沙漠沟谷暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特征
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摘要
在半干旱区的季节性沙漠沟谷,暴雨引发的洪水过程侵蚀产沙强度大,水土流失严重,对区域及下游河道生态造成严重威胁。以毛布拉孔兑的支沟苏达尔沟为研究对象,以苏达尔沟2011—2015年6次暴雨洪水事件的观测数据为基础,分析洪水流量、泥沙浓度及地表沉积物粒度特征,给出暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙输沙特征。结果表明:观测期间暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙量平均每次约37.69×10~4t,产沙模数为0.57×10~4t·km~(-2);其中最大的洪水事件130721号暴雨洪水过程侵蚀产沙量高达90.47×10~4t,产沙模数达1.36×10~4t·km~(-2)。流域总侵蚀产沙以0.25～0.063 mm泥沙为主,约占总侵蚀量74%。洪水总侵蚀产沙量随暴雨产流强度增强而增加,同时下游沙漠沙地段产沙贡献比重也随之增加,风沙贡献也相应增大。坡面侵蚀约占暴雨洪水总侵蚀的4.37%,且主要集中在上游砒砂岩坡面。
In ephemeral desert river in semi-arid regions,flash floods induced by storm rain can cause a hyper-intensity of erosion sediment yield and make a serious soil and water loss,posing a threat to local ecology-environment system and downstream river system. In this paper,we have chosen Sudaer river as the study area to reveal typical ephemeral desert watershed flood erosion characteristics caused by storm rain,which support water and soil conservation locally and integrated watershed management. Based on analysis for the six storm-floods monitored from 2011 to 2015 in the Sudaer watershed,we have analyzed sediments characteristic of the underlying surface and stormflood process,and shown erosion sediment yield characteristic induced by flood in this desert watershed. Results show that the total sediment yield of single storm-flood was about 37.69×10~4 t on average,with a maximum 90.47×10~4 t of flood event 130721№; specific sediment yield was 0.57·104 t·km~(-2) on average,with a maximum 1.36×10~4 t·km~(-2) of flood event 130721№. Main grain fraction of sediments yield caused by storm-flood was 0.25-063 mm that made up about 74% of the total sediment yield. Meanwhile,the lager storm-flood event,the higher sediment yield intensity,and the bigger contribution of the lower desert reaches to total sediment yield,coupled with increased the contribution of aeolian sand. In addition,slope erosion amount accounted for about 4.37%,mainly occurred in the upstream hillslope.
In ephemeral desert river in semi-arid regions,flash floods induced by storm rain can cause a hyper-intensity of erosion sediment yield and make a serious soil and water loss,posing a threat to local ecology-environment system and downstream river system. In this paper,we have chosen Sudaer river as the study area to reveal typical ephemeral desert watershed flood erosion characteristics caused by storm rain,which support water and soil conservation locally and integrated watershed management. Based on analysis for the six storm-floods monitored from 2011 to 2015 in the Sudaer watershed,we have analyzed sediments characteristic of the underlying surface and stormflood process,and shown erosion sediment yield characteristic induced by flood in this desert watershed. Results show that the total sediment yield of single storm-flood was about 37.69×10~4 t on average,with a maximum 90.47×10~4 t of flood event 130721№; specific sediment yield was 0.57·104 t·km~(-2) on average,with a maximum 1.36×10~4 t·km~(-2) of flood event 130721№. Main grain fraction of sediments yield caused by storm-flood was 0.25-063 mm that made up about 74% of the total sediment yield. Meanwhile,the lager storm-flood event,the higher sediment yield intensity,and the bigger contribution of the lower desert reaches to total sediment yield,coupled with increased the contribution of aeolian sand. In addition,slope erosion amount accounted for about 4.37%,mainly occurred in the upstream hillslope.
引文
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[6]朱吉生,李纪人,黄诗峰,等.近30年十大孔兑流域植被覆盖度空间变化的遥感调查与分析[J].中国水土保持,2015(7):68-70.
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[8]张建,马翠丽,雷鸣,等.内蒙古十大孔兑水沙特性及治理措施研究[J].人民黄河,2013(10):72-74,77.
[9]杨根生,拓万全,戴丰年,等.风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003(2):54-61.
[10]杨根生.风沙灾害论文集[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.
[11]杨根生,刘阳宣,史培军.黄河沿岸风成沙入黄沙量估算[J].科学通报,1988(13):1017-1021.
[12]杨根生,刘阳宣,史培军.黄河沿岸(北长滩-河曲段)风沙问题的初步探讨[J].中国沙漠,1987(1):46-58.
[13]王平,张原锋,侯素珍,等.黄河上游高含沙支流入汇与交汇区淤积形态试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013(5):34-42.
[14]王平,侯素珍,张原锋,等.黄河上游孔兑高含沙洪水特点与冲淤特性[J].泥沙研究,2013(1):67-73.
[15]张荣刚,王金花,靳莉君,等.引发2016年十大孔兑严重山洪的暴雨诊断分析[J].人民黄河,2017(9):1-4.
[16]冯国华,张庆琼.十大孔兑综合治理与黄河内蒙古段度汛安全[J].中国水土保持,2008(4):8-10.
[17]Yan H,Shi C X.The fractal characteristics of drainage networks and erosion evolution stages of Ten kongduis in the upper reaches of the Yellow River China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017(2):165-173.
[18]Jia X,Wang H.Element geochemical analysis of the contribution of aeolian sand to suspended sediment in desert stream flash floods[J].Scientific World Journal,2014:620610.
[19]Ta W,Wang H,Jia X.Aeolian process-induced hyper-concentrated flow in a desert watershed[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014.511:220-228.
[20]刘钦.纸坊沟流域暴雨侵蚀与坡面人工降雨产流产沙试验研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[21]王瑞芳,秦百顺,黄成志,等.罗玉沟流域典型暴雨洪水及其产沙特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2008(4):12-17.
[22]索安宁,赵文喆,王天明,等.近50年来黄土高原中部水土流失的时空演化特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2007(1):90-97.
[23]信忠保,许炯心,马元旭.近50年黄土高原侵蚀性降水的时空变化特征[J].地理科学,2009(1):98-104.
[24]周佩华,王占礼.黄土高原土壤侵蚀暴雨的研究[J].水土保持学报,1992(3):1-5.
[25]高照良,李永红,徐佳,等.黄土高原水土流失治理进展及其对策[J].科技和产业,2009(10):1-12.
[26]刘泉,陈朝镇.黄土高原水土流失的现状与思考[J].绵阳师范学院学报,2007(2):101-105.
[27]崔普伟,蔡强国,方海燕,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区单元流域次暴雨输沙模型[J].地理科学进展,2010(4):495-500.
[28]陈永宗.黄土高原的水土流失及其治理[J].水土保持通报,1981(1):20-27.
[29]张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983(4):416-425.
[30]焦菊英,王万中,郝小品.黄土高原不同类型暴雨的降水侵蚀特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999(1):35-43.
[31]梁季阳.黄土高原暴雨径流及产沙的分析与模拟[J].水土保持学报,1992(2):12-16.
[32]中国科学院.黄土高原地区综合治理开发研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
[33]唐克丽,周佩华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究若干问题的讨论[J].水土保持研究,1988(1):1-4.
[34]龚时旸.黄河流域黄土高原土壤侵蚀的特点[J].中国水土保持,1988(9):8-10.
[35]王愿昌,吴永红,寇权,等.砒砂岩分布范围界定与类型区划分[J].中国水土保持科学,2007(1):14-18.
[36]肖培青,姚文艺,刘慧.砒砂岩地区水土流失研究进展与治理途径[J].人民黄河,2014(10):92-94.
[37]宋土顺,刘立,王玉洁,等.鄂尔多斯盆地漂白砒砂岩特征及成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2014(5):679-684.
[38]刘慧,时明立,蔡怀森,等.砒砂岩侵蚀的物理特性试验研究[J].人民黄河,2016(6):8-10.
[39]石迎春,叶浩,侯宏冰,等.内蒙古南部砒砂岩侵蚀内因分析[J].地球学报,2004(6):659-664.
[40]宋阳,刘连友,严平.风水复合侵蚀研究述评[J].地理学报,2006(1):77-88.
[2]林秀芝,郭彦,侯素珍.内蒙古十大孔兑输沙量估算[J].泥沙研究,2014(2):15-20.
[3]许炯心.黄河内蒙古段支流“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因[J].中国沙漠,2014(6):1641-1649.
[4]孟志华,孟阵.黄河内蒙古段十大孔兑产沙量估算模型分析[J].水电能源科学,2015(10):76-78.
[5]张翔.黄河上游十大孔兑地区风水复合侵蚀产沙过程研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2016.
[6]朱吉生,李纪人,黄诗峰,等.近30年十大孔兑流域植被覆盖度空间变化的遥感调查与分析[J].中国水土保持,2015(7):68-70.
[7]刘晓林,杨胜天,周旭,等.1980年以来黄河内蒙古段十大孔兑流域土地利用变化时空特征[J].南水北调与水利科技,2016(1):30-36.
[8]张建,马翠丽,雷鸣,等.内蒙古十大孔兑水沙特性及治理措施研究[J].人民黄河,2013(10):72-74,77.
[9]杨根生,拓万全,戴丰年,等.风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003(2):54-61.
[10]杨根生.风沙灾害论文集[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.
[11]杨根生,刘阳宣,史培军.黄河沿岸风成沙入黄沙量估算[J].科学通报,1988(13):1017-1021.
[12]杨根生,刘阳宣,史培军.黄河沿岸(北长滩-河曲段)风沙问题的初步探讨[J].中国沙漠,1987(1):46-58.
[13]王平,张原锋,侯素珍,等.黄河上游高含沙支流入汇与交汇区淤积形态试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013(5):34-42.
[14]王平,侯素珍,张原锋,等.黄河上游孔兑高含沙洪水特点与冲淤特性[J].泥沙研究,2013(1):67-73.
[15]张荣刚,王金花,靳莉君,等.引发2016年十大孔兑严重山洪的暴雨诊断分析[J].人民黄河,2017(9):1-4.
[16]冯国华,张庆琼.十大孔兑综合治理与黄河内蒙古段度汛安全[J].中国水土保持,2008(4):8-10.
[17]Yan H,Shi C X.The fractal characteristics of drainage networks and erosion evolution stages of Ten kongduis in the upper reaches of the Yellow River China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017(2):165-173.
[18]Jia X,Wang H.Element geochemical analysis of the contribution of aeolian sand to suspended sediment in desert stream flash floods[J].Scientific World Journal,2014:620610.
[19]Ta W,Wang H,Jia X.Aeolian process-induced hyper-concentrated flow in a desert watershed[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014.511:220-228.
[20]刘钦.纸坊沟流域暴雨侵蚀与坡面人工降雨产流产沙试验研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[21]王瑞芳,秦百顺,黄成志,等.罗玉沟流域典型暴雨洪水及其产沙特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2008(4):12-17.
[22]索安宁,赵文喆,王天明,等.近50年来黄土高原中部水土流失的时空演化特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2007(1):90-97.
[23]信忠保,许炯心,马元旭.近50年黄土高原侵蚀性降水的时空变化特征[J].地理科学,2009(1):98-104.
[24]周佩华,王占礼.黄土高原土壤侵蚀暴雨的研究[J].水土保持学报,1992(3):1-5.
[25]高照良,李永红,徐佳,等.黄土高原水土流失治理进展及其对策[J].科技和产业,2009(10):1-12.
[26]刘泉,陈朝镇.黄土高原水土流失的现状与思考[J].绵阳师范学院学报,2007(2):101-105.
[27]崔普伟,蔡强国,方海燕,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区单元流域次暴雨输沙模型[J].地理科学进展,2010(4):495-500.
[28]陈永宗.黄土高原的水土流失及其治理[J].水土保持通报,1981(1):20-27.
[29]张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983(4):416-425.
[30]焦菊英,王万中,郝小品.黄土高原不同类型暴雨的降水侵蚀特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999(1):35-43.
[31]梁季阳.黄土高原暴雨径流及产沙的分析与模拟[J].水土保持学报,1992(2):12-16.
[32]中国科学院.黄土高原地区综合治理开发研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
[33]唐克丽,周佩华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究若干问题的讨论[J].水土保持研究,1988(1):1-4.
[34]龚时旸.黄河流域黄土高原土壤侵蚀的特点[J].中国水土保持,1988(9):8-10.
[35]王愿昌,吴永红,寇权,等.砒砂岩分布范围界定与类型区划分[J].中国水土保持科学,2007(1):14-18.
[36]肖培青,姚文艺,刘慧.砒砂岩地区水土流失研究进展与治理途径[J].人民黄河,2014(10):92-94.
[37]宋土顺,刘立,王玉洁,等.鄂尔多斯盆地漂白砒砂岩特征及成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2014(5):679-684.
[38]刘慧,时明立,蔡怀森,等.砒砂岩侵蚀的物理特性试验研究[J].人民黄河,2016(6):8-10.
[39]石迎春,叶浩,侯宏冰,等.内蒙古南部砒砂岩侵蚀内因分析[J].地球学报,2004(6):659-664.
[40]宋阳,刘连友,严平.风水复合侵蚀研究述评[J].地理学报,2006(1):77-88.