食源色氨酸添加量对不同密度下刺参生长和代谢酶活性的影响
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摘要
为研究食源色氨酸添加量对不同密度下刺参生长和代谢酶活性的影响,在水温(17±0. 5)℃下将初始体质量(湿重)为(3. 5±0. 1) g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)饲养在40 L(53 cm×28 cm×34 cm)的玻璃水族箱中,密度分别为4(L组)、8(ML组)、16(MH组)和32(H组)头/40 L,分别投喂添加0%、1%、3%和5%色氨酸的饲料,饲养75 d,每个处理组设4个重复。试验测定了刺参体质量变化和代谢酶活性,结果显示:随着养殖密度增加,刺参生物量增加,刺参增重率下降。最大生物量为196. 1 g(3%色氨酸,H组),最低增重率为35. 9%(5%色氨酸,H组);与对照组相比,饲料中添加3%色氨酸处理组刺参生长更快;在各养殖密度下,添加3%色氨酸处理组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(MDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(LDH)酶活力低于其他处理组。高密度(H组)下,添加3%色氨酸处理组的ALT、AST、MDH和LDH活力分别为5. 56 U/g prot、1. 85 U/g prot、0. 17 U/mg prot、64 U/g prot,低于对照组。研究表明,添加1%～3%食源色氨酸可以缓解高密度养殖对刺参的胁迫,提高刺参生长率。
Apostichopus japonicus Selenka with initial body weight( wet weight) of( 3. 5 ± 0. 1) g was reared in a 40 L glass tank( 53 cm × 28 cm × 34 cm) at water temperature of( 17 ± 0. 5) ℃ at a density of 4 ind./tank( group L),8 ind./tank( group ML),16 ind./tank( group MH) and 32 ind./tank( groupH),and fed with diets supplemented with 0%,1%,3% and 5% Trp for 75 days with four replicates to investigate the effects of dietary Trp on growth and metabolic enzyme activities of A. japonicus Selenka reared at various densities. The body weight change and metabolic enzyme activities of A. japonicus Selenka were determined in the experiment. The results showed that the biomass of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka was increased and weight gain decreased as the stocking density increased. The maximum biomass was 196. 1 g( groupH,3%Trp),while the minimum weight gain was 35. 9( groupH,5% Trp). There was significantly higher growth rate in the A. japonicus Selenka fed with the diet containing 3% of Trp than that in the control group. The A.japonicus Selenka fed with the diet containing 3% of Trp had lower ALT activity,AST activity,MDH activity and LDH activity than that in other treatment groups at various stocking densities. The ALT activity,AST activity,MDH activity and LDH activity were 5. 56 U/gprot,1. 85 U/gprot,0. 17 U/mgprot and 64 U/gprot respectively when the diet containing 3% of Trp in H group,which were lower than those in the control group.The study showed that high stocking density produced stress effects on individual growth. Moreover,dietary supplementation of 1%-3% Trp significantly relieves crowding stress and improves the growth of A. japonicus Selenka.
Apostichopus japonicus Selenka with initial body weight( wet weight) of( 3. 5 ± 0. 1) g was reared in a 40 L glass tank( 53 cm × 28 cm × 34 cm) at water temperature of( 17 ± 0. 5) ℃ at a density of 4 ind./tank( group L),8 ind./tank( group ML),16 ind./tank( group MH) and 32 ind./tank( groupH),and fed with diets supplemented with 0%,1%,3% and 5% Trp for 75 days with four replicates to investigate the effects of dietary Trp on growth and metabolic enzyme activities of A. japonicus Selenka reared at various densities. The body weight change and metabolic enzyme activities of A. japonicus Selenka were determined in the experiment. The results showed that the biomass of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka was increased and weight gain decreased as the stocking density increased. The maximum biomass was 196. 1 g( groupH,3%Trp),while the minimum weight gain was 35. 9( groupH,5% Trp). There was significantly higher growth rate in the A. japonicus Selenka fed with the diet containing 3% of Trp than that in the control group. The A.japonicus Selenka fed with the diet containing 3% of Trp had lower ALT activity,AST activity,MDH activity and LDH activity than that in other treatment groups at various stocking densities. The ALT activity,AST activity,MDH activity and LDH activity were 5. 56 U/gprot,1. 85 U/gprot,0. 17 U/mgprot and 64 U/gprot respectively when the diet containing 3% of Trp in H group,which were lower than those in the control group.The study showed that high stocking density produced stress effects on individual growth. Moreover,dietary supplementation of 1%-3% Trp significantly relieves crowding stress and improves the growth of A. japonicus Selenka.
引文
[1] NIEUWEGIESSEN P G V D,BOERLAGE A S,VERRETH J AJ,et al. Assessing the effects of a chronic stressor,stockingdensity,on welfare indicators of juvenile African catfish,Clariasgariepinus Burchell[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2008,115(3/4):233-243.
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[3] TANG L,FENG L,SUN C,et al. Effect of tryptophan ongrowth,intestinal enzyme activities and TOR gene expression injuvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian):Studies in vivoand in vitro[J]. Aquaculture,2013,412-413:23-33.
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[5] YARAHMADI P, MIANDARE H K, FAYAZ S, et al.Increased stocking density causes changes in expression ofselected stress-and immune-related genes,humoral innateimmune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,48:43-53.
[6] PICKERING A D. Rainbow trout husbandry:management of thestress response[J]. Aquaculture,1992,100(1/3):125-139.
[7] SCHJOLDEN J,PULMAN K G T,POTTINGER T G,et al.Serotonergic characteristics of rainbow trout divergent in stressresponsiveness[J]. Physiology and Behavior,2006,87(5):938-947.
[8] BASIC D,KROGDAHL,SCHJOLDEN J,et al. Short-andlong-term effects of dietary l-tryptophan supplementation onthe neuroendocrine stress response in seawater-reared Atlanticsalmon(Salmo salar)[J]. Aquaculture,2013,388-391:8-13.
[9] HSEU J R,LU F I,SU H M,et al. Effect of exogenoustryptophan on cannibalism, survival and growth in juvenilegrouper,Epinephelus coioides[J]. Aquaculture,2003,218(1/4):251-263.
[10]WINBERG S,VERLI, LEPAGE O. Suppression ofaggression in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)by dietary L-tryptophan[J]. Journal of Experimental Biology,2001,204(22):3867-3876.
[11]KOOPMANS S J,GUZIK A C,MEULEN J V D,et al. Effectsof supplemental L-tryptophan on serotonin,cortisol,intestinalintegrity,and behavior in weanling piglets[J]. Journal ofAnimal Science,2006,84(4):963-971.
[12]ZHANG H,YIN J,LI D,et al. Tryptophan enhances ghrelinexpression and secretion associated with increased food intakeand weight gain in weanling pigs[J]. Domestic AnimalEndocrinology,2007,33(1):47-61.
[13]CAPELLO A E M,MARKUS C R. Effect of sub chronictryptophan supplementation on stress-induced cortisol andappetite in subjects differing in 5-HTTLPR genotype and traitneuroticism[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2014,45:96-107.
[14]JIANG W,WEN H,LIU Y,et al. Enhanced muscle nutrientcontent and flesh quality, resulting from tryptophan, isassociated with anti-oxidative damage referred to the Nrf2 andTOR signalling factors in young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodonidella):Avoid tryptophan deficiency or excess[J]. FoodChemistry,2016,199:210-219.
[15]JIANG W,LIU Y,JIANG J,et al. Copper exposure inducestoxicity to the antioxidant system via the destruction of Nrf2/ARE signaling and caspase-3-regulated DNA damage in fishmuscle:Amelioration by myo-inositol[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2015,159:245-255.
[16]田相利,赵坤,王军,等.泼洒和投喂芽孢杆菌对刺参生长及消化和免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2015,45(1):18-25.
[17]WU B,XIA S,RAHMAN M M,et al. Substituting seaweedwith corn leaf in diet of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus):Effects on growth,feed conversion ratio and feed digestibility[J].Aquaculture,2015,444:88-92.
[18]PEI S,DONG S,WANG F,et al. Effects of density onvariation in individual growth and differentiation in endocrineresponse of Japanese sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicasSelenka)[J]. Aquaculture,2012,356-357:398-403.
[19]DONG Y,DONG S,TIAN X,et al. Effects of diel temperaturefluctuations on growth,oxygen consumption and proximate bodycomposition in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas Selenka[J]. Aquaculture,2006,255(1/4):514-521.
[20]OCHOA S. Malic dehydrogenase and ‘malic’enzyme[M].In:Coloric S P,Kaplan N.(Eds.),Methods of Enzymology,vol. I. Academic Press,New York,1955:735-745.
[21]WROBLEUISKI L,LADUE J S. LDH activity in blood[J].Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology andMedicine,1955. 90:210-213.
[22]ZEHRA S, KHAN M A. Dietary leucine requirement offingerling Catla catla(Hamilton)based on growth, feedconversion ratio,RNA/DNA ratio,leucine gain,blood indicesand carcass composition[J]. Aquaculture International,2015,23(2):577-595.
[23]PIANESSO D,RADNZ-NETO J,DA SILVA L P,et al.Determination of tryptophan requirements for juvenile silvercatfish(Rhamdia quelen)and its effects on growth performance,plasma and hepatic metabolites and digestive enzymes activity[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,210:172-183.
[24]MACHADO M,AZEREDO R,DAZ-ROSALES P,et al.Dietary tryptophan and methionine as modulators of Europeanseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)immune status and inflammatoryresponse[J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2015,42(2):353-362.
[25]ABDEL-TAWWAB M,ABDELGHANY A E,AHMAD M H.Effect of diet supplementation on water quality,phytoplanktoncommunity structure and the growth of Nile tilapia,Oreochromisniloticus(L.),common carp,Cyprinus carpio(L.),and silvercarp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix(V.), polycultured infertilized earthen ponds[J]. Journal of Applied Aquaculture,2007,19(1):1-24.
[26]OKORIE O E,KO S H,GO S,et al. Preliminary study of theoptimum dietary ascorbic acid level in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)[J]. Journal of the WorldAquaculture Society,2008,39(6):758-765.
[27]YOUNG,S N. The effect of raising and lowering tryptophanlevels on human mood and social behavior[J]. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B,Biological sciences,2013,368(1615):1-9.
[28]ZEPF,F D. Acute tryptophan depletion–a translationalresearch method for studying the impact of central nervous systemserotonin function[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,2013,128(2):105-106.
[29]WALTON M J,COLOSO R M,COWEY C B,et al. The effectsof dietary tryptophan levels on growth and metabolism of rainbowtrout(Salmo gairdneri)[J]. The British journal of Nutrition[J].1984,51(2):279-287.
[30]TEJPAL C S, PAL A K, SAHU N P, et al. Dietarysupplementation of L-tryptophan mitigates crowding stress andaugments the growth in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings[J].Aquaculture,2009,293(3/4):272-277.
[31]BORLONGAN I G,COLOSO R M. Requirements of juvenilemilkfish(Chanos chanos Forsskal)for essential amino acids[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1993,123(1):125-132.
[32]ALAM M S, TESHIMA S, KOSHIO S, et al. Argininerequirement of juvenile Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceusestimated by growth and biochemical parameters[J].Aquaculture,2002,205(1/2):127-140.
[33]ABIDI S F,KHAN M A. Dietary tryptophan requirement offingerling rohu,Labeo rohita(Hamilton),based on growth andbody composition[J]. Journal of the World AquacultureSociety,2010,41(5):700-709.
[34]CHATTERJEE N,PAL A K,DAS T,et al. Secondary stressresponse in Indian major carps Labeo rohita(Hamilton),Catlacatla(Hamilton)and Cirrhinus mrigala(Hamilton)fry toincreasing packing densities[J]. Aquaculture Research,2006,37(5):472-476.
[2] SANTOS G A,SCHRAMA J W,MAMAUAG R E P,et al.Chronic stress impairs performance, energy metabolism andwelfare indicators in European seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax):The combined effects of fish crowding and water qualitydeterioration[J]. Aquaculture,2010,299(1/4):73-80.
[3] TANG L,FENG L,SUN C,et al. Effect of tryptophan ongrowth,intestinal enzyme activities and TOR gene expression injuvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian):Studies in vivoand in vitro[J]. Aquaculture,2013,412-413:23-33.
[4] MORANDINI L,RAMALLO M R,MOREIRA R G,et al.Serotonergic outcome,stress and sexual steroid hormones,andgrowth in a South American cichlid fish fed with an L-tryptophan enriched diet[J]. General and ComparativeEndocrinology,2015,223(14):27-37.
[5] YARAHMADI P, MIANDARE H K, FAYAZ S, et al.Increased stocking density causes changes in expression ofselected stress-and immune-related genes,humoral innateimmune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,48:43-53.
[6] PICKERING A D. Rainbow trout husbandry:management of thestress response[J]. Aquaculture,1992,100(1/3):125-139.
[7] SCHJOLDEN J,PULMAN K G T,POTTINGER T G,et al.Serotonergic characteristics of rainbow trout divergent in stressresponsiveness[J]. Physiology and Behavior,2006,87(5):938-947.
[8] BASIC D,KROGDAHL,SCHJOLDEN J,et al. Short-andlong-term effects of dietary l-tryptophan supplementation onthe neuroendocrine stress response in seawater-reared Atlanticsalmon(Salmo salar)[J]. Aquaculture,2013,388-391:8-13.
[9] HSEU J R,LU F I,SU H M,et al. Effect of exogenoustryptophan on cannibalism, survival and growth in juvenilegrouper,Epinephelus coioides[J]. Aquaculture,2003,218(1/4):251-263.
[10]WINBERG S,VERLI, LEPAGE O. Suppression ofaggression in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)by dietary L-tryptophan[J]. Journal of Experimental Biology,2001,204(22):3867-3876.
[11]KOOPMANS S J,GUZIK A C,MEULEN J V D,et al. Effectsof supplemental L-tryptophan on serotonin,cortisol,intestinalintegrity,and behavior in weanling piglets[J]. Journal ofAnimal Science,2006,84(4):963-971.
[12]ZHANG H,YIN J,LI D,et al. Tryptophan enhances ghrelinexpression and secretion associated with increased food intakeand weight gain in weanling pigs[J]. Domestic AnimalEndocrinology,2007,33(1):47-61.
[13]CAPELLO A E M,MARKUS C R. Effect of sub chronictryptophan supplementation on stress-induced cortisol andappetite in subjects differing in 5-HTTLPR genotype and traitneuroticism[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2014,45:96-107.
[14]JIANG W,WEN H,LIU Y,et al. Enhanced muscle nutrientcontent and flesh quality, resulting from tryptophan, isassociated with anti-oxidative damage referred to the Nrf2 andTOR signalling factors in young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodonidella):Avoid tryptophan deficiency or excess[J]. FoodChemistry,2016,199:210-219.
[15]JIANG W,LIU Y,JIANG J,et al. Copper exposure inducestoxicity to the antioxidant system via the destruction of Nrf2/ARE signaling and caspase-3-regulated DNA damage in fishmuscle:Amelioration by myo-inositol[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2015,159:245-255.
[16]田相利,赵坤,王军,等.泼洒和投喂芽孢杆菌对刺参生长及消化和免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2015,45(1):18-25.
[17]WU B,XIA S,RAHMAN M M,et al. Substituting seaweedwith corn leaf in diet of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus):Effects on growth,feed conversion ratio and feed digestibility[J].Aquaculture,2015,444:88-92.
[18]PEI S,DONG S,WANG F,et al. Effects of density onvariation in individual growth and differentiation in endocrineresponse of Japanese sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicasSelenka)[J]. Aquaculture,2012,356-357:398-403.
[19]DONG Y,DONG S,TIAN X,et al. Effects of diel temperaturefluctuations on growth,oxygen consumption and proximate bodycomposition in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas Selenka[J]. Aquaculture,2006,255(1/4):514-521.
[20]OCHOA S. Malic dehydrogenase and ‘malic’enzyme[M].In:Coloric S P,Kaplan N.(Eds.),Methods of Enzymology,vol. I. Academic Press,New York,1955:735-745.
[21]WROBLEUISKI L,LADUE J S. LDH activity in blood[J].Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology andMedicine,1955. 90:210-213.
[22]ZEHRA S, KHAN M A. Dietary leucine requirement offingerling Catla catla(Hamilton)based on growth, feedconversion ratio,RNA/DNA ratio,leucine gain,blood indicesand carcass composition[J]. Aquaculture International,2015,23(2):577-595.
[23]PIANESSO D,RADNZ-NETO J,DA SILVA L P,et al.Determination of tryptophan requirements for juvenile silvercatfish(Rhamdia quelen)and its effects on growth performance,plasma and hepatic metabolites and digestive enzymes activity[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,210:172-183.
[24]MACHADO M,AZEREDO R,DAZ-ROSALES P,et al.Dietary tryptophan and methionine as modulators of Europeanseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)immune status and inflammatoryresponse[J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2015,42(2):353-362.
[25]ABDEL-TAWWAB M,ABDELGHANY A E,AHMAD M H.Effect of diet supplementation on water quality,phytoplanktoncommunity structure and the growth of Nile tilapia,Oreochromisniloticus(L.),common carp,Cyprinus carpio(L.),and silvercarp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix(V.), polycultured infertilized earthen ponds[J]. Journal of Applied Aquaculture,2007,19(1):1-24.
[26]OKORIE O E,KO S H,GO S,et al. Preliminary study of theoptimum dietary ascorbic acid level in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)[J]. Journal of the WorldAquaculture Society,2008,39(6):758-765.
[27]YOUNG,S N. The effect of raising and lowering tryptophanlevels on human mood and social behavior[J]. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B,Biological sciences,2013,368(1615):1-9.
[28]ZEPF,F D. Acute tryptophan depletion–a translationalresearch method for studying the impact of central nervous systemserotonin function[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,2013,128(2):105-106.
[29]WALTON M J,COLOSO R M,COWEY C B,et al. The effectsof dietary tryptophan levels on growth and metabolism of rainbowtrout(Salmo gairdneri)[J]. The British journal of Nutrition[J].1984,51(2):279-287.
[30]TEJPAL C S, PAL A K, SAHU N P, et al. Dietarysupplementation of L-tryptophan mitigates crowding stress andaugments the growth in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings[J].Aquaculture,2009,293(3/4):272-277.
[31]BORLONGAN I G,COLOSO R M. Requirements of juvenilemilkfish(Chanos chanos Forsskal)for essential amino acids[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1993,123(1):125-132.
[32]ALAM M S, TESHIMA S, KOSHIO S, et al. Argininerequirement of juvenile Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceusestimated by growth and biochemical parameters[J].Aquaculture,2002,205(1/2):127-140.
[33]ABIDI S F,KHAN M A. Dietary tryptophan requirement offingerling rohu,Labeo rohita(Hamilton),based on growth andbody composition[J]. Journal of the World AquacultureSociety,2010,41(5):700-709.
[34]CHATTERJEE N,PAL A K,DAS T,et al. Secondary stressresponse in Indian major carps Labeo rohita(Hamilton),Catlacatla(Hamilton)and Cirrhinus mrigala(Hamilton)fry toincreasing packing densities[J]. Aquaculture Research,2006,37(5):472-476.