基于西通道的国家西向流通网络特征与组织模式
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摘要
"一带一路"倡议促使国家进入全面开放、陆海统筹、门户引领的发展新阶段。相对以往侧重海洋方向上的城市流通网络研究,内陆方向在内容和方法上都有待拓展。构建"流通成本—通达能力与生产外向型程度—市场竞争与政策保护—流通结构与组织模式"分析框架,利用空间分析技术,基于西通道对国家西向流通网络结构特征与货流组织模式进行研究。研究表明:高等级流通节点在最小时间与运费成本路径上,表现出整体上的近似性;流通节点货流生产能力差异显著;构建西向多层级轴—辐物流网络,市场竞争条件下沿海地区尤其是长三角、珠三角节点具有显著的货流规模优势,而地方补贴政策下内陆节点可辐射沿海地区并展开货源竞争;根据节点、线路、流量等方面特征,可提炼出国家西向流通的"三角洲结构"。在筛选出西向流通核心节点群体基础上,提出西向货流组织的四种模式:以顶点城市为主导的统一编组集结模式、以内陆省会城市为主导的货源集结模式、以发达外贸型城市为主导的货源产区发车模式、以重要港口城市为主导的货源集散型模式。西向流通经历了独创、扩散、分散阶段,并将走向整合阶段,西向流通的主导权将最终回归位于优势空间的核心节点城市。
"The Belt and Road Initiative" has activated the westward economic and trade route,and the state has entered a new integrated development stage of land and sea. Previous studies mainly focused on ocean-oriented urban circulation network, however the research on the inland-oriented area needs to be expanded in both content and methods. Using spatial analysis,the paper constructed a framework of "circulation cost-accessibility and the ratio of exportoriented trade-market competition and policy protection-circulation structure and organizational models", and conducted research on the structural features of westward circulation network and organizational models of the circulation of goods based on the west corridor. The research finds that the high grade circulation node shows the overall approximation on the path of the minimum time and the cost of the freight, and the production capacity of flow node shows significant difference under the market competition, the coastal areas nodes, especially the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, have significant scale advantages of current flows, but inland nodes with local subsidy policies could radiate the coastal area and launched supply competition. Wuhan, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Chongqing and Changsha are the best inland nodes of coastal source. According to the characteristics of westward circulation network in the aspects of nodes, lines and flow, the "delta structure" of the country's westward circulation can be extracted. Based on the key nodes of westward circulation network, the paper proposed four patterns: the unified marshalling pattern, key node cities model, "export cities" model and key port cities model. The westward circulation has experienced the initial stage, diffusion stage and dispersed stage, and will enter the integration stage. The leading power of westward circulation will eventually return to the cities located in the advantageous space.
"The Belt and Road Initiative" has activated the westward economic and trade route,and the state has entered a new integrated development stage of land and sea. Previous studies mainly focused on ocean-oriented urban circulation network, however the research on the inland-oriented area needs to be expanded in both content and methods. Using spatial analysis,the paper constructed a framework of "circulation cost-accessibility and the ratio of exportoriented trade-market competition and policy protection-circulation structure and organizational models", and conducted research on the structural features of westward circulation network and organizational models of the circulation of goods based on the west corridor. The research finds that the high grade circulation node shows the overall approximation on the path of the minimum time and the cost of the freight, and the production capacity of flow node shows significant difference under the market competition, the coastal areas nodes, especially the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, have significant scale advantages of current flows, but inland nodes with local subsidy policies could radiate the coastal area and launched supply competition. Wuhan, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Chongqing and Changsha are the best inland nodes of coastal source. According to the characteristics of westward circulation network in the aspects of nodes, lines and flow, the "delta structure" of the country's westward circulation can be extracted. Based on the key nodes of westward circulation network, the paper proposed four patterns: the unified marshalling pattern, key node cities model, "export cities" model and key port cities model. The westward circulation has experienced the initial stage, diffusion stage and dispersed stage, and will enter the integration stage. The leading power of westward circulation will eventually return to the cities located in the advantageous space.
引文
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[8] Sargent A J. Seaport and Hinterlands. London:Aadam and Charrles Black, 1938:121-129.
[9] Hayuth Y. Containerization and the load center concept. Economic Geography, 1981, 57(2):160-176.
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[15] Hanson G H. U.S-Mexico integration and regional economics:Evidence from boder city Pairs. Journal of Urban Economics, 2001, 50(2):259-287.
[16] Wang Chengjin. Identification of inter-urban container transport hubs and their spatial characteristics:A case study of railway transportation in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(10):1275-1286.[王成金.城际集装箱交流枢纽的识别及其物流特征:以中国铁路运输为例.地理学报, 2010, 65(10):1275-1286.]
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[18] Wang Peipei, Wang Zhe, Huang Fojun, et al. The construction of Xinjiang channel hub and spoke network in the Silk Road Economic Zone. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(2):125-130.[王佩佩,王哲,黄佛君,等.丝绸之路经济带下新疆通道轴辐式物流网络构建.经济地理, 2016, 36(2):125-130.]
[19] Zhang Chuang, Xia Chunyu. Inter-city distribution network:An integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Business Economics, 2009(10):5-11.[张闯,夏春玉.城市间流通网络及其形成与演化的微观动力机制研究.商业经济与管理, 2009(10):5-11.
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[21] Cao Youhui, Liang Shuangbo, Wu Wei et al. Spatial organizational mechanism of port and shipping service industry in a hub port city:A case study of Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12):2226-2240.[曹有挥,梁双波,吴威,等.枢纽港口城市港航服务业空间组织机理:以上海市为例.地理学报, 2017, 72(12):2226-2240.]
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[23] Jin Fengjun, Wang Chengjin. Hub-and-spoke system and China aviation network organization. Geographical Research,2005, 24(5):774-784.[金凤君,王成金.轴—辐侍服理念下的中国航空网络模式构筑.地理研究, 2005, 24(5):774-784.]
[24] Wang Jiao'e, Mo Huihui, Jin Fengjun. Spatial structural characteristics of Chinese aviation network based on complex network theory. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(8):899-910.[王姣娥,莫辉辉,金凤君.中国航空网络空间结构的复杂性.地理学报, 2009, 64(8):899-910.
[25] Xiu Chunliang, Cheng Lin, Song Wei. Rediscovering the geographical location of Harbin based on intercontinental air cargo logistics. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(5):811-819.[修春亮,程林,宋伟.重新发现哈尔滨地理位置的价值:基于洲际航空物流.地理研究, 2010, 29(5):811-819.]
[26] Liu Weidong. Scientific understanding of the Belt and Road Initiative of China and related research themes. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(5):538-544.[刘卫东.“一带一路”战略的科学内涵与科学问题.地理科学进展, 2015, 34(5):538-544.]
[27] Wang Jiao'e, Jiao Jingjuan, Jing Yue, et al. 2017. Transport hinterlands of border ports by China-Europe express trains and hub identification. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(11):1332-1339.[王姣娥,焦敬娟,景悦,等.“中欧班列”陆路运输腹地范围测算与枢纽识别.地理科学进展, 2017, 36(11):1332-1339.
[28] Wang Jiao'e, Jing Yue, Wang Chengjin. Study on better organization of China-Europe Express Train. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(4):370-376.[王姣娥,景悦,王成金.“中欧班列”运输组织策略研究.中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(4):370-376.]
[29] Mo Huihui, Wang Jiao'e, Song Zhouying. Economically suitable areas of China's transnational container transport by land in the Silk Road Economic Belt. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(5):581-588.[莫辉辉,王姣娥,宋周莺.丝绸之路经济带国际集装箱陆路运输的经济适应范围.地理科学进展, 2015, 34(5):581-588.]
[30] Lu Mengqiu, Chen Yu, Lu Yuqi. The competition and cooperation spatial pattern between railway transport and shipping in China under the Belt and Road Initiative. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(2):404-418.[陆梦秋,陈娱,陆玉麒.“一带一路”倡议下中国陆海运输的空间竞合格局.地理研究, 2018, 37(2):404-418.]
[31] Gu Longgao. Thinking of the optimization and construction of China Railway Express on the light of New Silk Road.New Silk Road Horizon, 2015(5):46-49.[古龙高.基于陆桥通道视角的“中欧班列”优化与建设的思考.大陆桥视野, 2015(5):46-49.]
[32] O'Kelly M E. Spatial interaction based location allocation models//Spatial Analysis and Location Allocation Models.Van Nostrand:Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987:302-326.
[33] Zhong Yexi, Lu Yuqi. Measuring method of urban hinterland based on spatial linkage:A case of Jiangsu Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(5):536-543.[钟业喜,陆玉麒.基于空间联系的城市腹地范围划分:以江苏省为例.地理科学, 2012, 32(5):536-543.]
[34] Zhao Qingsong. The operation characteristics, problems and countermeasures of Sino-Europe Block Train:The operation practice based on the"Chongqing New Europe"class. Practice in Foreign Economic Relations and Trade,2015(3):33-35.[赵青松.中欧国际铁路班列运行特点、问题及对策:基于“渝新欧”班列的运行实践.对外经贸实务,2015(3):33-35.]
[35] Wang Lin. Many countries are competing to join Sino-Europe Block Train, and there is still room for compression. China Business News, 2015-06-23(A04).[王琳.多国竞相加入中欧班列运价仍有压缩空间.第一财经日报, 2015-06-23(A04).]
[36] Research Group of Ningbo Government Development Research Center. The project design of the construction of SinoEurope Block Train in coastal areas service center in Ningbo. Ningbo Economy(Sanjiang Forum), 2017(1):10-16.[宁波市政府发展研究中心课题组.宁波建设中欧班列沿海集结服务中心的方案设计.宁波经济(三江论坛), 2017(1):10-16.]
[37] Yin Guokang. A Geomorphic System in a Basin. Nanjing:Nanjing University Press, 1991.[尹国康.流域地貌系统.南京:南京大学出版社, 1991.]
[38] Lu Yuqi, Li Pinghua. Primary study on apex city of delta. Areal Research and Development, 2006, 25(1):6-9.[陆玉麒,李平华.三角洲顶点城市探讨.地域研究与开发, 2006, 25(1):6-9.]
[39] Lu Yuqi. The location characteristics of central city in river basin:A case study of Nanchang in Jiangxi Province.Human Geography, 2011, 26(4):11-16.[陆玉麒.流域中心城市的区位特征:以南昌为例.人文地理, 2011, 26(4):11-16.]
[40] Li Pinghua. The formation and evolution of dual-nuclei structure in delta:Based on the apex city. Human Geography,2008, 23(5):47-52.[李平华.基于顶点城市的三角洲双核型空间结构形成演化研究.人文地理, 2008, 23(5):47-52.]
[41] Li Pinghua. Studies on the apex city of delta:Take Nanjing as an example[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2005.[李平华.三角洲的顶点城市研究[D].南京:南京师范大学, 2005.]
(1)数据来源于2018年1月22日国家发改委新闻发布会,《人民日报》2018年1月23日01版予以报道。
(2)引自搜狐网财经频道http://www.sohu.com/a/126468760_475942,作者马斌,原文《“中欧班列”的突出问题与发展转型》首发于新创刊杂志《丝路瞭望》2017年第1期。
[2] Mayer H M. The port geography research papers of Chicago and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Dept. of No.49. University of Chicago, 1957.
[3] Weigend G. Some elements in the study of port geography. Geographical Review, 1958, 48(2):185-200.
[4] Patton D J. General cargo hinterland of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New Orleans. Annals of the AAG, 1958,48(4):436-455.
[5] Morgan W. Observations on the study of hinter-lands in Europe. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,1951, 42:366-371.
[6] Morgan W. Ports and Harbors. London:Hutchison Press, 1958.
[7] Taaffe E J, Morrill R L, Gould P R. Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries:A comparative analysis.Geographical Review, 1963, 53(4):503-529.
[8] Sargent A J. Seaport and Hinterlands. London:Aadam and Charrles Black, 1938:121-129.
[9] Hayuth Y. Containerization and the load center concept. Economic Geography, 1981, 57(2):160-176.
[10] Rimmer P J. The search for spatial regularities in the development of Australian seaports 1861-1961/2. Series B, Human Geography, 1967, 49(1):42-54.
[11] Brocker J. How dointernational trade barriers affect interregional trade//Anderson A E Isard W, Puu L et al. Regional and Industrial Development Theories, Models and Empirical Evidence. Amsterdam:North-Holland, 1984:219-239.
[12] McCallum J. National borders matter:Canada-U.S. regional trade patterns. The American Economic Review, 1995, 9(3):615-623.
[13] Sander B, Schmidt K D. Wirtschaftliche perspektiven von grenzregionen:Ein internationaler vergleich. Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 1998(4):394-395.
[14] Matthias H. Border effect estimates for France and Germany combining international trade and intranational transport flows. HEI Working Paper, 2006, No.13.
[15] Hanson G H. U.S-Mexico integration and regional economics:Evidence from boder city Pairs. Journal of Urban Economics, 2001, 50(2):259-287.
[16] Wang Chengjin. Identification of inter-urban container transport hubs and their spatial characteristics:A case study of railway transportation in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(10):1275-1286.[王成金.城际集装箱交流枢纽的识别及其物流特征:以中国铁路运输为例.地理学报, 2010, 65(10):1275-1286.]
[17] Ye Shilin, Cao Youhui, Wang Jiawei, et al. Organization network of Chinese container transportation from the perspective of enterprises. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8):1520-1530.[叶士琳,曹有挥,王佳韡,等.基于企业视角的中国集装箱运输组织网络.地理学报, 2017, 72(8):1520-1530.]
[18] Wang Peipei, Wang Zhe, Huang Fojun, et al. The construction of Xinjiang channel hub and spoke network in the Silk Road Economic Zone. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(2):125-130.[王佩佩,王哲,黄佛君,等.丝绸之路经济带下新疆通道轴辐式物流网络构建.经济地理, 2016, 36(2):125-130.]
[19] Zhang Chuang, Xia Chunyu. Inter-city distribution network:An integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Business Economics, 2009(10):5-11.[张闯,夏春玉.城市间流通网络及其形成与演化的微观动力机制研究.商业经济与管理, 2009(10):5-11.
[20] Han Zenglin, Guo Jianke. The identification and measurement of seaport spatial effect in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(2):243-254.[韩增林,郭建科.中国海港空间效应的识别与测度.地理学报, 2014, 69(2):243-254.]
[21] Cao Youhui, Liang Shuangbo, Wu Wei et al. Spatial organizational mechanism of port and shipping service industry in a hub port city:A case study of Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12):2226-2240.[曹有挥,梁双波,吴威,等.枢纽港口城市港航服务业空间组织机理:以上海市为例.地理学报, 2017, 72(12):2226-2240.]
[22] Wang Wei, Wang Chengjin. Spatial evolution of coal transportation of coastal ports in China. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016, 71(10):1752-1766.[王伟,王成金.中国沿海港口煤炭运输的空间分异格局及演化.地理学报, 2016, 71(10):1752-1766.]
[23] Jin Fengjun, Wang Chengjin. Hub-and-spoke system and China aviation network organization. Geographical Research,2005, 24(5):774-784.[金凤君,王成金.轴—辐侍服理念下的中国航空网络模式构筑.地理研究, 2005, 24(5):774-784.]
[24] Wang Jiao'e, Mo Huihui, Jin Fengjun. Spatial structural characteristics of Chinese aviation network based on complex network theory. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(8):899-910.[王姣娥,莫辉辉,金凤君.中国航空网络空间结构的复杂性.地理学报, 2009, 64(8):899-910.
[25] Xiu Chunliang, Cheng Lin, Song Wei. Rediscovering the geographical location of Harbin based on intercontinental air cargo logistics. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(5):811-819.[修春亮,程林,宋伟.重新发现哈尔滨地理位置的价值:基于洲际航空物流.地理研究, 2010, 29(5):811-819.]
[26] Liu Weidong. Scientific understanding of the Belt and Road Initiative of China and related research themes. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(5):538-544.[刘卫东.“一带一路”战略的科学内涵与科学问题.地理科学进展, 2015, 34(5):538-544.]
[27] Wang Jiao'e, Jiao Jingjuan, Jing Yue, et al. 2017. Transport hinterlands of border ports by China-Europe express trains and hub identification. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(11):1332-1339.[王姣娥,焦敬娟,景悦,等.“中欧班列”陆路运输腹地范围测算与枢纽识别.地理科学进展, 2017, 36(11):1332-1339.
[28] Wang Jiao'e, Jing Yue, Wang Chengjin. Study on better organization of China-Europe Express Train. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(4):370-376.[王姣娥,景悦,王成金.“中欧班列”运输组织策略研究.中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(4):370-376.]
[29] Mo Huihui, Wang Jiao'e, Song Zhouying. Economically suitable areas of China's transnational container transport by land in the Silk Road Economic Belt. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(5):581-588.[莫辉辉,王姣娥,宋周莺.丝绸之路经济带国际集装箱陆路运输的经济适应范围.地理科学进展, 2015, 34(5):581-588.]
[30] Lu Mengqiu, Chen Yu, Lu Yuqi. The competition and cooperation spatial pattern between railway transport and shipping in China under the Belt and Road Initiative. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(2):404-418.[陆梦秋,陈娱,陆玉麒.“一带一路”倡议下中国陆海运输的空间竞合格局.地理研究, 2018, 37(2):404-418.]
[31] Gu Longgao. Thinking of the optimization and construction of China Railway Express on the light of New Silk Road.New Silk Road Horizon, 2015(5):46-49.[古龙高.基于陆桥通道视角的“中欧班列”优化与建设的思考.大陆桥视野, 2015(5):46-49.]
[32] O'Kelly M E. Spatial interaction based location allocation models//Spatial Analysis and Location Allocation Models.Van Nostrand:Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987:302-326.
[33] Zhong Yexi, Lu Yuqi. Measuring method of urban hinterland based on spatial linkage:A case of Jiangsu Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(5):536-543.[钟业喜,陆玉麒.基于空间联系的城市腹地范围划分:以江苏省为例.地理科学, 2012, 32(5):536-543.]
[34] Zhao Qingsong. The operation characteristics, problems and countermeasures of Sino-Europe Block Train:The operation practice based on the"Chongqing New Europe"class. Practice in Foreign Economic Relations and Trade,2015(3):33-35.[赵青松.中欧国际铁路班列运行特点、问题及对策:基于“渝新欧”班列的运行实践.对外经贸实务,2015(3):33-35.]
[35] Wang Lin. Many countries are competing to join Sino-Europe Block Train, and there is still room for compression. China Business News, 2015-06-23(A04).[王琳.多国竞相加入中欧班列运价仍有压缩空间.第一财经日报, 2015-06-23(A04).]
[36] Research Group of Ningbo Government Development Research Center. The project design of the construction of SinoEurope Block Train in coastal areas service center in Ningbo. Ningbo Economy(Sanjiang Forum), 2017(1):10-16.[宁波市政府发展研究中心课题组.宁波建设中欧班列沿海集结服务中心的方案设计.宁波经济(三江论坛), 2017(1):10-16.]
[37] Yin Guokang. A Geomorphic System in a Basin. Nanjing:Nanjing University Press, 1991.[尹国康.流域地貌系统.南京:南京大学出版社, 1991.]
[38] Lu Yuqi, Li Pinghua. Primary study on apex city of delta. Areal Research and Development, 2006, 25(1):6-9.[陆玉麒,李平华.三角洲顶点城市探讨.地域研究与开发, 2006, 25(1):6-9.]
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(1)数据来源于2018年1月22日国家发改委新闻发布会,《人民日报》2018年1月23日01版予以报道。
(2)引自搜狐网财经频道http://www.sohu.com/a/126468760_475942,作者马斌,原文《“中欧班列”的突出问题与发展转型》首发于新创刊杂志《丝路瞭望》2017年第1期。