西安市建筑施工扬尘排放的模型估算
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摘要
作为我国大气污染治理重点区域汾渭平原的重点城市,西安正处于城市建设迅速发展阶段,建筑扬尘排放量大,极大地影响了西安的空气质量.本研究基于西安市建筑和市政施工工程的调查资料,结合两套由不同机构测量的我国北方典型城市排放因子,估算获得了西安市2017年建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的排放量及排放强度,构建了西安市区县级别建筑扬尘排放颗粒物清单,并分析其空间分布特征.结果表明:①引用中国环境科学研究院依据建筑扬尘产生类型测定的排放因子,估算获得2017年西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为6.8×10~4、1.4×10~4 t,其中,作业施工扬尘排放量占总排放量的74%,风蚀扬尘占26%;②引用北京市环境保护科学研究院构建的建筑扬尘季节性排放因子,估算西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为10.8×10~4、2.2×10~4 t,建筑扬尘排放量存在着明显的季节差异,夏季、秋季、冬季的扬尘排放量明显低于春季,但冬季略高于夏季、秋季;③综合两套排放计算结果表明,估算的建筑扬尘排放量存在50%的差异,西安2017年建筑扬尘PM_(10)排放量约为6.8×10~4～10.8×10~4 t,PM_(2.5)排放量约为1.4×10~4～2.2×10~4 t;④空间分布上,主城区建筑施工扬尘排放量大,约占总排放量的72%;主城区建筑施工扬尘排放强度高,约为郊区县的29倍.
As a major city in the key area "Fen-Wei Plain" for air pollution control in China, Xi′an is under rapid development of urban construction. The dust emission of construction is large, which greatly affects the air quality of Xi′an. Based on an extensive survey of construction activities in Xi′an, combining with two sets of dust emission factors for the typical city in north China, this paper estimated the emissions quantity and emission intensity of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from construction activities in Xi′an in 2017, and analyzed their spatial distribution characteristics. The results indicate that: ①According to the emission factors determined by Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, which based on the types of construction fugitive dust, estimated the total emissions of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from construction were 68×10~3 tons and 14×10~3 tons, respectively, of which emission from construction operation fugitive dust accounted for 74% of total emissions, and wind erosion dust accounted for 26%. ②According to the emission factors determined by Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, which based on the seasonal characteristics of construction fugitive dust, estimated total PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from construction fugitive dust were 108×10~3 tons and 22×10~3 tons, respectively. There was a significant seasonal variance in emissions of construction fugitive dust. The emission is highest in spring, and the emissions in summer, autumn are slightly lower than that in winter. ③Two sets of emission calculation results showed that it exits 50% difference between the estimated dust emissions based on two emission factor measured by diverse standard. The PM_(10) emissions of construction fugitive dust were approximately 68×10~3 tons to 108×10~3 tons, and PM_(2.5) emissions were approximately 14×10~3 tons to 22×10~3 tons. ④In terms of spatial distribution, the construction fugitive dust emission in the main urban area accounts for about 72% of the total emissions. The emission intensity of construction fugitive dust in the main urban area was relative high compared with surrounding areas, and it is about 29 times that of other counties.
As a major city in the key area "Fen-Wei Plain" for air pollution control in China, Xi′an is under rapid development of urban construction. The dust emission of construction is large, which greatly affects the air quality of Xi′an. Based on an extensive survey of construction activities in Xi′an, combining with two sets of dust emission factors for the typical city in north China, this paper estimated the emissions quantity and emission intensity of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from construction activities in Xi′an in 2017, and analyzed their spatial distribution characteristics. The results indicate that: ①According to the emission factors determined by Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, which based on the types of construction fugitive dust, estimated the total emissions of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from construction were 68×10~3 tons and 14×10~3 tons, respectively, of which emission from construction operation fugitive dust accounted for 74% of total emissions, and wind erosion dust accounted for 26%. ②According to the emission factors determined by Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, which based on the seasonal characteristics of construction fugitive dust, estimated total PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from construction fugitive dust were 108×10~3 tons and 22×10~3 tons, respectively. There was a significant seasonal variance in emissions of construction fugitive dust. The emission is highest in spring, and the emissions in summer, autumn are slightly lower than that in winter. ③Two sets of emission calculation results showed that it exits 50% difference between the estimated dust emissions based on two emission factor measured by diverse standard. The PM_(10) emissions of construction fugitive dust were approximately 68×10~3 tons to 108×10~3 tons, and PM_(2.5) emissions were approximately 14×10~3 tons to 22×10~3 tons. ④In terms of spatial distribution, the construction fugitive dust emission in the main urban area accounts for about 72% of the total emissions. The emission intensity of construction fugitive dust in the main urban area was relative high compared with surrounding areas, and it is about 29 times that of other counties.
引文
北京市环境保护科学研究院.2015.北京市空气质量达标规划研究[R].Z131100005613046.北京:北京市环境保护科学研究院.187-188
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黄嫣煜. 2006.城市地面扬尘的估算与分布特征研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.1-114
黄玉虎,蔡煜,毛华云,等. 2011.呼和浩特市施工扬尘排放因子和粒径分布[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),42(2): 230-235
黄玉虎,田刚,秦建平,等. 2007.不同施工阶段扬尘污染特征研究[J].环境科学,28(12):2885-2888
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Li N, Long X, Tie X, et al. 2016. Urban dust in the Guanzhong basin of China, part II: A case study of urban dust pollution using the WRF-Dust model[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 541:1614-1624
林启才,张振文,杜利劳,等. 2014.2013年西安市大气污染物变化特征及成因分析研究[J].环境科学与管理, 39(10):52-55
Long X, Li N, Tie X, et al. 2016. Urban dust in the Guanzhong Basin of China, part I: A regional distribution of dust sources retrieved using satellite data[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 541:1603-1613
Meng J, Liu J F, Fan S M, et al. 2016. Potential health benefits of controlling dust emissions in Beijing[J]. Environmental Pollution, 213: 850-859
彭康,杨杨,郑君瑜,等.2013.珠江三角洲地区铺装道路扬尘排放因子与排放清单研究[J].环境科学学报,33(10):2657-2663
邵天杰,赵景波.2008a.西安空气质量时空变化特征分析[J].干旱区研究,25(5):119-124
邵天杰,赵景波,马莉.2008b,西安空气污染物时空变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,22(7):77-83
孙铎,周秀艳.2017.西安市环境空气中颗粒物的年际变化特征[C].2017年全国水质安全与二氧化氯应用技术研讨会.青岛:78-81
田刚,黄玉虎,李钢.2009.四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用[J].环境科学, 30(4):1003-1007
佟小宁,乔月珍,姚双双,等.2014.南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究[J].环境监测管理与技术, 26(3):21-24-67
王淑兰,柴发合,张远航,等.2004.成都市大气颗粒物污染特征及其来源分析[J].地理科学, 24(4):488-492
西安市人民政府.2017.大气环境质量月报[OL].2018-05-07. http://www.xa.gov.cn/ptl/def/def/index_1121_7004.html
西安市统计局.2017.2017西安统计年鉴[OL].中国统计出版社.2018-05-07. http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/ptl/def/def/2017/zk/indexch.htm
薛亦峰,周震,黄玉虎,等. 2017.北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征[J].环境科学, 38(6):2231-2237
杨晓春,杜萌萌,吴其重,等. 2016.西安地区一次重污染过程的气象条件及轨迹分析[J].干旱气象, 34(3):547-552
张雯婷,王雪松,刘兆荣,等. 2010.贵阳建筑扬尘PM10排放及环境影响的模拟研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 46(2):258-264
赵普生,冯银厂,张裕芬,等. 2009.建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用[J].中国环境科学, 29(6):567-573
周慧,王自发,安俊岭,等.2005.城市空气污染持续维持机制研究Ⅰ.2002年西安市空气污染持续维持过程分析及其气象成因[J].气候与环境研究, 10(1):124-131
周竹渝,王文义,张大元,等. 2003.重庆市建筑工地PM10污染状况调查[J].重庆环境科学, 25(3):35-36
曹梅,王斌,仇娜,等.2017.西安市2006～2015年大气污染物变化特征及与气象条件的关系[J].江西农业学报,29(9):109-115
陈建华,李伯衡,闫静,等.2007.北京市可吸入颗粒物污染源信息平台构建和示范研究[R].2003DEB5J059.北京:中国环境科学研究院.191-192
Cowherd C, Kuykendal W B. 1997. Fine particle components of PM10 from fugitive dust sources[C]. 90th Annual meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association. Toronto, Canada
黄嫣煜. 2006.城市地面扬尘的估算与分布特征研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.1-114
黄玉虎,蔡煜,毛华云,等. 2011.呼和浩特市施工扬尘排放因子和粒径分布[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),42(2): 230-235
黄玉虎,田刚,秦建平,等. 2007.不同施工阶段扬尘污染特征研究[J].环境科学,28(12):2885-2888
蒋楠,吕柏霖. 2014.西安扬尘污染的控制与治理研究[C].2014中国环境科学学会学术年会. 成都:5075-5085
Li N, Long X, Tie X, et al. 2016. Urban dust in the Guanzhong basin of China, part II: A case study of urban dust pollution using the WRF-Dust model[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 541:1614-1624
林启才,张振文,杜利劳,等. 2014.2013年西安市大气污染物变化特征及成因分析研究[J].环境科学与管理, 39(10):52-55
Long X, Li N, Tie X, et al. 2016. Urban dust in the Guanzhong Basin of China, part I: A regional distribution of dust sources retrieved using satellite data[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 541:1603-1613
Meng J, Liu J F, Fan S M, et al. 2016. Potential health benefits of controlling dust emissions in Beijing[J]. Environmental Pollution, 213: 850-859
彭康,杨杨,郑君瑜,等.2013.珠江三角洲地区铺装道路扬尘排放因子与排放清单研究[J].环境科学学报,33(10):2657-2663
邵天杰,赵景波.2008a.西安空气质量时空变化特征分析[J].干旱区研究,25(5):119-124
邵天杰,赵景波,马莉.2008b,西安空气污染物时空变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,22(7):77-83
孙铎,周秀艳.2017.西安市环境空气中颗粒物的年际变化特征[C].2017年全国水质安全与二氧化氯应用技术研讨会.青岛:78-81
田刚,黄玉虎,李钢.2009.四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用[J].环境科学, 30(4):1003-1007
佟小宁,乔月珍,姚双双,等.2014.南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究[J].环境监测管理与技术, 26(3):21-24-67
王淑兰,柴发合,张远航,等.2004.成都市大气颗粒物污染特征及其来源分析[J].地理科学, 24(4):488-492
西安市人民政府.2017.大气环境质量月报[OL].2018-05-07. http://www.xa.gov.cn/ptl/def/def/index_1121_7004.html
西安市统计局.2017.2017西安统计年鉴[OL].中国统计出版社.2018-05-07. http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/ptl/def/def/2017/zk/indexch.htm
薛亦峰,周震,黄玉虎,等. 2017.北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征[J].环境科学, 38(6):2231-2237
杨晓春,杜萌萌,吴其重,等. 2016.西安地区一次重污染过程的气象条件及轨迹分析[J].干旱气象, 34(3):547-552
张雯婷,王雪松,刘兆荣,等. 2010.贵阳建筑扬尘PM10排放及环境影响的模拟研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 46(2):258-264
赵普生,冯银厂,张裕芬,等. 2009.建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用[J].中国环境科学, 29(6):567-573
周慧,王自发,安俊岭,等.2005.城市空气污染持续维持机制研究Ⅰ.2002年西安市空气污染持续维持过程分析及其气象成因[J].气候与环境研究, 10(1):124-131
周竹渝,王文义,张大元,等. 2003.重庆市建筑工地PM10污染状况调查[J].重庆环境科学, 25(3):35-36
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