-267.
AUKEMA JE,2003.Vectors,viscin,and Viscaceae:Mistletoes as parasites,mutualists,and resources[J].Front Ecol Environ,1(4):212-219.
AUKEMA JE,DEL RIO CM,2002.Variation in mistletoe seed deposition:Effects of intra-and interspecific host characteristics[J].Ecography,25(2):139-144.
BENNETTS RE,WHITE GC,HAWKSWORTH FG,et al.,1996.The influence of dwarf mistletoe on bird communities in Colorado ponderosa pine forests[J].Ecol Appl,6(3):899-909.
BUIDE ML,DIAZ-PEROMINGO JA,GUITIAN J,2002.Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb[J].Plant Ecol,163(1):93-103.
CANDIA AB,MEDEL R,FONTURBEL FE,2014.Indirect positive effects of a parasitic plant on host pollination and seed dispersal[J].Oikos,123(11):1371-1376.
CHANG HD,REN SX,1988.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae[M].Beijing:Science Press,49:213-224.[张宏达,任善湘,1998.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,49:213-224.]
CHEN FJ,YANG YH,LIU JR,et al.,2017.Variation characteristics and the impact factors of flowering phenology of Lagerstroemia indica in urban gardens in South Sichuan[J].Chin J Ecol,36(7):1841-1846.[陈发军,杨银华,柳继荛,等,2017.川南城市园林中紫薇开花物候变化特征及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,36(7):1841-1846.]
CLARK RM,THOMPSON R,2011.Estimation and comparison of flowering curves[J].Plant Ecol Divers,4(2-3):189-200.
CRAINE JM,WOLKOVICH EM,TOWNE EG,et al.,2012.Flowering phenology as a functional trait in a tallgrass prairie[J].New Phytol,193(3):673-682.
DAVIDAR P,1983a.Birds and neotropical mistletoes-effects on seedling recruitment[J].Oecologia,60(2):271-273.
DAVIDAR P,1983b.Similarity between flowers and fruits in some flowerpecker pollinated mistletoes[J].Biotropica,15(1):32-37.
DAVIES TJ,WOLKOVICH EM,KRAFT NJB,et al.,2013.Phylogenetic conservatism in plant phenology[J].JEcol,101(6):1520-1530.
DEB JC,PHINN S,BUTT N,et al.,2018.Climate change impacts on tropical forests:Identifying risks for tropical Asia[J].J Trop For Sci,30(2):182-194.
DU G,QI W,2010.Trade-offs between flowering time,plant height,and seed size within and across 11 communities of a QingHai-Tibetan flora[J].Plant Ecol,209(2):321-333.
ELZINGA JA,ATLAN A,BIERE A,et al.,2007.Time after time:Flowering phenology and biotic interactions[J].Trend Ecol Evol,22(8):432-439.
ERIKSSON O,EHRLEN J,1991.Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants[J].Oecologia,86(4):463-470.
FREITAS L,BOLMGREN K,2008.Synchrony is more than overlap:Measuring phenological synchronization considering time length and intensity[J].Rev Brasil Bot,31(4):721-724.
GODSCHALK SKB,1983.The reproductive phenology of three mistletoe species in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve,South Africa[J].S Afr J Bot,2(1):9-14.
GORCHOV DL,1990.Pattern,adaptation,and constraint in fruiting synchrony within vertebrate-dispersed woody plants[J].Oikos,58(2):169-180.
HILTY SL,1980.Flowering and fruiting periodicity in a premontane rain forest in pacific Colombia[J].Biotropica,12(4):292-306.
LARSON DL,1996.Seed dispersal by specialist versus generalist foragers:The plant’s perspective[J].Oikos,76(1):113-120.
LIU ZM,JIANG DM,2007.Progress in the study of plant reproductive phenology[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(3):1233-1241.[刘志民,蒋德明,2007.植物生殖物候研究进展[J].生态学报,27(3):1233-1241.]
MATHIASEN RL,NICKRENT DL,SHAW DC,et al.,2008.Mistletoes:Pathology,systematics,ecology,and management[J].Plant Dis,92(7):988-1006.
NAPIER KR,MATHER SH,MCWHORTER TJ,et al.,2014.Do bird species richness and community structure vary with mistletoe flowering and fruiting in Western Australia?[J].Emu-Austr Ornithol,114(1):13-22.
OLLERTON J,LACK A,1998.Relationships between flowering phenology,plant size and reproductive success in Lotus corniculatus(Fabaceae)[J].Plant Ecol,139(1):35-47.
OTAROLA MF,SAZIMA M,SOLFERINI VN,2013.Tree size and its relationship with flowering phenology and reproductive output in wild nutmeg trees[J].Ecol Evol,3(10):3536-3544.
OVERTON JM,1997.Host specialization and partial reproductive isolation in desert mistletoe(Phoradendron californicum)[J].SW Nat,42(2):201-209.
PRIMACK RB,1980.Variation in the phenology of naturalpopulations of montane shrubs in New-Zealand[J].J Ecol,68(3):849-862.
RATHCKE B,LACEY EP,1985.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants[J].Ann Rev Ecol Syst,16:179-214.
RENNER SS,ZOHNER CM,2018.Climate change and phenological mismatch in trophic interactions among plants,insects and vertebrates[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,49:165-182.
ROOM PM,1972.Fauna of mistletoe Tapinanthus-bangwensis(Engl&K.Krause)growing on cocoa in Ghana:Relationships between fauna and mistletoe[J].J Anim Ecol,41(3):611-621.
SILVA IA,DA SILVA DM,DE CARVALHO GH,et al.,2011.Reproductive phenology of Brazilian savannas and riparian forests:Environmental and phylogenetic issues[J].Ann For Sci,68(7):1207-1215.
STELTZER H,POST E,2009.Seasons and life cycles[J].Science,324(5929):886-887.
TEIXEIRA-COSTA L,COELHO FM,CECCANTINI GCT,2017.Comparative phenology of mistletoes shows effect of different host species and temporal niche partitioning[J].Botany,95(3):271-282.
TORIMARU T,TOMARU N,2006.Relationships between flowering phenology,plant size,and female reproductive output in a dioecious shrub,Ilex leucoclada(Aquifoliaceae)[J].Can J Bot,84(12):1860-1869.
WANG Q,LI LQ,LI MR,1996.Studies on the chemical constituents of Qiaohua jisheng(Macrosolen cochinchinensis)[J].Chin Trad Herb Drug,21(9):518-521.[汪强,李良琼,李美蓉,1996.鞘花寄生化学成分的研究[J].中草药,21(9):518-521.]
WANG XN,ZHANG L,2017.Species diversity and distribution of mistletoes and hosts in four different habitats in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China[J].J Yunnan Univ(Nat Sci Ed),39(4):701-711.[王煊妮,张玲,2017.西双版纳4种生境下的桑寄生与寄主植物多样性及分布特点[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),39(4):701-711.]
WANG YJ,LU NN,YANG JY,et al.,2017.Effects of climate warming on flowering plants,pollinators and their interactions[J].Chin J Ecol,36(7):2010-2018.[王颖洁,路宁娜,杨洁羽,等,2017.气候变暖对植物、传粉者及其相互作用的影响[J].生态学杂志,36(7):2010-2018.]
WATSON DM,2001.Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide[J].Ann Rev Ecol Syst,32:219-249.
WRIGHT JW,MEAGHER TR,2003.Pollination and seed predation drive flowering phenology in Silene latifolia(Caryophyllaceae)[J].Ecology,84(8):2062-2073.
WRIGHT SJ,CALDERON O,1995.Phylogenetic patterns among tropical flowering phenologies[J].J Ecol,83(6):937-948.
XIAO LY,PU ZH,1989.The propagation of Loranthaceae from Xishuangbanna[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,11(2):175-180.[肖来云,普正和,1989.西双版纳桑寄生植物的繁殖[J].云南植物研究,11(2):175-180.]
XIAO LY,PU ZH,1994.Study on the relation between the spread of Loranthaceae and birds in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecol Sin,14(2):128-135.[肖来云,普正和,1994.云南西双版纳桑寄生植物传播与鸟的关系研究[J].生态学报,14(2):128-135.]
YULE KM,BRONSTEIN JL,2018.Reproductive ecology of a parasitic plant differs by host species:Vector interactions and the maintenance of host races[J].Oecologia,186(2):471-482.
ZHANG KY,1963.A preliminary analysis of climatic characteristics and forming factors in Southern Yunnan[J].Acta Meteorol Sin,33(2):218-230.[张克映,1963.滇南气候的特徵及其形成因子的初步分析[J].气象学报,33(2):218-230.]
ZHAO J,ZHANG Y,SONG F,et al.,2013.Phenological response of tropical plants to regional climate change in Xishuangbanna,South-western China[J].J Trop Ecol,29(2):161-172.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,et al.,2015.Studies on the forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna[J].Plant Sci J,33(5):641-726.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,等,2015.西双版纳森林植被研究[J].植物科学学报,33(5):641-726.]
ZOHNER CM,MO L,RENNER SS,2018.Clobal warming reduces leaf-out and flowering synchrony among individuals[J].e Life,7:1-15.
AUGSPURGER CK,1981.Reproductive synchrony of a tropical shrub-experimental studies on effects of pollinators and seed predators on Hybanthus prunifolius(Violaceae)[J].Ecology,62(3):775-788.
AUGSPURGER CK,1983.Phenology,flowering synchrony,and fruit set of six neotropical shrubs[J].Biotropica,15(4):257-267.
AUKEMA JE,2003.Vectors,viscin,and Viscaceae:Mistletoes as parasites,mutualists,and resources[J].Front Ecol Environ,1(4):212-219.
AUKEMA JE,DEL RIO CM,2002.Variation in mistletoe seed deposition:Effects of intra-and interspecific host characteristics[J].Ecography,25(2):139-144.
BENNETTS RE,WHITE GC,HAWKSWORTH FG,et al.,1996.The influence of dwarf mistletoe on bird communities in Colorado ponderosa pine forests[J].Ecol Appl,6(3):899-909.
BUIDE ML,DIAZ-PEROMINGO JA,GUITIAN J,2002.Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb[J].Plant Ecol,163(1):93-103.
CANDIA AB,MEDEL R,FONTURBEL FE,2014.Indirect positive effects of a parasitic plant on host pollination and seed dispersal[J].Oikos,123(11):1371-1376.
CHANG HD,REN SX,1988.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae[M].Beijing:Science Press,49:213-224.[张宏达,任善湘,1998.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,49:213-224.]
CHEN FJ,YANG YH,LIU JR,et al.,2017.Variation characteristics and the impact factors of flowering phenology of Lagerstroemia indica in urban gardens in South Sichuan[J].Chin J Ecol,36(7):1841-1846.[陈发军,杨银华,柳继荛,等,2017.川南城市园林中紫薇开花物候变化特征及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,36(7):1841-1846.]
CLARK RM,THOMPSON R,2011.Estimation and comparison of flowering curves[J].Plant Ecol Divers,4(2-3):189-200.
CRAINE JM,WOLKOVICH EM,TOWNE EG,et al.,2012.Flowering phenology as a functional trait in a tallgrass prairie[J].New Phytol,193(3):673-682.
DAVIDAR P,1983a.Birds and neotropical mistletoes-effects on seedling recruitment[J].Oecologia,60(2):271-273.
DAVIDAR P,1983b.Similarity between flowers and fruits in some flowerpecker pollinated mistletoes[J].Biotropica,15(1):32-37.
DAVIES TJ,WOLKOVICH EM,KRAFT NJB,et al.,2013.Phylogenetic conservatism in plant phenology[J].JEcol,101(6):1520-1530.
DEB JC,PHINN S,BUTT N,et al.,2018.Climate change impacts on tropical forests:Identifying risks for tropical Asia[J].J Trop For Sci,30(2):182-194.
DU G,QI W,2010.Trade-offs between flowering time,plant height,and seed size within and across 11 communities of a QingHai-Tibetan flora[J].Plant Ecol,209(2):321-333.
ELZINGA JA,ATLAN A,BIERE A,et al.,2007.Time after time:Flowering phenology and biotic interactions[J].Trend Ecol Evol,22(8):432-439.
ERIKSSON O,EHRLEN J,1991.Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants[J].Oecologia,86(4):463-470.
FREITAS L,BOLMGREN K,2008.Synchrony is more than overlap:Measuring phenological synchronization considering time length and intensity[J].Rev Brasil Bot,31(4):721-724.
GODSCHALK SKB,1983.The reproductive phenology of three mistletoe species in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve,South Africa[J].S Afr J Bot,2(1):9-14.
GORCHOV DL,1990.Pattern,adaptation,and constraint in fruiting synchrony within vertebrate-dispersed woody plants[J].Oikos,58(2):169-180.
HILTY SL,1980.Flowering and fruiting periodicity in a premontane rain forest in pacific Colombia[J].Biotropica,12(4):292-306.
LARSON DL,1996.Seed dispersal by specialist versus generalist foragers:The plant’s perspective[J].Oikos,76(1):113-120.
LIU ZM,JIANG DM,2007.Progress in the study of plant reproductive phenology[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(3):1233-1241.[刘志民,蒋德明,2007.植物生殖物候研究进展[J].生态学报,27(3):1233-1241.]
MATHIASEN RL,NICKRENT DL,SHAW DC,et al.,2008.Mistletoes:Pathology,systematics,ecology,and management[J].Plant Dis,92(7):988-1006.
NAPIER KR,MATHER SH,MCWHORTER TJ,et al.,2014.Do bird species richness and community structure vary with mistletoe flowering and fruiting in Western Australia?[J].Emu-Austr Ornithol,114(1):13-22.
OLLERTON J,LACK A,1998.Relationships between flowering phenology,plant size and reproductive success in Lotus corniculatus(Fabaceae)[J].Plant Ecol,139(1):35-47.
OTAROLA MF,SAZIMA M,SOLFERINI VN,2013.Tree size and its relationship with flowering phenology and reproductive output in wild nutmeg trees[J].Ecol Evol,3(10):3536-3544.
OVERTON JM,1997.Host specialization and partial reproductive isolation in desert mistletoe(Phoradendron californicum)[J].SW Nat,42(2):201-209.
PRIMACK RB,1980.Variation in the phenology of naturalpopulations of montane shrubs in New-Zealand[J].J Ecol,68(3):849-862.
RATHCKE B,LACEY EP,1985.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants[J].Ann Rev Ecol Syst,16:179-214.
RENNER SS,ZOHNER CM,2018.Climate change and phenological mismatch in trophic interactions among plants,insects and vertebrates[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,49:165-182.
ROOM PM,1972.Fauna of mistletoe Tapinanthus-bangwensis(Engl&K.Krause)growing on cocoa in Ghana:Relationships between fauna and mistletoe[J].J Anim Ecol,41(3):611-621.
SILVA IA,DA SILVA DM,DE CARVALHO GH,et al.,2011.Reproductive phenology of Brazilian savannas and riparian forests:Environmental and phylogenetic issues[J].Ann For Sci,68(7):1207-1215.
STELTZER H,POST E,2009.Seasons and life cycles[J].Science,324(5929):886-887.
TEIXEIRA-COSTA L,COELHO FM,CECCANTINI GCT,2017.Comparative phenology of mistletoes shows effect of different host species and temporal niche partitioning[J].Botany,95(3):271-282.
TORIMARU T,TOMARU N,2006.Relationships between flowering phenology,plant size,and female reproductive output in a dioecious shrub,Ilex leucoclada(Aquifoliaceae)[J].Can J Bot,84(12):1860-1869.
WANG Q,LI LQ,LI MR,1996.Studies on the chemical constituents of Qiaohua jisheng(Macrosolen cochinchinensis)[J].Chin Trad Herb Drug,21(9):518-521.[汪强,李良琼,李美蓉,1996.鞘花寄生化学成分的研究[J].中草药,21(9):518-521.]
WANG XN,ZHANG L,2017.Species diversity and distribution of mistletoes and hosts in four different habitats in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China[J].J Yunnan Univ(Nat Sci Ed),39(4):701-711.[王煊妮,张玲,2017.西双版纳4种生境下的桑寄生与寄主植物多样性及分布特点[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),39(4):701-711.]
WANG YJ,LU NN,YANG JY,et al.,2017.Effects of climate warming on flowering plants,pollinators and their interactions[J].Chin J Ecol,36(7):2010-2018.[王颖洁,路宁娜,杨洁羽,等,2017.气候变暖对植物、传粉者及其相互作用的影响[J].生态学杂志,36(7):2010-2018.]
WATSON DM,2001.Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide[J].Ann Rev Ecol Syst,32:219-249.
WRIGHT JW,MEAGHER TR,2003.Pollination and seed predation drive flowering phenology in Silene latifolia(Caryophyllaceae)[J].Ecology,84(8):2062-2073.
WRIGHT SJ,CALDERON O,1995.Phylogenetic patterns among tropical flowering phenologies[J].J Ecol,83(6):937-948.
XIAO LY,PU ZH,1989.The propagation of Loranthaceae from Xishuangbanna[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,11(2):175-180.[肖来云,普正和,1989.西双版纳桑寄生植物的繁殖[J].云南植物研究,11(2):175-180.]
XIAO LY,PU ZH,1994.Study on the relation between the spread of Loranthaceae and birds in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecol Sin,14(2):128-135.[肖来云,普正和,1994.云南西双版纳桑寄生植物传播与鸟的关系研究[J].生态学报,14(2):128-135.]
YULE KM,BRONSTEIN JL,2018.Reproductive ecology of a parasitic plant differs by host species:Vector interactions and the maintenance of host races[J].Oecologia,186(2):471-482.
ZHANG KY,1963.A preliminary analysis of climatic characteristics and forming factors in Southern Yunnan[J].Acta Meteorol Sin,33(2):218-230.[张克映,1963.滇南气候的特徵及其形成因子的初步分析[J].气象学报,33(2):218-230.]
ZHAO J,ZHANG Y,SONG F,et al.,2013.Phenological response of tropical plants to regional climate change in Xishuangbanna,South-western China[J].J Trop Ecol,29(2):161-172.
ZHU H,WANG H,LI BG,et al.,2015.Studies on the forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna[J].Plant Sci J,33(5):641-726.[朱华,王洪,李保贵,等,2015.西双版纳森林植被研究[J].植物科学学报,33(5):641-726.]
ZOHNER CM,MO L,RENNER SS,2018.Clobal warming reduces leaf-out and flowering synchrony among individuals[J].e Life,7:1-15.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |