闽江河口养虾塘沉积物氧化亚氮产生及影响因素研究
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摘要
氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的痕量温室气体,对全球气温升高和酸雨形成起着重要作用,并对臭氧层造成严重损害。水产养殖是N_2O的潜在释放源,该研究以中国东南沿海的闽江河口湿地围垦养虾塘为研究对象,采用过程抑制法,通过室内培养试验区分N_2O不同产生过程及其对沉积物N_2O总产生速率的贡献,在此基础上分析沉积物理化性质对N_2O产生的影响。结果表明:养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在养殖初期、中期和末期的均值分别为1.80、5.95和8.70 nmol/(kg·h),其中硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌反硝化作用和非生物作用的贡献率均值分别为-162.04%、327.52%、-239.45%和90.27%,从而得出结论:反硝化作用和非生物作用是产生沉积物N_2O的主要来源,硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用则对沉积物N_2O的产生有所削弱;养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在高温低盐条件下最大,在低温高盐条件下出现最小值,总体呈现随着温度升高而增加,随着盐度升高而降低的趋势;相关分析表明N_2O总产生速率与总碳(total carbon,TC)、土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、NH4+-N含量和C∶N比均呈显著正相关关系,而在其不同产生过程中仅有非生物过程受到TC、SOC含量的显著影响。
Nitrous oxide(N_2O) is one of the three important greenhouse gases, which has an important impact on atmospheric environment, such as global warming, acid rain formation, ozone layer destruction and so on. As a special artificial aquatic ecosystem, aquaculture, which is rich in nutrients due to the application of a large amount of food, becomes a potential source of nitrous oxide. The total area and increasing rate of aquaculture in the coastal areas of China ranked first in the world, and the emission of N_2O from the aquaculture attracted more and more attention. In order to differentiate the production process of N_2O and its contribution to the total N_2O production of sediment, this study took the reclamation shrimp ponds of Min River estuary in the southeast coast of China as the research object and adopted the laboratory-incubated experiments by means of inhibited process. On this basis, the influence of physicochemical properties on N_2O production of sediment was analyzed and the measures to reduce N_2O emission from the aquaculture were put forward. Results showed that the average N_2O production rate of sediment from the shrimp pond was 1.80, 5.95 and 8.70 nmol/(kg·h) in the early, middle and final stages of the aquaculture, respectively. The shrimp pond was the N_2O sources and the production rate increased with the time of aquaculture. The mean contribution of nitrification, denitrification, nitrifier denitrification and abiotic effect in the three aquaculture period was-162.04%, 327.52%,-239.45% and 90.27%, respectively. The N_2O production of the sediments from the shrimp ponds in Min River estuary was generated from the denitrification and abiotic effect, while nitrification and nitrifier denitrification played a negative role. Nitrification was negatively correlated with denitrification and nitrifier denitrification, while nitrifier denitrification was negatively correlated with abiotic effect. The total N_2O production rate of sediments in the shrimp ponds increased with temperature and decreased with salinity in general, which reached the maximum under the high-temperature and low-salinity condition and the minimum under the low-temperature and high-salinity condition. Salinity had a significant effect on the total N_2O production and the four different production processes, while the interaction of temperature and salinity had a significant effect on the nitrifier denitrification and abiotic effect. The correlation analysis showed that the total N_2O production rate was significantly positively correlated with the content of total carbon(TC), soil organic carbon(SOC), NH+4-N and the ratio of C: N. There was only abiotic processes significantly affected by TC and SOC in the four N_2O production processes. In order to decrease the production and emission of N_2O in the coastal aquaculture ecosystem, the salinity of aquaculture ecosystem would be increased and the contents of organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen would be reduced by increasing the exchange frequency between aquaculture water and seawater.
Nitrous oxide(N_2O) is one of the three important greenhouse gases, which has an important impact on atmospheric environment, such as global warming, acid rain formation, ozone layer destruction and so on. As a special artificial aquatic ecosystem, aquaculture, which is rich in nutrients due to the application of a large amount of food, becomes a potential source of nitrous oxide. The total area and increasing rate of aquaculture in the coastal areas of China ranked first in the world, and the emission of N_2O from the aquaculture attracted more and more attention. In order to differentiate the production process of N_2O and its contribution to the total N_2O production of sediment, this study took the reclamation shrimp ponds of Min River estuary in the southeast coast of China as the research object and adopted the laboratory-incubated experiments by means of inhibited process. On this basis, the influence of physicochemical properties on N_2O production of sediment was analyzed and the measures to reduce N_2O emission from the aquaculture were put forward. Results showed that the average N_2O production rate of sediment from the shrimp pond was 1.80, 5.95 and 8.70 nmol/(kg·h) in the early, middle and final stages of the aquaculture, respectively. The shrimp pond was the N_2O sources and the production rate increased with the time of aquaculture. The mean contribution of nitrification, denitrification, nitrifier denitrification and abiotic effect in the three aquaculture period was-162.04%, 327.52%,-239.45% and 90.27%, respectively. The N_2O production of the sediments from the shrimp ponds in Min River estuary was generated from the denitrification and abiotic effect, while nitrification and nitrifier denitrification played a negative role. Nitrification was negatively correlated with denitrification and nitrifier denitrification, while nitrifier denitrification was negatively correlated with abiotic effect. The total N_2O production rate of sediments in the shrimp ponds increased with temperature and decreased with salinity in general, which reached the maximum under the high-temperature and low-salinity condition and the minimum under the low-temperature and high-salinity condition. Salinity had a significant effect on the total N_2O production and the four different production processes, while the interaction of temperature and salinity had a significant effect on the nitrifier denitrification and abiotic effect. The correlation analysis showed that the total N_2O production rate was significantly positively correlated with the content of total carbon(TC), soil organic carbon(SOC), NH+4-N and the ratio of C: N. There was only abiotic processes significantly affected by TC and SOC in the four N_2O production processes. In order to decrease the production and emission of N_2O in the coastal aquaculture ecosystem, the salinity of aquaculture ecosystem would be increased and the contents of organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen would be reduced by increasing the exchange frequency between aquaculture water and seawater.
引文
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[18]Ding W X,Yu H Y,Cai Z C.Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain[J].Fertility of Soils,2011,47(1):91-99.
[19]高灯州.围垦养殖对沉积物磷赋存形态的影响及其潜在释放风险评估[D].福州:福建师范大学,2016.Gao Dengzhou.Effects of Mudflat Reclamation on Phosphorus Fractions of Sediment and its Releasing Risk Assessment[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]孙志高,刘景双.湿地土壤的硝化-反硝化作用及影响因素[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1462-1467.Sun Zhigao,Liu Jingshuang.Nitrification-denitrification and its affecting factors in wetland soil:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(6):1462-1467.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Beaulieu J J,Tank J L,Hamilton S K,et al.Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(1):214-219.
[22]汪旭明.闽江口淡水和半咸水短叶茳芏潮汐湿地N2O通量研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2015.Wang Xuming.Flux of oxide in freshwater and brackish Cyperus malaccensis tidal marshes in the min river estuary[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Marton J M,Herbert E R,Craft C B.Effects of salinity on denitrification and greenhouse gas production from laboratory-incubated tidal forest soils[J].Wetlands,2012,32(2):347-357.
[24]Wang D Q,Chen Z L,Wang J,et al.Summer-time denitrification and nitrous oxide exchange in the intertidal zone of the Yangtze Estuary[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,73(1):43-53.
[25]Chen G C,Tama N F Y,Ye Y.Summer fluxes of atmospheric greenhouse gases N2O,CH4 and CO2 from mangrove soil in South China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408:2761-2767.
[26]Bianchi M Feliatra,Lefevere D.Regulation of nitrification in the land-ocean contact area of the Rhone River plume(NWMeiterranean)[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,1999,18(3):301-312.
[27]张玉铭,胡春胜,董文旭,等.农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):119-123.Zhang Yuming,Hu Chunsheng,Dong Wenxu,et al.The influencing factors of production and emission of N2O from agricultural soil and estimation of total N2O emission[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(3):119-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]方芳,高红涛,张曾宇,等.三峡库区消落带土壤N2O排放和反硝化影响因子分析[J].重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2013,36(11):93-100.Fang Fang,Gao Hongtao,Zhang Zengyu,et al.The influencing factors of N2O emission and denitrification in the soil of water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2013,36(11):93-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Baggs E M,Rees R M Watson.Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues[J].Soil Use and Management,2000,16(2):82-87.
[30]黄耀,焦燕,宗良钢,等.土壤理化特性对麦田N2O排放影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(5):598-603.Huang Yao,Jiao yan,Zong Lianggang,et al.N2O emission from wheat cultivated soils as influenced by soil physico-chemical properties[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantlate,2002,22(5):598-603.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Kang S M,Polvani L M,Fyfe J C,et al.Impact of polar ozone depletion on subtropical precipitation[J].Science,2011,332(6032):951-954.
[3]Williams J,Crutzen P J.Nitrous oxide from aquaculture[J].Nature Geoscience,2010,3(3):143.
[4]姚云长,任春颖,王宗明,等.1985年和2010年中国沿海盐田和养殖池遥感监测[J].湿地科学,2016,14(6):874-882.Yao Yunchang,Ren Chunying,Wang Zongming.Monitoring of salt ponds and aquaculture ponds in the coastal zone of China in 1985 and 2010[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(6):874-882.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Yang P,He Q,Huang J,et al.Fluxes of greenhouse gases at two different aquaculture ponds in the coastal zone of southeastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,115:269-277.
[6]宋红丽,刘兴土,文波龙.黄河三角洲养殖塘水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量特征[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(9):1554-1561.Song Hongli,Liu Xingtu,Wen Bolong.Greenhouse gases fluxes at water-air interface of aquaculture ponds in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2017,26(9):1554-1561.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Liu S,Hu Z,Wu S,et al.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions reduced following conversion of rice paddies to inland crab-fish aquaculture in Southeast China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(2):633-645.
[8]Wrage N,Lauf J,Del P A,et al.Distinguishing sources of N2O in European grasslands by stable isotope analysis[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Rcm,2004,18(11):1201.
[9]孙文广,孙志高,甘卓亭,等.黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生的不同过程及贡献[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):3110-3119.Sun Webguang,Sun Zhigao,Gan Zhuoting,et al.Contribution of different processes in wetland soil N2Oproduction in different restoration phases of the Yellow River Estuary,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(8):3110-3119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]牟晓杰.闽江河口湿地碳氮循环关键过程对氮输入的响应[D].长春:中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,2013.Mou Xiaojie.Response of Key Processes of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle to Nitrogen Addition in the Min River Estuarine Wetland[D].Changchun:Northeast Institute of geography and AGgroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]黄国宏,陈冠雄,韩冰,等.土壤含水量与N2O产生途径研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1):53-56.Huang Guohong,Chen Guanxiong,Han Bing,et al.Relationships between soil water content and N2Oproduction[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(1):53-56.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张树兰,杨学云.温度、水分及不同氮源对土壤硝化作用的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(12):2147-2153.Zhang Shulan,Yang Xueyun.Effect of soil moisture,temperature and different nitrogen fertilizers on nitrification[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(12):2147-2153.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Allen D E,Dalal R C,Rennenberg H,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide and methane flux between subtropical mangrove sediments and the atmosphere[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39(2):622-631.
[14]Wrage N,Velthof G L,Beusichem M L V,et al.Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2001,33(12/13):1723-1732.
[15]Webster E A,Hopkins D W.Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1996,22(4):331-335.
[16]Koponen H T,Duran C E,Maljanen M,et al.Temperature responses of NO and N2O emissions from borealorganic soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(7):1779-1787.
[17]Remde A,Conrad R.Role of nitrification and denitrification for NO metabolism in soil[J].Biogeochemistry,1991,12(3):189-205.
[18]Ding W X,Yu H Y,Cai Z C.Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain[J].Fertility of Soils,2011,47(1):91-99.
[19]高灯州.围垦养殖对沉积物磷赋存形态的影响及其潜在释放风险评估[D].福州:福建师范大学,2016.Gao Dengzhou.Effects of Mudflat Reclamation on Phosphorus Fractions of Sediment and its Releasing Risk Assessment[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]孙志高,刘景双.湿地土壤的硝化-反硝化作用及影响因素[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1462-1467.Sun Zhigao,Liu Jingshuang.Nitrification-denitrification and its affecting factors in wetland soil:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(6):1462-1467.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Beaulieu J J,Tank J L,Hamilton S K,et al.Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(1):214-219.
[22]汪旭明.闽江口淡水和半咸水短叶茳芏潮汐湿地N2O通量研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2015.Wang Xuming.Flux of oxide in freshwater and brackish Cyperus malaccensis tidal marshes in the min river estuary[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Marton J M,Herbert E R,Craft C B.Effects of salinity on denitrification and greenhouse gas production from laboratory-incubated tidal forest soils[J].Wetlands,2012,32(2):347-357.
[24]Wang D Q,Chen Z L,Wang J,et al.Summer-time denitrification and nitrous oxide exchange in the intertidal zone of the Yangtze Estuary[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,73(1):43-53.
[25]Chen G C,Tama N F Y,Ye Y.Summer fluxes of atmospheric greenhouse gases N2O,CH4 and CO2 from mangrove soil in South China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408:2761-2767.
[26]Bianchi M Feliatra,Lefevere D.Regulation of nitrification in the land-ocean contact area of the Rhone River plume(NWMeiterranean)[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,1999,18(3):301-312.
[27]张玉铭,胡春胜,董文旭,等.农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):119-123.Zhang Yuming,Hu Chunsheng,Dong Wenxu,et al.The influencing factors of production and emission of N2O from agricultural soil and estimation of total N2O emission[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(3):119-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]方芳,高红涛,张曾宇,等.三峡库区消落带土壤N2O排放和反硝化影响因子分析[J].重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2013,36(11):93-100.Fang Fang,Gao Hongtao,Zhang Zengyu,et al.The influencing factors of N2O emission and denitrification in the soil of water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2013,36(11):93-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Baggs E M,Rees R M Watson.Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues[J].Soil Use and Management,2000,16(2):82-87.
[30]黄耀,焦燕,宗良钢,等.土壤理化特性对麦田N2O排放影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(5):598-603.Huang Yao,Jiao yan,Zong Lianggang,et al.N2O emission from wheat cultivated soils as influenced by soil physico-chemical properties[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantlate,2002,22(5):598-603.(in Chinese with English abstract)