通风方式对猪粪堆肥主要臭气物质控制的影响研究
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摘要
为控制堆肥过程中产生的臭气,开展了3种不同通风方式下的猪粪和秸秆堆肥试验,通过连续监测堆肥过程中氨气、硫化氢、总挥发性有机物(total volatile organic compounds,TVOCs)和二甲二硫、二甲三硫排放浓度的变化,优化堆肥通风方式。研究表明,在鼓风5 min间隔30 min、鼓风5 min间隔15 min和连续通风下,硫化氢和TVOCs的最大排放质量浓度和体积分数分别为29.4、18.9和10.3 mg/m~3以及420.3×10~(-6)、382.7×10~(-6)和326.5×10~(-6),每千克干物料硫化氢和TVOCs累积排放量分别为14.3、13.5、31.5 mg/kg以及1.26、2.00和6.08 L/kg;二甲二硫和二甲三硫的最大排放质量浓度分别为1 730.1、3 646.2和3 971.8 ng/L以及991.4、6 678.8和1 883.4 ng/L,每千克干物料中二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量分别为1.5、4.3和10.6 mg/kg以及0.37、4.37和4.94 mg/kg,增加通风频次有助于降低硫化氢和TVOCs的最高排放浓度,但会增加堆肥过程中硫化氢、TVOCs以及二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量,增加环境危害程度。该试验以降低臭气累积排放量为工艺优化目标,发现通风5min,间隔30min是最佳通风方式。研究结果可为有机肥生产过程中臭气的控制提供参考依据。
During composting, a large number of odorous substances were produced, mainly containing ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and TVOCs(total volatile organic compounds). In order to control the odor produced during the composting process, composting experiment of pig manure and straw under different ventilation modes was carried out. The experiment has 3 treatments with the ventilation intensity of 0.1 m~3/(min·m~3), ventilated 5 min every other 30 min(T1), ventilated 5 min every other 15 min(T2), continuous ventilation(T3) in a forced ventilation device with 50 L compost materials. Pig manure and straw were mixed in a mass ratio of 5:2. The C/N ratio of the composting materials was 29 and moisture content was 63%. The static chamber method was used to monitor the emission concentration of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, TVOCs, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide during the composting. Data acquisition was started after 25 minutes of ventilation in T1, after 10 minutes of ventilation in T2, and data acquisition completed within 5 minutes. The optimal ventilation mode for reducing odor in composting was studied. The study showed that under the 3 treatments, the maximum emission concentration of ammonia in compost exceeded 150 mg/m~3 for 22, 20 and 9 days; The maximum emission concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were 29.4, 18.89 and 10.3 mg/m~3; The maximum emission volume fractions of TVOCs were 420.3×10~(-6), 382.7×10~(-6) and 326.5 ×10~(-6); The maximum emission concentrations of dimethyl disulfide were 1 730.1, 3 646.2 and 3 971.8 ng/L; The maximum emission concentrations of dimethyl trisulfate were 991.4, 6 678.8 and 1 883.4 ng/L, respectively. At the same time, the cumulative emissions of hydrogen sulfide per kilogram of dry pig manure and straw were 14.3, 13.5, 31.5 mg; The cumulative emissions of TVOCs per kilogram of dry materials were 1.26, 2.00 and 6.08 L/kg; The cumulative emissions of dimethyl disulfide per kilogram of dry materials were 1.5, 4.3 and 10.6 mg/kg; The cumulative emissions of dimethyl trisulfate per kilogram of dry materials were 0.37, 4.37 and 4.94 mg/kg, respectively. Increasing the frequency of ventilation during composting can reduce the maximum concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and TVOCs. However, high frequency ventilation can increase the cumulative emissions of hydrogen sulfide, TVOCs, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, compared with the concentration of odor emission, the cumulative amount of odor emission can better characterize the degree of odor harm to the environment. In this experiment, the reduction of cumulative odor emissions was used as the optimization objective. It was found that the optimal ventilation modes was ventilated 5 min every other 30 min. This study provides a reference for controlling odor in organic fertilizer production by changing ventilation mode.
During composting, a large number of odorous substances were produced, mainly containing ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and TVOCs(total volatile organic compounds). In order to control the odor produced during the composting process, composting experiment of pig manure and straw under different ventilation modes was carried out. The experiment has 3 treatments with the ventilation intensity of 0.1 m~3/(min·m~3), ventilated 5 min every other 30 min(T1), ventilated 5 min every other 15 min(T2), continuous ventilation(T3) in a forced ventilation device with 50 L compost materials. Pig manure and straw were mixed in a mass ratio of 5:2. The C/N ratio of the composting materials was 29 and moisture content was 63%. The static chamber method was used to monitor the emission concentration of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, TVOCs, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide during the composting. Data acquisition was started after 25 minutes of ventilation in T1, after 10 minutes of ventilation in T2, and data acquisition completed within 5 minutes. The optimal ventilation mode for reducing odor in composting was studied. The study showed that under the 3 treatments, the maximum emission concentration of ammonia in compost exceeded 150 mg/m~3 for 22, 20 and 9 days; The maximum emission concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were 29.4, 18.89 and 10.3 mg/m~3; The maximum emission volume fractions of TVOCs were 420.3×10~(-6), 382.7×10~(-6) and 326.5 ×10~(-6); The maximum emission concentrations of dimethyl disulfide were 1 730.1, 3 646.2 and 3 971.8 ng/L; The maximum emission concentrations of dimethyl trisulfate were 991.4, 6 678.8 and 1 883.4 ng/L, respectively. At the same time, the cumulative emissions of hydrogen sulfide per kilogram of dry pig manure and straw were 14.3, 13.5, 31.5 mg; The cumulative emissions of TVOCs per kilogram of dry materials were 1.26, 2.00 and 6.08 L/kg; The cumulative emissions of dimethyl disulfide per kilogram of dry materials were 1.5, 4.3 and 10.6 mg/kg; The cumulative emissions of dimethyl trisulfate per kilogram of dry materials were 0.37, 4.37 and 4.94 mg/kg, respectively. Increasing the frequency of ventilation during composting can reduce the maximum concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and TVOCs. However, high frequency ventilation can increase the cumulative emissions of hydrogen sulfide, TVOCs, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, compared with the concentration of odor emission, the cumulative amount of odor emission can better characterize the degree of odor harm to the environment. In this experiment, the reduction of cumulative odor emissions was used as the optimization objective. It was found that the optimal ventilation modes was ventilated 5 min every other 30 min. This study provides a reference for controlling odor in organic fertilizer production by changing ventilation mode.
引文
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[4]沈玉君,张朋月,赵立欣,等.猪粪好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物组分分析及致臭因子的确定[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):205-210.Shen Yujun,Zhang Pengyue,Zhao Lixin,et al.Component analysis of volatile organic compounds and determination of key odor in pig manure aerobic fermentation process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(4):205-210.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[7]沈玉君.污泥好氧发酵过程臭气及挥发性有机物的产生与释放[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2012.Shen Yujun.Study on Production and Emission of Odor and Volatile Organic Compounds During Sewage Sludge Composting[D].Beijing:Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Hanajima D,Kuroda K,Morishita K,et al.Key odor components responsible for the impact on olfactory sense during swine feces composting[J].Bioresour Technol,2010,101(7):2306-2310.
[9]Delgado-Rodríguez M,Ruiz-Montoya M,Giraldez I,et al.Effect of aeration rate and moisture content on the emissions of selected VOCs during municipal solid waste composting[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2012,14(4):371-378.
[10]张红玉,邹克华,杨金兵,等.厨余垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析[J].环境科学,2012,32(8):2563-2568.Zhang Hongyu,Zou Kehua,Yang Jinbing,et al.Analysis of odor pollutants in kitchen waste composting[J].Environment Science,2012,33(8):2563-2568.(in Chinese with English abstract)Science,2012,33(8):25632568.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Tolvanen O K,H?nninen K I,Veijanen A,et al.Occupational hygiene in biowaste composting[J].Waste Management&Research,1998,16(6):525-540.
[12]张昊,陈芳,申杰,等.畜禽粪便堆肥产臭与生物除臭的研究进展[J].家畜生态学报,2018,39(1):84-89.Zhang Hao,Chen Fang,Shen Jie,et al.Research progress on odor emissionin composting of live stock and poultry manure and biological deodorization[J].Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,2018,39(1):84-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]李明峰,马闯,赵继红,等.污泥堆肥臭气的产生特征及防控措施[J].环境工程,2014(1):92-96.Li Mingfeng,Ma Chuang,Zhao Jihong,et al.Odor in the progress of sewage sludge composting:Production,characteristics,prevention and control strategies[J].Environmental Engineering,2014(1):92-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]郑瑞生,封辉,戴聪杰,等.碳氮比对堆肥过程NH3挥发和腐熟度的影响[J].环境污染与防治,2009,31(9):59-63.Zheng Ruisheng,Feng Hui,Dai Congjie,et al.The influence of C/N ratio on NH3 emission and compost maturity[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2009,31(9):59-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]杜龙龙,李国学,袁京,等.不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):195-200.Du Longlong,Li Guoxue,Yuan Jing,et al.Effect of additives on NH3 and H2S emissions during kitchen waste composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(23):195-200.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张朋月,沈玉君,赵立欣,等.生物炭对猪粪好氧发酵产生的硫醚的控制研究[J].环境科学与技术,2018,41(2):164-168.Zhang Pengyue,Shen Yujun,Zhao Lixin,et al.Study on control of alkyl sulfide in the aerobic fermentation of pig manure by biochar[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,41(2):164-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陆日明,王德汉,项钱彬,等.生物滤池填料及工艺参数去除鸡粪堆肥臭气效果研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(1):241-245.Lu Riming,Wang Dehan,Xiang Qianbin,et al.Effects of biofilter media and operating parameters on biofiltration of odor from chicken manure composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(1):241-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张朋月,沈玉君,孟海波,等.有机废物生物转化过程中VOCs的排放控制研究进展[J].环境工程,2015(8):74-78.Zhang Pengyue,Shen Yujun,Meng Haibo,et al.Review on emission and controlling measures on VOCs in the process of organic wastes bioconversion[J].Environmental Engineering,2015(8):74-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Shen Yujun,Ren Limei,Li Guoxue,et al.Influence of aeration on CH4,N2O and NH3 emissions during aerobic composting of a chicken manure and high C/N waste mixture[J].Waste Management,2011,31:33-38.
[20]陈同斌,郑玉琪,高定,等.猪粪好氧堆制不同阶段氧气含量变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2004(11):2179-2183.Chen Tongbin,Zheng Yuqi,Gao Ding,et al.Variation of oxygen concentration during aerobic composting of pig manure[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004(11):2179-2183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]郑玉琪,陈同斌,高定,等.猪粪快速好氧堆肥过程中氧气浓度的变化[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):747-751.Zheng Yuqi,Chen Tongbin,Gao Ding,et al.Oxygen variation in aerobic composting process of pig manure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(5):747-751.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Sommer S G,McGinn S M,Hao X,et al.Techniques for measuring gas emissions from a composting stockpile of cattle manure[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(28):4643-4652.
[23]段池清,王嘉珺,姬亚芹.基于静态箱法的堆放奶牛粪便甲烷排放速率研究[J].南开大学学报:自然科学版,2010,43(1):87-92.Duan Chiqing,Wang Jiajun,Ji Yaqin.Study on methane rate from untreated dairy cow manure by static chamber technique[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Nankaiensis,2010,43(1):87-92.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张玉冬,张红玉,顾军,等.通风量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(7):1371-1377.Zhang Yudong,Zhang Hongyu,Gu Jun,et al.Influence of ventilation on H2S and NH3 emissions during kitchen waste compositing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(7):1371-1377.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Turan N G,Akdemir A,Ergun O N.Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of poultry litter[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2007,184(1/2/3/4):177-182.
[2]宋大利,侯胜鹏,王秀斌,等.中国秸秆养分资源数量及替代化肥潜力[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):1-21.Song Dali,Hou Shengpeng,Wang Xiubin,et al.Nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its potential of substituting[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(1):1-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[4]沈玉君,张朋月,赵立欣,等.猪粪好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物组分分析及致臭因子的确定[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):205-210.Shen Yujun,Zhang Pengyue,Zhao Lixin,et al.Component analysis of volatile organic compounds and determination of key odor in pig manure aerobic fermentation process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(4):205-210.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]沈玉君,陈同斌,刘洪涛,等.堆肥过程中臭气的产生和释放过程研究进展[J].中国给水排水,2011,27(11):104-108.Shen Yujun,Chen Tongbin,Liu Hongtao,et al.Research progress in odor production and emission from composting[J].China Water&Wastewater,2011,27(11):104-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Eitzer B D.Emissions of volatile organic chemicals from municipal solid waste composting facilities[J].Environ Sci Technol,1995,29(4):896-902.
[7]沈玉君.污泥好氧发酵过程臭气及挥发性有机物的产生与释放[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2012.Shen Yujun.Study on Production and Emission of Odor and Volatile Organic Compounds During Sewage Sludge Composting[D].Beijing:Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Hanajima D,Kuroda K,Morishita K,et al.Key odor components responsible for the impact on olfactory sense during swine feces composting[J].Bioresour Technol,2010,101(7):2306-2310.
[9]Delgado-Rodríguez M,Ruiz-Montoya M,Giraldez I,et al.Effect of aeration rate and moisture content on the emissions of selected VOCs during municipal solid waste composting[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2012,14(4):371-378.
[10]张红玉,邹克华,杨金兵,等.厨余垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析[J].环境科学,2012,32(8):2563-2568.Zhang Hongyu,Zou Kehua,Yang Jinbing,et al.Analysis of odor pollutants in kitchen waste composting[J].Environment Science,2012,33(8):2563-2568.(in Chinese with English abstract)Science,2012,33(8):25632568.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Tolvanen O K,H?nninen K I,Veijanen A,et al.Occupational hygiene in biowaste composting[J].Waste Management&Research,1998,16(6):525-540.
[12]张昊,陈芳,申杰,等.畜禽粪便堆肥产臭与生物除臭的研究进展[J].家畜生态学报,2018,39(1):84-89.Zhang Hao,Chen Fang,Shen Jie,et al.Research progress on odor emissionin composting of live stock and poultry manure and biological deodorization[J].Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,2018,39(1):84-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]李明峰,马闯,赵继红,等.污泥堆肥臭气的产生特征及防控措施[J].环境工程,2014(1):92-96.Li Mingfeng,Ma Chuang,Zhao Jihong,et al.Odor in the progress of sewage sludge composting:Production,characteristics,prevention and control strategies[J].Environmental Engineering,2014(1):92-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]郑瑞生,封辉,戴聪杰,等.碳氮比对堆肥过程NH3挥发和腐熟度的影响[J].环境污染与防治,2009,31(9):59-63.Zheng Ruisheng,Feng Hui,Dai Congjie,et al.The influence of C/N ratio on NH3 emission and compost maturity[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2009,31(9):59-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]杜龙龙,李国学,袁京,等.不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):195-200.Du Longlong,Li Guoxue,Yuan Jing,et al.Effect of additives on NH3 and H2S emissions during kitchen waste composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(23):195-200.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张朋月,沈玉君,赵立欣,等.生物炭对猪粪好氧发酵产生的硫醚的控制研究[J].环境科学与技术,2018,41(2):164-168.Zhang Pengyue,Shen Yujun,Zhao Lixin,et al.Study on control of alkyl sulfide in the aerobic fermentation of pig manure by biochar[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,41(2):164-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陆日明,王德汉,项钱彬,等.生物滤池填料及工艺参数去除鸡粪堆肥臭气效果研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(1):241-245.Lu Riming,Wang Dehan,Xiang Qianbin,et al.Effects of biofilter media and operating parameters on biofiltration of odor from chicken manure composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(1):241-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张朋月,沈玉君,孟海波,等.有机废物生物转化过程中VOCs的排放控制研究进展[J].环境工程,2015(8):74-78.Zhang Pengyue,Shen Yujun,Meng Haibo,et al.Review on emission and controlling measures on VOCs in the process of organic wastes bioconversion[J].Environmental Engineering,2015(8):74-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Shen Yujun,Ren Limei,Li Guoxue,et al.Influence of aeration on CH4,N2O and NH3 emissions during aerobic composting of a chicken manure and high C/N waste mixture[J].Waste Management,2011,31:33-38.
[20]陈同斌,郑玉琪,高定,等.猪粪好氧堆制不同阶段氧气含量变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2004(11):2179-2183.Chen Tongbin,Zheng Yuqi,Gao Ding,et al.Variation of oxygen concentration during aerobic composting of pig manure[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004(11):2179-2183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]郑玉琪,陈同斌,高定,等.猪粪快速好氧堆肥过程中氧气浓度的变化[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):747-751.Zheng Yuqi,Chen Tongbin,Gao Ding,et al.Oxygen variation in aerobic composting process of pig manure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(5):747-751.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Sommer S G,McGinn S M,Hao X,et al.Techniques for measuring gas emissions from a composting stockpile of cattle manure[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(28):4643-4652.
[23]段池清,王嘉珺,姬亚芹.基于静态箱法的堆放奶牛粪便甲烷排放速率研究[J].南开大学学报:自然科学版,2010,43(1):87-92.Duan Chiqing,Wang Jiajun,Ji Yaqin.Study on methane rate from untreated dairy cow manure by static chamber technique[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Nankaiensis,2010,43(1):87-92.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张玉冬,张红玉,顾军,等.通风量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(7):1371-1377.Zhang Yudong,Zhang Hongyu,Gu Jun,et al.Influence of ventilation on H2S and NH3 emissions during kitchen waste compositing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(7):1371-1377.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Turan N G,Akdemir A,Ergun O N.Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of poultry litter[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2007,184(1/2/3/4):177-182.
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