农林复合种植模式对红壤坡地表土水力特性及储水的影响
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摘要
为探讨红壤坡地不同农林模式表层土壤水力特性差异及其对土体储水量的影响,该文分析了红壤坡地"农-林-草"、"农-林+横坡耕作"、"农-林+顺坡耕作"和"纯林"4种典型农林复合模式表层土壤(0～0.30 m)的土壤水力特征参数,并通过Richards方程数值求解模拟了不同表层土壤水力特性下的土壤含水率动态和土体储水量。结果表明,农林复合模式对表层土壤水力特性有较大影响,"农-林-草"、"农-林+横坡耕作"、"农-林+顺坡耕作"、"纯林"模式的表层土的土壤性质依次表现为:土壤黏性增强(土壤进气值倒数减小)、透水性减弱(饱和水力传导度减小)。饱和水力传导度、土壤进气值倒数与土壤容重的相关系数为-0.98和-0.96。当仅考虑表层土壤水力特性差异时,土体储水能力由强到弱依次为"农-林-草"、"农-林+横坡耕作"或"农-林+顺坡耕作"和"纯林"模式土壤。"农-林-草"模式表层土壤具有在蒸发期减少深层土壤水消耗、在降雨期增加深层土壤水补给的作用,该土壤储水机制为"农-林-草"复合种植模式推广提供了理论基础。
In-depth studies on soil water storage in red soil slopes in south China are of important scientific significance and practical application value for flood control, drought relief and conservation of soil and water. Agricultural cultivation under the fruit forest is an important way of development and utilization of red soil slopes in southern China, and the properties of top-layer soil would be affected by biological process, soil erosion, artificial tillage, etc. Hence, it is essential to understand difference of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics of several agroforestry systems, which may affect soil water storage. The study area lies in Jiangxi Provincial Eco-Science Park of Soil and Water Conservation(115°42′38″-115°43′06″ E、29°16′37″-29°17′40″ N), which is located in De'an County, Jiangxi Province, China and belongs to Boyang River watershed of Poyang Lake Basin. A total of 4 treatments of agroforestry systems, namely, agriculture-forestry-grass, protective farm-forest, common farm-forest, and pure forest were studied. The top layer was defined as 0-0.30 m subsurface depth in this paper, and soil samples of the top-layer soil were collected by foil sampler for each plot. For each sample, the bulk density was measured by drying method, water retention curve was test by pressure membrane meter, and saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured by saturated infiltration experiment. The van Genuchten-Mualem model was used to describe water retention curve, and the other 4 soil hydraulic parameters were reciprocal of air entry pressure, grain size distribution parameter, saturated soil water content, and residual soil water content besides saturated hydraulic conductivity. The one-dimensional Richards' equation based on the Darcy's law was used to describe soil water flow due to its solid physical foundation, and the Ross method was used to solve the Richards' equation owing to the higher computational efficiency and accuracy. For the sake of simplicity, several assumptions were considered for simulation. Firstly, the difference of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics was the only various factor of the 4 plots, and the soil profile for simulation was also divided into 2 layers, and the top layer was from soil surface to 0.30 m depth. Secondly, the simulation period was set to from August 1 st to December 31 st, 2010 since runoff wasn't observed in this period. Thirdly, the upper boundary condition was considered as atmospheric boundary condition, where the potential evaporation was calculated by Penman-Monteith model. Besides, the lower boundary was zero-flux boundary at 1.00 m depth where was impermeable bedrock. The statistical analysis results of soil hydraulic parameters showed the most significant difference between top and deep layer in agriculture-forestry-grass soil with the lowest viscosity and highest permeability, i.e., the largest saturated hydraulic conductivity and reciprocal of air entry pressure among the 4 plots. Correlation analysis of parameters showed that absolute of correlation coefficient between saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density and that between reciprocal of air entry pressure and bulk density could reach to 0.96. The distribution of soil water content of each profile was simulated, and soil water storage was calculated by the simulated soil water content. The simulation results showed the order of soil water storage under the 4 treatments from high to low as followed: agriculture-forestry-grass soil, protective farm-forest soil or common farm-forest soil and pure forest soil. The simulation results during specified periods indicted the mechanism of effects of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics on soil water storage. For agriculture-forestry-grass soil, the top-layer soil cut off the upward movement channel of soil moisture to reduce the water consumption of the deep soil during the evaporation period, while the top-layer soil increased the downward movement to enhance the water storage of deep soil. In conclusion, agriculture-forestry-grass is worth of development and promotion in red soil slopes in south China.
In-depth studies on soil water storage in red soil slopes in south China are of important scientific significance and practical application value for flood control, drought relief and conservation of soil and water. Agricultural cultivation under the fruit forest is an important way of development and utilization of red soil slopes in southern China, and the properties of top-layer soil would be affected by biological process, soil erosion, artificial tillage, etc. Hence, it is essential to understand difference of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics of several agroforestry systems, which may affect soil water storage. The study area lies in Jiangxi Provincial Eco-Science Park of Soil and Water Conservation(115°42′38″-115°43′06″ E、29°16′37″-29°17′40″ N), which is located in De'an County, Jiangxi Province, China and belongs to Boyang River watershed of Poyang Lake Basin. A total of 4 treatments of agroforestry systems, namely, agriculture-forestry-grass, protective farm-forest, common farm-forest, and pure forest were studied. The top layer was defined as 0-0.30 m subsurface depth in this paper, and soil samples of the top-layer soil were collected by foil sampler for each plot. For each sample, the bulk density was measured by drying method, water retention curve was test by pressure membrane meter, and saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured by saturated infiltration experiment. The van Genuchten-Mualem model was used to describe water retention curve, and the other 4 soil hydraulic parameters were reciprocal of air entry pressure, grain size distribution parameter, saturated soil water content, and residual soil water content besides saturated hydraulic conductivity. The one-dimensional Richards' equation based on the Darcy's law was used to describe soil water flow due to its solid physical foundation, and the Ross method was used to solve the Richards' equation owing to the higher computational efficiency and accuracy. For the sake of simplicity, several assumptions were considered for simulation. Firstly, the difference of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics was the only various factor of the 4 plots, and the soil profile for simulation was also divided into 2 layers, and the top layer was from soil surface to 0.30 m depth. Secondly, the simulation period was set to from August 1 st to December 31 st, 2010 since runoff wasn't observed in this period. Thirdly, the upper boundary condition was considered as atmospheric boundary condition, where the potential evaporation was calculated by Penman-Monteith model. Besides, the lower boundary was zero-flux boundary at 1.00 m depth where was impermeable bedrock. The statistical analysis results of soil hydraulic parameters showed the most significant difference between top and deep layer in agriculture-forestry-grass soil with the lowest viscosity and highest permeability, i.e., the largest saturated hydraulic conductivity and reciprocal of air entry pressure among the 4 plots. Correlation analysis of parameters showed that absolute of correlation coefficient between saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density and that between reciprocal of air entry pressure and bulk density could reach to 0.96. The distribution of soil water content of each profile was simulated, and soil water storage was calculated by the simulated soil water content. The simulation results showed the order of soil water storage under the 4 treatments from high to low as followed: agriculture-forestry-grass soil, protective farm-forest soil or common farm-forest soil and pure forest soil. The simulation results during specified periods indicted the mechanism of effects of top-layer soil hydraulic characteristics on soil water storage. For agriculture-forestry-grass soil, the top-layer soil cut off the upward movement channel of soil moisture to reduce the water consumption of the deep soil during the evaporation period, while the top-layer soil increased the downward movement to enhance the water storage of deep soil. In conclusion, agriculture-forestry-grass is worth of development and promotion in red soil slopes in south China.
引文
[1]谢颂华,莫明浩,涂安国,等.自然降雨条件下红壤坡面径流垂向分层输出特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):132-138.Xie Songhua,Mo Minghao,Tu Anguo,et al.Characteristics of vertical runoff output on red-soil slope under natural rainfall condition[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(19):132-138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[3]宋博,査元源,杨金忠.基于Ross模型的降雨灌溉入渗补给地下水规律分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(9):55-59,62.Song Bo,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Jinzhong.An analysis of groundwater recharge from precipitation and irrigation based on Ross Numerical Models[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2012(9):55-59,62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]谭秀翠,杨金忠.石津灌区地下水潜在补给量时空分布及影响因素分析[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):143-152.Tan Xiucui,Yang Jinzhong.Temporal and spatial distribution of the potential recharge and influencing factors in Shijin Irrigation Distrct[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(2):143-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]何园球,樊剑波,陈晏,等.红壤丘陵区农林复合生态系统研究与展望[J].土壤,2015,47(2):229-237.He Yuanqiu,Fan Jianbo,Chen Yan,et al.Research and prospect of agroforestry ecosystem in red soil hilly region of China[J].Soils,2015,47(2):229-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]郑海金,杨洁,王凌云,等.农林复合系统对侵蚀红壤酶活性和微生物类群特性的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(4):889-894.Zheng Haijin,Zheng Jie,Wang Lingyun,et al.Effects of several agroforestry systems on enzyme activity and microbial population of the erosive red soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(4):889-894.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Vereecken H,Weynants M,Javaux M,et al.Using pedotransfer functions to estimate the van Genuchten-Mualem soil hydraulic properties:A review[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2010,9(4):795-820.
[8]Zhang Y,Schaap M G,Zha Y.A high-resolution global map of soil hydraulic properties produced by a hierarchical parameterization of a physically based water retention model[J].Water Resources Research,2018,54(12):9774-9790.
[9]Russo D,Bresler E.Soil hydraulic properties as stochastic processes:I.an analysis of field spatial variability[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(4):682-687.
[10]Brooks R H,Corey A T.Hydraulic properties of porous media[J].Hydrology Papers,1964(3):27.
[11]van Genuchten M T.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[12]彭紫赟,黄爽,杨金忠,等.HYPROP系统与快速离心法联合测定土壤水分特征曲线[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(5):7-11.Peng Ziyun,Huang Shuang,Yang Jinzhong,et al.Using HYPROP system and centrifugal method to measure soil water characteristic curve[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2012,31(5):7-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Singh G,Kaur G,Williard K,et al.Monitoring of water and solute transport in the vadose zone:A review[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):1-23.
[14]van Dam J C,Feddes R A.Numerical simulation of infiltration,evaporation and shallow groundwater levels with the Richards equation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,233(1/2/3/4):72-85.
[15]Simunek J,van Genuchten M T,?ejna M.Recent developments and applications of the HYDRUS computer software packages[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2016,15(7):1-25.
[16]Zeng Jicai,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Jinzhong.Switching the Richards’equation for modeling soil water movement under unfavorable conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,563:942-949.
[17]Foussereau X,Graham W D,Rao P S C.Stochastic analysis of transient flow in unsaturated heterogeneous soils[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(4):891-910.
[18]Zhu Yan,Shi Liangsheng,Lin Lin,et al.A fully coupled numerical modeling for regional unsaturated-saturated water flow[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:188-203.
[19]Liu Zhao,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Wenyuan,et al.Large-scale modeling of unsaturated flow by a stochastic perturbation approach[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2016,15(3):1-20.
[20]查元源.饱和-非饱和水流运动高效数值算法研究及应用[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014.Zha Yuanyuan.Research on Cost-effective Algorithm for Unsaturated-saturated Flow and Its Application[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘昭,杨文元,查元源,等.基于田块尺度含水率观测的土壤水力参数多模型反演[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):135-144.Liu Zhao,Yang Wenyuan,Zha Yuanyuan,et al.Multiple inverse models for estimating soil hydraulic parameters based on field-scale observation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(6):135-144.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Ross P J.Modeling soil water and solute transport-fast,simplified numerical solutions[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(6):1352-1361.
[23]Allenr G,Pereirals R.FAO irrigation and drainage paper No.56,crop evapotranspiration:Guidelines for computing crop water requirements[R].Rome:FAO,1998.
[24]Rawls W,Brakensiek D,Saxton K.Estimation of soil water properties[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1982,25(5):1316-1320.
[25]盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[26]管孝艳,杨培岭,吕烨.基于多重分形理论的农田土壤特征空间变异性分析[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(5):712-720.Guan Xiaoyan,Yang Peiling,LüYe.Analysis on spatial variability of soil properties based on multifractal theory[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2011,19(5):712-720.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]罗勇.红壤丘岗区不同利用土壤水分时空变异性[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.Luo Yong.Spatia-temporal Variability of Soil Moisture in Relation to Land Use in Hilly-sloppy Lands of Red Soil Region[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]邵芳,王培俊,胡振琪,等.引黄河泥沙充填复垦农田土壤的垂向入渗特征[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):54-58,67.Shao Fang,Wang Peijun,Hu Zhenqi,et al.Vertical infiltration characteristics of reclamation farmland soil filled with the Yellow River[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(5):54-58,67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]魏树强.柑橘果园不同配置类型土壤水分动态及水土保持效应研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2012.Wei Shuqiang.Study on Dynamic Soil Moisture and Effect of Water and Soil Conservation of Different Vegetation Configuration Types in Citurs Orchard[D].Nanchang:Jiangxi Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Yeh T C J,Gelhar L W,Gutjahr A L.Stochastic analysis of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous soils:2.statistically anisotropic media with variable[J].Water Resources Research,1985,21(4):457-464.
[31]黄冠华.土壤水力特性空间变异的试验研究进展[J].水科学进展,1999,10(4):450-457.Huang Guanhua.A review of experimental study on spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties[J].Advances in Water Science,1999,10(4):450-457.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]刘昭.以平均含水量为主变量的非饱和水流运动宏观尺度模型研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2016.Liu Zhao.Large-scale Modeling of Unsaturated Flow by Using Mean Soil Water Content as Main Variable[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]郭元裕.农田水利学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[34]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[2]谭秀翠,王刚,王华敬.地下水补给量计算及包气带岩性影响分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):76-80.Tan Xiucui,Wang Gang,Wang Huajing.Calculation of groundwater recharge and impact analysis of vadose lithology[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2016,35(6):76-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]宋博,査元源,杨金忠.基于Ross模型的降雨灌溉入渗补给地下水规律分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(9):55-59,62.Song Bo,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Jinzhong.An analysis of groundwater recharge from precipitation and irrigation based on Ross Numerical Models[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2012(9):55-59,62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]谭秀翠,杨金忠.石津灌区地下水潜在补给量时空分布及影响因素分析[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):143-152.Tan Xiucui,Yang Jinzhong.Temporal and spatial distribution of the potential recharge and influencing factors in Shijin Irrigation Distrct[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(2):143-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]何园球,樊剑波,陈晏,等.红壤丘陵区农林复合生态系统研究与展望[J].土壤,2015,47(2):229-237.He Yuanqiu,Fan Jianbo,Chen Yan,et al.Research and prospect of agroforestry ecosystem in red soil hilly region of China[J].Soils,2015,47(2):229-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]郑海金,杨洁,王凌云,等.农林复合系统对侵蚀红壤酶活性和微生物类群特性的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(4):889-894.Zheng Haijin,Zheng Jie,Wang Lingyun,et al.Effects of several agroforestry systems on enzyme activity and microbial population of the erosive red soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(4):889-894.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Vereecken H,Weynants M,Javaux M,et al.Using pedotransfer functions to estimate the van Genuchten-Mualem soil hydraulic properties:A review[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2010,9(4):795-820.
[8]Zhang Y,Schaap M G,Zha Y.A high-resolution global map of soil hydraulic properties produced by a hierarchical parameterization of a physically based water retention model[J].Water Resources Research,2018,54(12):9774-9790.
[9]Russo D,Bresler E.Soil hydraulic properties as stochastic processes:I.an analysis of field spatial variability[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(4):682-687.
[10]Brooks R H,Corey A T.Hydraulic properties of porous media[J].Hydrology Papers,1964(3):27.
[11]van Genuchten M T.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[12]彭紫赟,黄爽,杨金忠,等.HYPROP系统与快速离心法联合测定土壤水分特征曲线[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(5):7-11.Peng Ziyun,Huang Shuang,Yang Jinzhong,et al.Using HYPROP system and centrifugal method to measure soil water characteristic curve[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2012,31(5):7-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Singh G,Kaur G,Williard K,et al.Monitoring of water and solute transport in the vadose zone:A review[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):1-23.
[14]van Dam J C,Feddes R A.Numerical simulation of infiltration,evaporation and shallow groundwater levels with the Richards equation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,233(1/2/3/4):72-85.
[15]Simunek J,van Genuchten M T,?ejna M.Recent developments and applications of the HYDRUS computer software packages[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2016,15(7):1-25.
[16]Zeng Jicai,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Jinzhong.Switching the Richards’equation for modeling soil water movement under unfavorable conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,563:942-949.
[17]Foussereau X,Graham W D,Rao P S C.Stochastic analysis of transient flow in unsaturated heterogeneous soils[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(4):891-910.
[18]Zhu Yan,Shi Liangsheng,Lin Lin,et al.A fully coupled numerical modeling for regional unsaturated-saturated water flow[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:188-203.
[19]Liu Zhao,Zha Yuanyuan,Yang Wenyuan,et al.Large-scale modeling of unsaturated flow by a stochastic perturbation approach[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2016,15(3):1-20.
[20]查元源.饱和-非饱和水流运动高效数值算法研究及应用[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014.Zha Yuanyuan.Research on Cost-effective Algorithm for Unsaturated-saturated Flow and Its Application[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘昭,杨文元,查元源,等.基于田块尺度含水率观测的土壤水力参数多模型反演[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):135-144.Liu Zhao,Yang Wenyuan,Zha Yuanyuan,et al.Multiple inverse models for estimating soil hydraulic parameters based on field-scale observation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(6):135-144.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Ross P J.Modeling soil water and solute transport-fast,simplified numerical solutions[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(6):1352-1361.
[23]Allenr G,Pereirals R.FAO irrigation and drainage paper No.56,crop evapotranspiration:Guidelines for computing crop water requirements[R].Rome:FAO,1998.
[24]Rawls W,Brakensiek D,Saxton K.Estimation of soil water properties[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1982,25(5):1316-1320.
[25]盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[26]管孝艳,杨培岭,吕烨.基于多重分形理论的农田土壤特征空间变异性分析[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(5):712-720.Guan Xiaoyan,Yang Peiling,LüYe.Analysis on spatial variability of soil properties based on multifractal theory[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2011,19(5):712-720.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]罗勇.红壤丘岗区不同利用土壤水分时空变异性[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.Luo Yong.Spatia-temporal Variability of Soil Moisture in Relation to Land Use in Hilly-sloppy Lands of Red Soil Region[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]邵芳,王培俊,胡振琪,等.引黄河泥沙充填复垦农田土壤的垂向入渗特征[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):54-58,67.Shao Fang,Wang Peijun,Hu Zhenqi,et al.Vertical infiltration characteristics of reclamation farmland soil filled with the Yellow River[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(5):54-58,67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]魏树强.柑橘果园不同配置类型土壤水分动态及水土保持效应研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2012.Wei Shuqiang.Study on Dynamic Soil Moisture and Effect of Water and Soil Conservation of Different Vegetation Configuration Types in Citurs Orchard[D].Nanchang:Jiangxi Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Yeh T C J,Gelhar L W,Gutjahr A L.Stochastic analysis of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous soils:2.statistically anisotropic media with variable[J].Water Resources Research,1985,21(4):457-464.
[31]黄冠华.土壤水力特性空间变异的试验研究进展[J].水科学进展,1999,10(4):450-457.Huang Guanhua.A review of experimental study on spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties[J].Advances in Water Science,1999,10(4):450-457.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]刘昭.以平均含水量为主变量的非饱和水流运动宏观尺度模型研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2016.Liu Zhao.Large-scale Modeling of Unsaturated Flow by Using Mean Soil Water Content as Main Variable[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]郭元裕.农田水利学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[34]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
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