石漠化地区裸岩表面温度和空气温湿度动态变化
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摘要
陆地表面控制着水和能量通量的分配,在气候系统中起着至关重要的作用。石漠化地区大量岩石裸露于地表,深刻影响着局部的小气候动态。为揭示裸岩引发的环境效应,采用模拟试验开展了裸岩表面温度和空气温湿度动态变化规律研究。结果表明:石漠化地区太阳辐射强烈,其日变化呈抛物线分布,在13:30—14:00达到最大值;辐射时间和辐射峰值随季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,太阳辐射总量的年际变化表现为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;岩石表面温度伴随太阳辐射同步增温,岩石表面增温快、降温较慢;岩石表面温度与其上2、5、10、20 cm处空气温度差异显著(P<0.05),岩石具有显著的加热效应;岩石上部2、5、10、20 cm处空气相对湿度的日变化均呈U型分布,最小值出现在16:30—17:00;空气相对湿度在20 cm处最高(P<0.01),表明岩石表层20 cm以内的空气相对湿度较小;空气相对湿度季节变化表现为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;在石漠化植被恢复过程的早期,应采取适宜的速生植物,尽快对裸岩形成遮荫以减少其加热作用,促进小气候的改善以促进植被恢复治理工作。
Land surface regulates the distribution of water and energy fluxes and therefore plays a critical role in the climate system. A large number of rocks in the karst rocky desertification( KRD) area are exposed to the air,which deeply affects microclimate. To reveal the environmental effects of bare rocks,the dynamics of rock surface temperature( ST),air temperature( AT)and relative humidity( RH) were examined by simulation experiment. The results showed intense solar radiation in the KRD area,with a parabolic-shaped diurnal variation and peaked at 13: 30-14: 00. The duration and intensity of radiation varied with seasons,as summer > spring > autumn> winter. The total amount of solar radiation varied as follows: spring > summer > autumn > winter. The ST rose with the increases of solar radiation. Compared to the air,the rock surface was heated faster and cooled slower. There were significant differences between the ST and the AT( all P<0.05) at 2,5,10,and 20 cm above the rock surface,implying that the bare rocks had a heating effect. The diurnal distribution of RH showed a U-shape at 2,5,10,and 20 cm above the rock surface,with the minimum values at 16: 30-17: 00. The RH at 20 cm was the highest( P < 0.01),and was lower when closer to the rock surface. The seasonal dynamics of RH was summer > autumn > winter > spring. Fast-growing plants are recommended in the early stage of vegetation restoration,which could shade the bare rocks,reduce the heating effect quickly,and improve the microclimate. Our findings are of significance for ecological restoration in KRD areas.
Land surface regulates the distribution of water and energy fluxes and therefore plays a critical role in the climate system. A large number of rocks in the karst rocky desertification( KRD) area are exposed to the air,which deeply affects microclimate. To reveal the environmental effects of bare rocks,the dynamics of rock surface temperature( ST),air temperature( AT)and relative humidity( RH) were examined by simulation experiment. The results showed intense solar radiation in the KRD area,with a parabolic-shaped diurnal variation and peaked at 13: 30-14: 00. The duration and intensity of radiation varied with seasons,as summer > spring > autumn> winter. The total amount of solar radiation varied as follows: spring > summer > autumn > winter. The ST rose with the increases of solar radiation. Compared to the air,the rock surface was heated faster and cooled slower. There were significant differences between the ST and the AT( all P<0.05) at 2,5,10,and 20 cm above the rock surface,implying that the bare rocks had a heating effect. The diurnal distribution of RH showed a U-shape at 2,5,10,and 20 cm above the rock surface,with the minimum values at 16: 30-17: 00. The RH at 20 cm was the highest( P < 0.01),and was lower when closer to the rock surface. The seasonal dynamics of RH was summer > autumn > winter > spring. Fast-growing plants are recommended in the early stage of vegetation restoration,which could shade the bare rocks,reduce the heating effect quickly,and improve the microclimate. Our findings are of significance for ecological restoration in KRD areas.
引文
陈洪松,聂云鹏,王克林.2013.岩溶山区水分时空异质性及植物适应机理研究进展.生态学报,33(2):317-326.
李生,任华东,姚小华,等.2009.土地利用方式对喀斯特地区环境小气候日动态的影响.应用生态学报,20(2):387-395.
李生,任华东,姚小华.2012.西南喀斯特石漠化地区旱季土壤水分对裸岩的响应.生态学杂志,31(12):3174-3178.
李宏宇,符淙斌,郭维栋,等.2015.干旱区不同下垫面能量分配机理及对微气候反馈的研究.物理学报,64(5):430-443.
李阳兵,王世杰,容丽.2004.西南岩溶山地石漠化及生态恢复研究展望.生态学杂志,23(6):84-88.
李援越,穆彪,祝小科,等.1998.喀斯特森林不同演替阶段群落的小气候特征.山地农业生物学报,17(6):364-367.
吕仕洪,李象钦,白坤栋,等.2018.石漠化区先锋树种对青冈幼苗的保育作用及枝叶性状的影响.生态学杂志,37(7):1917-1924.
容丽,王世杰,杜雪莲.2006.喀斯特低热河谷石漠化区环境梯度的小气候效应---以贵州花江峡谷区小流域为例.生态学杂志,25(9):1038-1043.
孙金伟,吴家兵,关德新,等.2011.森林与空旷地空气温湿度及土壤温度的长期对比研究.生态学杂志,30(12):2685-2691.
唐启义.2013.DPS数据处理系统.北京:科学出版社.
向悟生,李先琨,吕仕洪,等.2004.广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征.生态科学,23(1):25-31.
颜萍,刘子琦,肖杰,等.2016.喀斯特石漠化治理区不同土地利用方式的小气候效应.中国岩溶,35(5):557-565.
袁道先.1993.中国岩溶学.北京:地质出版社.
Bai XY,Wang SJ,Xiong KN.2013.Assessing spatial-temporal evolution processes of Karst rocky desertification land:Indications for restoration strategies.Land Degradation&Development,24:47-56.
de Soyza AG,Whitford WG,Herrick JE,et al.1998.Early warning indicators of desertification examples of tests in the Chihuahuan Desert.Journal of Arid Environments,39:101-112.
Deng YH,Wang SJ,Bai XY,et al.2018.Relationship among land surface temperature and LUCC,NDVI in typical karst area.Scientific Reports,8:641.
Gevaert AI,Miralles DG,de Jeu RAM,et al.2018.Soil moisture-temperature coupling in a set of land surface models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,123:1481-1498.
Jiang ZC,Lian YQ,Qin XQ.2014.Rocky desertification in Southwest China:Impacts,causes,and restoration.EarthScience Reviews,132:1-12.
Li S,Birk S,Xue L,et al.2016.Seasonal changes in the soil moisture distribution around bare rock outcrops within a karst rocky desertification area(Fuyuan County,Yunnan Province,China).Environmental Earth Sciences,75:1482.
Li S,Ren HD,Xue L,et al.2014.Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions.Catena,116:157-162.
Vaquero-Martinez J,Anton M,de Galisteo JPO,et al.2018.Water vapor radiative effects on short-wave radiation in Spain.Atmospheric Research,205:18-25.
Wang SJ,Liu QM,Zhang DF.2004.Karst rocky desertification in southwestern China:Geomorphology,landuse,impact and rehabilitation.Land Degradation&Development,15:115-121.
Wang,H,Sun FB,Liu WB.2018.Spatial and temporal patterns as well as major influencing factors of global and diffuse horizontal irradiance over China:1960-2014.Solar Energy,159:601-615.
李生,任华东,姚小华,等.2009.土地利用方式对喀斯特地区环境小气候日动态的影响.应用生态学报,20(2):387-395.
李生,任华东,姚小华.2012.西南喀斯特石漠化地区旱季土壤水分对裸岩的响应.生态学杂志,31(12):3174-3178.
李宏宇,符淙斌,郭维栋,等.2015.干旱区不同下垫面能量分配机理及对微气候反馈的研究.物理学报,64(5):430-443.
李阳兵,王世杰,容丽.2004.西南岩溶山地石漠化及生态恢复研究展望.生态学杂志,23(6):84-88.
李援越,穆彪,祝小科,等.1998.喀斯特森林不同演替阶段群落的小气候特征.山地农业生物学报,17(6):364-367.
吕仕洪,李象钦,白坤栋,等.2018.石漠化区先锋树种对青冈幼苗的保育作用及枝叶性状的影响.生态学杂志,37(7):1917-1924.
容丽,王世杰,杜雪莲.2006.喀斯特低热河谷石漠化区环境梯度的小气候效应---以贵州花江峡谷区小流域为例.生态学杂志,25(9):1038-1043.
孙金伟,吴家兵,关德新,等.2011.森林与空旷地空气温湿度及土壤温度的长期对比研究.生态学杂志,30(12):2685-2691.
唐启义.2013.DPS数据处理系统.北京:科学出版社.
向悟生,李先琨,吕仕洪,等.2004.广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征.生态科学,23(1):25-31.
颜萍,刘子琦,肖杰,等.2016.喀斯特石漠化治理区不同土地利用方式的小气候效应.中国岩溶,35(5):557-565.
袁道先.1993.中国岩溶学.北京:地质出版社.
Bai XY,Wang SJ,Xiong KN.2013.Assessing spatial-temporal evolution processes of Karst rocky desertification land:Indications for restoration strategies.Land Degradation&Development,24:47-56.
de Soyza AG,Whitford WG,Herrick JE,et al.1998.Early warning indicators of desertification examples of tests in the Chihuahuan Desert.Journal of Arid Environments,39:101-112.
Deng YH,Wang SJ,Bai XY,et al.2018.Relationship among land surface temperature and LUCC,NDVI in typical karst area.Scientific Reports,8:641.
Gevaert AI,Miralles DG,de Jeu RAM,et al.2018.Soil moisture-temperature coupling in a set of land surface models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,123:1481-1498.
Jiang ZC,Lian YQ,Qin XQ.2014.Rocky desertification in Southwest China:Impacts,causes,and restoration.EarthScience Reviews,132:1-12.
Li S,Birk S,Xue L,et al.2016.Seasonal changes in the soil moisture distribution around bare rock outcrops within a karst rocky desertification area(Fuyuan County,Yunnan Province,China).Environmental Earth Sciences,75:1482.
Li S,Ren HD,Xue L,et al.2014.Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions.Catena,116:157-162.
Vaquero-Martinez J,Anton M,de Galisteo JPO,et al.2018.Water vapor radiative effects on short-wave radiation in Spain.Atmospheric Research,205:18-25.
Wang SJ,Liu QM,Zhang DF.2004.Karst rocky desertification in southwestern China:Geomorphology,landuse,impact and rehabilitation.Land Degradation&Development,15:115-121.
Wang,H,Sun FB,Liu WB.2018.Spatial and temporal patterns as well as major influencing factors of global and diffuse horizontal irradiance over China:1960-2014.Solar Energy,159:601-615.
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