华南海南岛河口三角洲形成的沉积物通量阈值（英文）
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摘要
The knowledge of geomorphological evolution from an estuary to a river delta is necessary to form the formulation of comprehensive land-ocean interaction management strategies. In this study, the dominant factor controlling the geomorphological variability and the threshold sediment flux(TSF) to form a river delta in Hainan Island, southern China, including accommodation space, sediment supply, and reworking forces, was investigated by the method of big data analytics. The results indicated the 25 estuaries in consideration can be divided into three geographical groups, i.e. the multi-factors-controlled northern mixed estuaries, wave-dominated western estuaries with river deltas, and typhoon-dominated eastern coastal lagoon estuaries. For alluvial plain(AP) estuaries, the order of magnitude of TSFs is the smallest(10~1 kt·yr~(–1)), for barrier-lagoon(BL) ones is the highest(>10~2 kt·yr~(–1)), and for drowned valley(DV) ones is moderate(10~2 kt·yr~(–1)). The river deltas associated with DV systems should be relatively large, and those related to BLs should be small, with the AP deltas being between the above mentioned types. The present study provides a technique to evaluate the role played by TSF for the formation of river deltas in micro-tidal and wave-dominated and typhoon-influenced coastal environments.
The knowledge of geomorphological evolution from an estuary to a river delta is necessary to form the formulation of comprehensive land-ocean interaction management strategies. In this study, the dominant factor controlling the geomorphological variability and the threshold sediment flux(TSF) to form a river delta in Hainan Island, southern China, including accommodation space, sediment supply, and reworking forces, was investigated by the method of big data analytics. The results indicated the 25 estuaries in consideration can be divided into three geographical groups, i.e. the multi-factors-controlled northern mixed estuaries, wave-dominated western estuaries with river deltas, and typhoon-dominated eastern coastal lagoon estuaries. For alluvial plain(AP) estuaries, the order of magnitude of TSFs is the smallest(10~1 kt·yr~(–1)), for barrier-lagoon(BL) ones is the highest(>10~2 kt·yr~(–1)), and for drowned valley(DV) ones is moderate(10~2 kt·yr~(–1)). The river deltas associated with DV systems should be relatively large, and those related to BLs should be small, with the AP deltas being between the above mentioned types. The present study provides a technique to evaluate the role played by TSF for the formation of river deltas in micro-tidal and wave-dominated and typhoon-influenced coastal environments.
The knowledge of geomorphological evolution from an estuary to a river delta is necessary to form the formulation of comprehensive land-ocean interaction management strategies. In this study, the dominant factor controlling the geomorphological variability and the threshold sediment flux(TSF) to form a river delta in Hainan Island, southern China, including accommodation space, sediment supply, and reworking forces, was investigated by the method of big data analytics. The results indicated the 25 estuaries in consideration can be divided into three geographical groups, i.e. the multi-factors-controlled northern mixed estuaries, wave-dominated western estuaries with river deltas, and typhoon-dominated eastern coastal lagoon estuaries. For alluvial plain(AP) estuaries, the order of magnitude of TSFs is the smallest(10~1 kt·yr~(–1)), for barrier-lagoon(BL) ones is the highest(>10~2 kt·yr~(–1)), and for drowned valley(DV) ones is moderate(10~2 kt·yr~(–1)). The river deltas associated with DV systems should be relatively large, and those related to BLs should be small, with the AP deltas being between the above mentioned types. The present study provides a technique to evaluate the role played by TSF for the formation of river deltas in micro-tidal and wave-dominated and typhoon-influenced coastal environments.
引文
Bates C C,1953.Rational theory of delta formation.Aapg Bulletin,37(9):2119-2162.
Bianchi T S,Allison M A,2009.Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural“Recorders”of global environmental change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(20):8085-8092.
Blum M D,Roberts H H,2009.Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise.Nature Geoscience,2(7):488-491.
Caldwell R L,Edmonds D A,2014.The effects of sediment properties on deltaic processes and morphologies:A numerical modeling study.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,119(5):961-982.
Chen J S,Chen M,Xie G B,1992.Comparative study on water chemistry between Hainan Island and Taiwan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,47(5):403-409.
Committee of Data Compilation of Coastal Bays in China(CDCCBC),1999.Compilation of Coastal Bays in China Vol.11:Coastal Bays of Hainan Province.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-426.(in Chinese)
Committee of Encyclopedia of Hainan(CEH),1999.Encyclopedia of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Press for Encyclopedia,1-893.(in Chinese)
Cukier K,Viktor M S,2013.The rise of big data:How it’s changing the way we think about the world.Foreign Affairs,92(1):28-40.
Davis J R A,Hayes M O,1984.What is a wave-dominated coast?Marine Geology,60(1):313-329.
Dyer K R,1995.Sediment Transport Processes in Estuaries.Developments in Sedimentology,53:423-449.
Edmonds D A,Slingerland R L,2010.Significant effect of sediment cohesion on delta morphology.Nature Geoscience,3(2):105.
Eisma D,1986.Flocculation and de-flocculation of suspended matter in estuaries.Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,20(2/3):183-199.
Foufoula-Georgiou E,Syvitski J,Paola C et al.,2013.International year of deltas 2013:A proposal.Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,92(40):340-341.
Gao S,2007.Modeling the growth limit of the Changjiang Delta.Geomorphology,85(3/4):225-236.Gao S,Collins M B,2014.Holocene sedimentary systems on continental shelves.Marine Geology,352(3):268-294.
Gao S,Zhou L,Li G C et al.,2016.Processes and sedimentary records for Holocene coastal Environmental changes,Hainan Island:An overview.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):1-17.(in Chinese)
Giosan L,Syvitski J,Constantinescu S et al.,2014.Climate change:Protect the world’s deltas.Nature,516(7529):31-33.
Hampton S E,Strasser C A,Tewksbury J J et al.,2013.Big data and the future of ecology.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(3):156-162.
Han G,Chu X,Xing Q et al.,2015.Effects of episodic flooding on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a supratidal wetland in the yellow river delta.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,120(8):1506-1520.
He D Z,Zhang S L,1985.The regional climate division of Hainan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,40(2):169-178.(in Chinese)
Huang W P,2017.Modelling the effects of typhoons on morphological changes in the Estuary of Beinan,Taiwan.Continental Shelf Research,135:1-13.
Inman D L,Nordstrom C E,1971.On the tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts.The Journal of Geology,79(1):1-21.
Kettner A J,Restrepo J D,Syvitski J P M,2010.A spatial simulation experiment to replicate fluvial sediment fluxes within the Magdalena River Basin,Colombia.Journal of Geology,118(4):363-379.
Li C C,1986.Geomorphic characteristics of the harbour-coasts in South China.Acta Geographica Sinica,41(4):311-320.(in Chinese)
Li G C,Gao S,Dai C,2016.Geomorphological evolution of major catchment basins of Hainan Island,southern China.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):121-130.(in Chinese)
Li G C,Gao S,Gao J H,2018.Modeling the growth limit of seven major Holocene river deltas in Asia.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,38(1):11-22.(in Chinese)
Luo Z L,1986.Recent coastal landforms in Hainan Island.Tropical Geography,7(1):65-75.(in Chinese)
Ma Z B,Xiao,J L,Zhao X T et al.,2003.Precise u-series dating of coral reefs from the South China Sea and the high sea level during the Holocene.Journal of Coastal Research,19(2):296-303.
Milliman J D,Farnsworth K L,2013.River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean:A Global Synthesis.London:Cambridge University Press.Milliman J D,Farnsworth K L,Albertin C S,1999.
Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies.Journal of Sea Research,41(1/2):97-107.
Nienhuis J H,Ashton A D,Giosan L,2015.What makes a delta wave-dominated?Geology,43(6):511-514.
Orton G J,Reading H G,1993.Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply,with particular emphasis on grain size.Sedimentology,40(3):475-512.
Perillo G M,1995.Definitions and geomorphologic classifications of estuaries.Developments in Sedimentology,53:17-47.
Pike R J,Wilson S E,1971.Elevation-relief ratio,hypsometric integral,and geomorphic area-altitude analysis.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(4):1079-1083.
Schmidt C,2015.Alarm over a sinking delta.Science,348(6237):845-846.
Shanghai Typhoon Institute(STI),2006.Climatological Atlas for Tropical Cyclones Affecting China(1951-2000).Beijing:Science Press,177.(in Chinese)
Sloss L L,1963.Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America.Geological Society of America Bulletin,74:93-113.
Stanley D J,Warne A G,1994.Worldwide Initiation of Holocene marine deltas by deceleration of sea-level rise.Science,265(5169):228-231.
Statistical Bureau of Hainan Province,1994-2011.Statistical Yearbook of Hainan Province.Statistical Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)(Note:The‘‘Statistical Yearbook of Hainan Province’’has been published once a year since 1994 and,to avoid tedious and lengthy listing of references in this article,a combination for the period of 1994-2011 is adopted to have a single citation in the text as well as in the Figure legends).
Strahler A N,1952.Hypsometric area-altitude analysis of erosional topography.Geological Society of America Bulletin,63(11):1117.
Syvitski J P M,Milliman J D,2007.Geology,geography,and human’s battle for dominance over the delivery of fluvial sediment to the coastal ocean.Journal of Geology,115(1):1-19.
Tu J Y,Gao S,Zhou L et al.,2016.Return periods and spatial-temporal distribution patterns of typhoons affecting in eastern Hainan Island.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):184-195.(in Chinese)
Vail P R,Mitchum R M,Todd R G et al.,1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level.In:Payton CE(ed.).Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.American Association of PetroleumGeologists Memoir,26:49-212.
Wang B C,Chen S L,Gong W P et al.,2006.Formation and Evolution of Embayment Coast of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-214.(in Chinese)
Wang W J,1999.Sea level change and development course of barrier lagoons along coast of western Guangdong since middle Holocene.Tropical Oceanology,18(3):32-37.(in Chinese)
Wang W J,Jin Z M,Bao Q S,1983.Characteristic of natural conditions and the construction of ports in the coastal areas of Hainan Island.Tropical Geography,3(3):8-13.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Ma D,Jiang D,1991.Geology of Hainan Island(II):Tectonic Geology.Beijing:Geological Press,1-106.(in Chinese)
Wang Y,Peter M I,Zhu D et al.,2001.Coastal plain evolution in southern Hainan Island,China.Chinese Science Bulletin,46(1):90-96.
Wang Y,Zhou L F,1990.The volcanic coast in the area of northwest Hainan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,50(3):321-330.(in Chinese)
Wang Y P,Shi B,Zhang L et al.,2017.Assessing the vulnerability of changing coasts,Hainan Island,China.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(4):114-120.
Wright L D,Coleman J M,1972.River delta morphology:Wave climate and the role of the subaqueous profile.Science,176(4032):282-284.
Xia X M,2015.Status of Marine Resources and Environment of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-27.(in Chinese)
Xu G,Guo Q,Niu S et al.,2013.Research on climate change characteristics of different regions in Hainan Island in the last 50 years.Journal of Natural Resources,28:799-810.
Yang S L,Milliman J D,Li P et al.,2011.50,000 dams later:Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta.Global and Planetary Change,75(1):14-20.
Yang S L,Zhu J,Zhao Q,2003.A preliminary study on the influence of Changjiang River sediment supply on subaqueous delta.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,25(5):83-91.(in Chinese)
Yang Z H,Jia J J,Wang X K et al.,2013.Characteristics and variations of water and sediment fluxes into the sea of the top three rivers of Hainan in recent 50 years.Marine Science Bulletin,32(1):92-99.(in Chinese)
Yu Q,Wang Y,Gao J et al.,2014.Turbidity maximum formation in a well-mixed macrotidal estuary:The role of tidal pumping.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(11):7705-7724.
Yuan J P,Yu L S,Deng Y Q et al.,2006.Geomorphologic division and classification of Hainan Island.Natural Science Journal of Hainan University,24(4):364-370.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Wang D R,Jennerjahn T et al.,2013.Land-sea interactions at the east coast of Hainan Island,South China Sea:A synthesis.Continental Shelf Research,57(1):132-142.
Zhang Z Y,Liu R H,1987.The Holocene along the coast of Hainan Island.Scientia Geographica Sinica,7(2):129-138.
Zhong H,van Gelder P,van Overloop P et al.,2014.Application of a fast stochastic storm surge model on estimating the high water level frequency in the lower Rhine delta.Natural Hazards,73(2):743-759.
Zhou L,Gao S,Yang Y et al.,2017.Typhoon events recorded in coastal lagoon deposits,southeastern Hainan Island.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(4):37-45.
Bianchi T S,Allison M A,2009.Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural“Recorders”of global environmental change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(20):8085-8092.
Blum M D,Roberts H H,2009.Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise.Nature Geoscience,2(7):488-491.
Caldwell R L,Edmonds D A,2014.The effects of sediment properties on deltaic processes and morphologies:A numerical modeling study.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,119(5):961-982.
Chen J S,Chen M,Xie G B,1992.Comparative study on water chemistry between Hainan Island and Taiwan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,47(5):403-409.
Committee of Data Compilation of Coastal Bays in China(CDCCBC),1999.Compilation of Coastal Bays in China Vol.11:Coastal Bays of Hainan Province.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-426.(in Chinese)
Committee of Encyclopedia of Hainan(CEH),1999.Encyclopedia of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Press for Encyclopedia,1-893.(in Chinese)
Cukier K,Viktor M S,2013.The rise of big data:How it’s changing the way we think about the world.Foreign Affairs,92(1):28-40.
Davis J R A,Hayes M O,1984.What is a wave-dominated coast?Marine Geology,60(1):313-329.
Dyer K R,1995.Sediment Transport Processes in Estuaries.Developments in Sedimentology,53:423-449.
Edmonds D A,Slingerland R L,2010.Significant effect of sediment cohesion on delta morphology.Nature Geoscience,3(2):105.
Eisma D,1986.Flocculation and de-flocculation of suspended matter in estuaries.Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,20(2/3):183-199.
Foufoula-Georgiou E,Syvitski J,Paola C et al.,2013.International year of deltas 2013:A proposal.Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,92(40):340-341.
Gao S,2007.Modeling the growth limit of the Changjiang Delta.Geomorphology,85(3/4):225-236.Gao S,Collins M B,2014.Holocene sedimentary systems on continental shelves.Marine Geology,352(3):268-294.
Gao S,Zhou L,Li G C et al.,2016.Processes and sedimentary records for Holocene coastal Environmental changes,Hainan Island:An overview.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):1-17.(in Chinese)
Giosan L,Syvitski J,Constantinescu S et al.,2014.Climate change:Protect the world’s deltas.Nature,516(7529):31-33.
Hampton S E,Strasser C A,Tewksbury J J et al.,2013.Big data and the future of ecology.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(3):156-162.
Han G,Chu X,Xing Q et al.,2015.Effects of episodic flooding on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a supratidal wetland in the yellow river delta.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,120(8):1506-1520.
He D Z,Zhang S L,1985.The regional climate division of Hainan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,40(2):169-178.(in Chinese)
Huang W P,2017.Modelling the effects of typhoons on morphological changes in the Estuary of Beinan,Taiwan.Continental Shelf Research,135:1-13.
Inman D L,Nordstrom C E,1971.On the tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts.The Journal of Geology,79(1):1-21.
Kettner A J,Restrepo J D,Syvitski J P M,2010.A spatial simulation experiment to replicate fluvial sediment fluxes within the Magdalena River Basin,Colombia.Journal of Geology,118(4):363-379.
Li C C,1986.Geomorphic characteristics of the harbour-coasts in South China.Acta Geographica Sinica,41(4):311-320.(in Chinese)
Li G C,Gao S,Dai C,2016.Geomorphological evolution of major catchment basins of Hainan Island,southern China.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):121-130.(in Chinese)
Li G C,Gao S,Gao J H,2018.Modeling the growth limit of seven major Holocene river deltas in Asia.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,38(1):11-22.(in Chinese)
Luo Z L,1986.Recent coastal landforms in Hainan Island.Tropical Geography,7(1):65-75.(in Chinese)
Ma Z B,Xiao,J L,Zhao X T et al.,2003.Precise u-series dating of coral reefs from the South China Sea and the high sea level during the Holocene.Journal of Coastal Research,19(2):296-303.
Milliman J D,Farnsworth K L,2013.River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean:A Global Synthesis.London:Cambridge University Press.Milliman J D,Farnsworth K L,Albertin C S,1999.
Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies.Journal of Sea Research,41(1/2):97-107.
Nienhuis J H,Ashton A D,Giosan L,2015.What makes a delta wave-dominated?Geology,43(6):511-514.
Orton G J,Reading H G,1993.Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply,with particular emphasis on grain size.Sedimentology,40(3):475-512.
Perillo G M,1995.Definitions and geomorphologic classifications of estuaries.Developments in Sedimentology,53:17-47.
Pike R J,Wilson S E,1971.Elevation-relief ratio,hypsometric integral,and geomorphic area-altitude analysis.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(4):1079-1083.
Schmidt C,2015.Alarm over a sinking delta.Science,348(6237):845-846.
Shanghai Typhoon Institute(STI),2006.Climatological Atlas for Tropical Cyclones Affecting China(1951-2000).Beijing:Science Press,177.(in Chinese)
Sloss L L,1963.Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America.Geological Society of America Bulletin,74:93-113.
Stanley D J,Warne A G,1994.Worldwide Initiation of Holocene marine deltas by deceleration of sea-level rise.Science,265(5169):228-231.
Statistical Bureau of Hainan Province,1994-2011.Statistical Yearbook of Hainan Province.Statistical Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)(Note:The‘‘Statistical Yearbook of Hainan Province’’has been published once a year since 1994 and,to avoid tedious and lengthy listing of references in this article,a combination for the period of 1994-2011 is adopted to have a single citation in the text as well as in the Figure legends).
Strahler A N,1952.Hypsometric area-altitude analysis of erosional topography.Geological Society of America Bulletin,63(11):1117.
Syvitski J P M,Milliman J D,2007.Geology,geography,and human’s battle for dominance over the delivery of fluvial sediment to the coastal ocean.Journal of Geology,115(1):1-19.
Tu J Y,Gao S,Zhou L et al.,2016.Return periods and spatial-temporal distribution patterns of typhoons affecting in eastern Hainan Island.Quaternary Sciences,36(1):184-195.(in Chinese)
Vail P R,Mitchum R M,Todd R G et al.,1977.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level.In:Payton CE(ed.).Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.American Association of PetroleumGeologists Memoir,26:49-212.
Wang B C,Chen S L,Gong W P et al.,2006.Formation and Evolution of Embayment Coast of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-214.(in Chinese)
Wang W J,1999.Sea level change and development course of barrier lagoons along coast of western Guangdong since middle Holocene.Tropical Oceanology,18(3):32-37.(in Chinese)
Wang W J,Jin Z M,Bao Q S,1983.Characteristic of natural conditions and the construction of ports in the coastal areas of Hainan Island.Tropical Geography,3(3):8-13.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Ma D,Jiang D,1991.Geology of Hainan Island(II):Tectonic Geology.Beijing:Geological Press,1-106.(in Chinese)
Wang Y,Peter M I,Zhu D et al.,2001.Coastal plain evolution in southern Hainan Island,China.Chinese Science Bulletin,46(1):90-96.
Wang Y,Zhou L F,1990.The volcanic coast in the area of northwest Hainan Island.Acta Geographica Sinica,50(3):321-330.(in Chinese)
Wang Y P,Shi B,Zhang L et al.,2017.Assessing the vulnerability of changing coasts,Hainan Island,China.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(4):114-120.
Wright L D,Coleman J M,1972.River delta morphology:Wave climate and the role of the subaqueous profile.Science,176(4032):282-284.
Xia X M,2015.Status of Marine Resources and Environment of Hainan Island.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1-27.(in Chinese)
Xu G,Guo Q,Niu S et al.,2013.Research on climate change characteristics of different regions in Hainan Island in the last 50 years.Journal of Natural Resources,28:799-810.
Yang S L,Milliman J D,Li P et al.,2011.50,000 dams later:Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta.Global and Planetary Change,75(1):14-20.
Yang S L,Zhu J,Zhao Q,2003.A preliminary study on the influence of Changjiang River sediment supply on subaqueous delta.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,25(5):83-91.(in Chinese)
Yang Z H,Jia J J,Wang X K et al.,2013.Characteristics and variations of water and sediment fluxes into the sea of the top three rivers of Hainan in recent 50 years.Marine Science Bulletin,32(1):92-99.(in Chinese)
Yu Q,Wang Y,Gao J et al.,2014.Turbidity maximum formation in a well-mixed macrotidal estuary:The role of tidal pumping.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(11):7705-7724.
Yuan J P,Yu L S,Deng Y Q et al.,2006.Geomorphologic division and classification of Hainan Island.Natural Science Journal of Hainan University,24(4):364-370.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Wang D R,Jennerjahn T et al.,2013.Land-sea interactions at the east coast of Hainan Island,South China Sea:A synthesis.Continental Shelf Research,57(1):132-142.
Zhang Z Y,Liu R H,1987.The Holocene along the coast of Hainan Island.Scientia Geographica Sinica,7(2):129-138.
Zhong H,van Gelder P,van Overloop P et al.,2014.Application of a fast stochastic storm surge model on estimating the high water level frequency in the lower Rhine delta.Natural Hazards,73(2):743-759.
Zhou L,Gao S,Yang Y et al.,2017.Typhoon events recorded in coastal lagoon deposits,southeastern Hainan Island.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(4):37-45.