亏缺灌溉对冬小麦农田温室气体排放的影响
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摘要
为研究不同时期亏水量对冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放的影响,优化灌溉管理措施,试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法对关中平原冬小麦(2016年10月～2017年6月)农田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)排放通量进行了监测研究.试验在冬小麦3个生育期(越冬期、拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至灌浆期)各设置3个灌水水平(充分灌溉,100%;轻度水分亏缺,80%;重度水分亏缺,60%),共6个处理(CK、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5,其中CK处理为充分灌溉处理,其它处理均为不同程度的水分亏缺处理).阐述了3种气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)在全生育期的动态变化特征,并用作物产量、长远增温效应(net GWP_L)和当季增温效应(net GWPS)这3个指标综合评估不同生育期亏水水平对关中平原小麦经济效应和生态效应的影响.结果表明,生育期灌溉后CO_2、N_2O排放通量基本上呈增加趋势,以CK处理最高,而灌溉后土壤CH_4吸收通量迅速减小,高水分处理甚至出现排放特征.与CK处理相比,T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理下小麦季CO_2排放总量分别显著降低了13. 32%、25. 98%、5. 55%、15. 47%和17. 52%(P <0. 05),N_2O排放总量分别显著降低了12. 20%、18. 00%、5. 63%、11. 54%和13. 53%(P <0. 05),CH_4吸收总量分别显著增加了46. 47%、75. 78%、19. 47%、53. 40%和62. 33%(P <0. 05); T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理net GWP_L较CK处理分别显著降低了10. 07%、12. 77%、6. 50%、6. 81%和11. 53%(P <0. 05);除T3处理外,其他处理较CK处理net GWPS分别显著降低了13. 21%、37. 65%、24. 60%和19. 86%(P <0. 05); T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理小麦产量较CK处理分别显著减少了12. 56%、32. 53%、2. 25%、20. 93%和18. 14%(P <0. 05),T3处理较CK处理减产2. 25%,但无显著性差异(P> 0. 05).亏缺灌溉显著降低了小麦地温室气体的排放,但会造成不同程度的减产,综合考虑不同生育期亏水水平处理下小麦地的经济效应和生态效应,T3处理更有利于关中平原冬小麦的保产节水减排.
Field experiments and static chamber-gas chromatography analysis were conducted in 2016-2017 to study the effects of deficit irrigation on CO_2,N_2O,and CH_4 emissions from soils of winter wheat fields and to optimize irrigation management measures in the Guanzhong Plain of China. Three irrigation levels( full irrigation,100%; medium water deficit,80%; and severe water deficit,60%) were set during the three important growth periods of winter wheat( overwintering,jointing to heading,and heading to filling periods),with 6 distinct treatments( CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,in which CK treatment is full irrigation,and others are water deficit treatments). The dynamic characteristics of the emission fluxes of the three greenhouse gases were described. Crop yield,long-term net global warming potential( net GWP_L),and seasonal net global warming potential( net GWP_S) were used to comprehensively evaluate the influence of water deficit levels during different growth periods of wheat on economic and ecological issues in the Guanzhong Plain.The results showed that the CO_2 and N_2O emission fluxes increased,with the highest values for CK treatment. The CH_4 absorption fluxes decreased rapidly with increased irrigation,there was even indication of CH_4 emissions during high irrigation treatment.Compared to CK treatment,T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 CO_2 emissions decreased significantly by 13. 32%,25. 98%,5. 55%,15. 47%,and 17. 52%( P < 0. 05); and N_2O emissions decreased by 12. 20%,18. 00%,5. 63%,11. 54%,and 13. 53%( P <0. 05),respectively. The total CH_4 absorption significantly increased by 46. 47%,75. 78%,19. 47%,53. 40%,and 62. 33%( P <0. 05),respectively. Net GWPLfor T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 treatments were significantly reduced by 10. 07%,12. 77%,6. 50%,6. 81%,and 11. 53%( P < 0. 05),respectively,in comparison with CK treatment. In addition to T3 treatment,net GWPSof T1,T2,T4,and T5 treatments decreased significantly by 13. 21%,37. 65%,24. 60%,and 19. 86%( P < 0. 05),respectively,compared with CK. Wheat yield at T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 treatments reduced significantly by 12. 56%,32. 53%,2. 25%,20. 93%,and18. 14% compared with CK treatment( P < 0. 05). Even though wheat yield under T3 treatment was reduced by 2. 25% compared with CK treatment,there was no significant difference( P > 0. 05). In addition,there were highly significant( P < 0. 01) positive partial correlations between CO_2,N_2O,and CH_4 emission fluxes and soil WFPS. Therefore,deficient irrigation can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields,but there are varying degrees of reduction. Considering both economic and ecological effects of water deficit in different growth periods,T3 treatment is the most conducive to keep the balance between production yield,water conservation,and emission reduction of winter wheat crops in the Guanzhong Plain.
Field experiments and static chamber-gas chromatography analysis were conducted in 2016-2017 to study the effects of deficit irrigation on CO_2,N_2O,and CH_4 emissions from soils of winter wheat fields and to optimize irrigation management measures in the Guanzhong Plain of China. Three irrigation levels( full irrigation,100%; medium water deficit,80%; and severe water deficit,60%) were set during the three important growth periods of winter wheat( overwintering,jointing to heading,and heading to filling periods),with 6 distinct treatments( CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,in which CK treatment is full irrigation,and others are water deficit treatments). The dynamic characteristics of the emission fluxes of the three greenhouse gases were described. Crop yield,long-term net global warming potential( net GWP_L),and seasonal net global warming potential( net GWP_S) were used to comprehensively evaluate the influence of water deficit levels during different growth periods of wheat on economic and ecological issues in the Guanzhong Plain.The results showed that the CO_2 and N_2O emission fluxes increased,with the highest values for CK treatment. The CH_4 absorption fluxes decreased rapidly with increased irrigation,there was even indication of CH_4 emissions during high irrigation treatment.Compared to CK treatment,T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 CO_2 emissions decreased significantly by 13. 32%,25. 98%,5. 55%,15. 47%,and 17. 52%( P < 0. 05); and N_2O emissions decreased by 12. 20%,18. 00%,5. 63%,11. 54%,and 13. 53%( P <0. 05),respectively. The total CH_4 absorption significantly increased by 46. 47%,75. 78%,19. 47%,53. 40%,and 62. 33%( P <0. 05),respectively. Net GWPLfor T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 treatments were significantly reduced by 10. 07%,12. 77%,6. 50%,6. 81%,and 11. 53%( P < 0. 05),respectively,in comparison with CK treatment. In addition to T3 treatment,net GWPSof T1,T2,T4,and T5 treatments decreased significantly by 13. 21%,37. 65%,24. 60%,and 19. 86%( P < 0. 05),respectively,compared with CK. Wheat yield at T1,T2,T3,T4,and T5 treatments reduced significantly by 12. 56%,32. 53%,2. 25%,20. 93%,and18. 14% compared with CK treatment( P < 0. 05). Even though wheat yield under T3 treatment was reduced by 2. 25% compared with CK treatment,there was no significant difference( P > 0. 05). In addition,there were highly significant( P < 0. 01) positive partial correlations between CO_2,N_2O,and CH_4 emission fluxes and soil WFPS. Therefore,deficient irrigation can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields,but there are varying degrees of reduction. Considering both economic and ecological effects of water deficit in different growth periods,T3 treatment is the most conducive to keep the balance between production yield,water conservation,and emission reduction of winter wheat crops in the Guanzhong Plain.
引文
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