高原鼠兔种群密度及植被群落结构与捕食风险的关系
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摘要
种群密度和植被群落结构决定着种群内个体捕食风险水平的高低。警戒时间、警戒频次和警戒距离是评价小型啮齿类动物捕食风险水平高低的三个指标。2017年采用录像法对不同种群密度和植被结构中高原鼠兔个体的捕食风险进行了研究。结果表明:高原鼠兔警戒时间比重随种群密度的增加呈显著下降趋势;高原鼠兔警戒频次随种群密度的增加呈下降趋势,但警戒频次差异不显著;而高原鼠兔警戒距离随种群密度的增加呈显著增加的趋势。一元线性回归分析表明,高原鼠兔的警戒时间所占比重与植被群落高度和盖度呈显著正相关性,警戒频次与植被群落高度和盖度无显著相关性,而警戒距离与植被群落高度和盖度呈显著负相关性;多元线性逐步回归分析发现植被群落高度对鼠兔警戒时间和警戒距离的影响要大于植被盖度。以上结果说明,种群密度越大,植被高度越低,盖度越小,种群内高原鼠兔个体的捕食风险水平就越低。
The population density and vegetation community structure affect the predation risk level of individuals within the population.Vigilance,vigilance frequency and alert distance are indicators for assessing the predation risk level of small rodents.The individual's predation risk of plateau pika was studied by video recording in different population densities and vegetation structures in 2017.The results showed that the vigilance time of plateau pika decreased significantly with increasing population density;the vigilance frequency of plateau pikas decreased as population density increased,but the alert distance had no significant difference among different population densities;The alert distance showed a significant increase with population density.The linear regression analysis showed that the proportion of vigilance was significant positively correlated with vegetation height and coverage.There was no significant correlation between vigilance frequency and vegetation height and coverage,while alert distance had significantly negative correlation with vegetation height and coverage;multiple linear stepwise regression analysis found that the vegetation height had a greater impact on the vigilance and alert distance than the vegetation coverage.The above results indicate that the higher pika population density,the lower the vegetation height and the coverage,the lower the predation risk level of the plateau pika individuals in the population.
The population density and vegetation community structure affect the predation risk level of individuals within the population.Vigilance,vigilance frequency and alert distance are indicators for assessing the predation risk level of small rodents.The individual's predation risk of plateau pika was studied by video recording in different population densities and vegetation structures in 2017.The results showed that the vigilance time of plateau pika decreased significantly with increasing population density;the vigilance frequency of plateau pikas decreased as population density increased,but the alert distance had no significant difference among different population densities;The alert distance showed a significant increase with population density.The linear regression analysis showed that the proportion of vigilance was significant positively correlated with vegetation height and coverage.There was no significant correlation between vigilance frequency and vegetation height and coverage,while alert distance had significantly negative correlation with vegetation height and coverage;multiple linear stepwise regression analysis found that the vegetation height had a greater impact on the vigilance and alert distance than the vegetation coverage.The above results indicate that the higher pika population density,the lower the vegetation height and the coverage,the lower the predation risk level of the plateau pika individuals in the population.
引文
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[17]王学高.高原鼠兔的繁殖空间及其护域行为的研究[J].兽类学报,1990,10(3):203-209
[18]魏万红,樊乃昌,周文扬,等.繁殖期高原鼠兔的攻击行为[J].动物学报,2000,46(3):278-286
[19]Williams D M,Samia D S M,Cooper W E.The flush early and avoid the rush hypothesis holds after accounting for spontaneous behavior[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25(5):1136-1147
[20]Stankowich,Theodore,Daniel T.Fear in animals:a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,2005(272):2627-2634
[21]Grabowski,Jonathan H A,Randall H,et al.Habitat complexity influences cascading effects of multiple predators[J].Ecology,2008,89(12):3413-3422
[22]Ebensperger L A,Daniel T.Blumstein.Sociality in New World hystricognath rodents is linked to predators and burrow digging[J].Behavioral Ecology,2006,17(3):410-418
[23]Ebensperger L A,Petra K.W.Grouping increases the ability of the social rodent,Octodon degus,to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats[J].Oikos,2002,98(3):491-497
[24]Hoogland J L,Coloniality.Book Reviews:The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog.Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal[J].Science,1995:268
[25]John K.Medmundsdefence in animals.a survey of anti-predator defences1974longman￡4·95(paper)[J].Animal Behaviour,1976,24(3):721-721
[26]Limaa S L.Vigilance while feeding and its relation to the risk of predation[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1987,124:303-316
[27]Houston A I,Mcnamara J M,Hutchinson J M C.General Results concerning the Trade-Off between Gaining Energy and Avoiding Predation[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,1993(341):375-397
[28]Quenette P Y.Functions of vigilance behaviour in mammals:Areview[J].Acta Oecologica,1990,11(6):801-818
[29]Stankowich T,Blumstein D T.Fear in animals:a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,2005,272(1581):2627
[30]Eshelman B D,Sonnemann C S.Spermophilus armatus[J].Mammalian Species,2000,637(32):1-6
[31]Arenz C L,Leger D W.The Antipredator Vigilance of Adult and Juvenile Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels(Sciuridae:Spermophilus tridecemlineatus):Visual Obstruction and Simulated Hawk Attacks[J].Ethology,2010,103(11):945-953
[32]Sharpe P B,Horne B V.Influence of Habitat on Behavior of Townsend's Ground Squirrels(Spermophilus townsendii)[J].Journal of Mammalogy,1998,79(3):906
[33]Schooley R L,Sharpe P B,Horne B V.Can shrub cover increase predation risk for a desert rodent?[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1996(74):157-163
[34]Leger D W,Owings D H,Coss R G.Behavioral ecology of time allocation in California ground squirrels(Spermophilus beecheyi):Microhabitat effects[J].Journal of Comparative Psychology,1983,97(4):283-291
[35]Tchabovsky A.V,Krasnov B,Khokhlova I S,et al.The effect of vegetation cover on vigilance and foraging tactics in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus[J].Journal of Ethology,2001(19):105-113
[36]Elgar M A.Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds:a critical review of the empirical evidence[J].Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1989,64:13
[37]Trouilloud W,Delisle A,Kramer D L.Head raising during foraging and pausing during intermittent locomotion as components of antipredator vigilance in chipmunks[J].Animal Behaviour,2004(67):789-797
[38]Hogan B W.The plateau pika:A keystone engineer on the Tibetan plateau[D].Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks.2010:87
[39]Grabowski J H.Habitat complexity disrupts predator-prey interactions but not the trophic cascade on oyster reefs[J].Ecology,2008,85(4):995-1004
[40]Gill J A,Norris K,Sutherland W J.Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance[J].Biological Conservation,2001,97(2):265-268
[41]Cooper W E,Blumstein,D T.Novel effects of monitoring predators on costs of fleeing and not fleeing explain flushing early in economic escape theory[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25:44-52
[42]边疆晖,周文扬.捕食风险对高原鼠兔食物大小选择的影响[J].兽类学报,1999,19(4):254-261
[43]Harris R B,Wang W,Badinqiuying.Herbivory and Competition of Tibetan Steppe Vegetation in Winter Pasture:Effects of Livestock Exclosure and Plateau Pika Reduction[J].Plos One,2015,10(7):e0132897
[44]石高于,徐国成,卫万荣,等.植被性状对高原鼠兔行为模式的影响[J].草地学报,2017,25(2):415-419
[44]张卫国,刘蓉,江小雷.风险性声讯信号对高原鼠兔行为模式的影响[J].草地学报,2010,18(1):115-120
[2]Mougeot F,Redpath S M,Leckie S,et al.The effect of aggressiveness on the population dynamics of a territorial bird[J].Nature,2003,421:737-739
[3]魏万红,曹伊凡,张堰铭,等.捕食风险对高原鼠兔行为的影响[J].动物学报,2004,50(3):319-325
[4]王金龙,魏万红,张堰铭.不同种群密度下高原鼠兔的行为模式[J].动物学报,2005,51(4):598-607
[5]马隆喜,江小雷,张卫国.高原鼠兔行为格局对种群密度的响应[J].草业科学,2007,24(9):79-82
[6]卫万荣,麻安卫,何凯,等.啮齿类动物群居起源研究假说[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):212-221
[7]Ebensperger,Luis A.A review of the evolutionary causes of rodent group-living[J].Acta Theriologica,2001,46(2):115-144
[8]Arenz C L,Leger D W.The Antipredator Vigilance of Adult and Juvenile Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels(Sciuridae:Spermophilus tridecemlineatus):Visual Obstruction and Simulated Hawk Attacks[J].Ethology,2010,(103):945-953
[9]Arthur A D,Pech R P,Dickman C.R.Habitat Structure Mediates the Non-Lethal Effects of Predation on Enclosed Populations of House Mice[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2004(73):867-877
[10]Bachen D A.Cheatgrass invasion of sagebrush steppe:impacts of vegetation structure on small mammals[D].Bozeman Montana:Montana State University-Bozeman,2014:74-76
[11]Longl W S,Price M V.Direct Observations of Owls and Heteromyid Rodents:Can Predation Risk Explain Microhabitat Use?[J].Ecology,1991,72(6):2261-2273
[12]Smith A T,Foggin J M.The plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)is a keystone species for biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau.Animal Conservation,1999,2:235-240
[13]卫万荣.高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠种群消长规律及其与植被作用关系的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2018:31-33
[14]贾婷婷,毛亮,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对青藏高原高寒草甸群落植物生态位的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(4):869-877
[15]金少红,刘彤,庞晓攀,郭正刚.高原鼠兔干扰对青海湖流域高山嵩草草甸植物多样性及地上生物量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,6(5):29-39
[16]Vásquez R A,Ebensperger L A,Bozinovic F.The influence of habitat on travel speed,intermittent locomotion,and vigilance in a diurnal rodent[J].Behavioral Ecology,2002(13):182-187
[17]王学高.高原鼠兔的繁殖空间及其护域行为的研究[J].兽类学报,1990,10(3):203-209
[18]魏万红,樊乃昌,周文扬,等.繁殖期高原鼠兔的攻击行为[J].动物学报,2000,46(3):278-286
[19]Williams D M,Samia D S M,Cooper W E.The flush early and avoid the rush hypothesis holds after accounting for spontaneous behavior[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25(5):1136-1147
[20]Stankowich,Theodore,Daniel T.Fear in animals:a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,2005(272):2627-2634
[21]Grabowski,Jonathan H A,Randall H,et al.Habitat complexity influences cascading effects of multiple predators[J].Ecology,2008,89(12):3413-3422
[22]Ebensperger L A,Daniel T.Blumstein.Sociality in New World hystricognath rodents is linked to predators and burrow digging[J].Behavioral Ecology,2006,17(3):410-418
[23]Ebensperger L A,Petra K.W.Grouping increases the ability of the social rodent,Octodon degus,to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats[J].Oikos,2002,98(3):491-497
[24]Hoogland J L,Coloniality.Book Reviews:The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog.Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal[J].Science,1995:268
[25]John K.Medmundsdefence in animals.a survey of anti-predator defences1974longman￡4·95(paper)[J].Animal Behaviour,1976,24(3):721-721
[26]Limaa S L.Vigilance while feeding and its relation to the risk of predation[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1987,124:303-316
[27]Houston A I,Mcnamara J M,Hutchinson J M C.General Results concerning the Trade-Off between Gaining Energy and Avoiding Predation[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,1993(341):375-397
[28]Quenette P Y.Functions of vigilance behaviour in mammals:Areview[J].Acta Oecologica,1990,11(6):801-818
[29]Stankowich T,Blumstein D T.Fear in animals:a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,2005,272(1581):2627
[30]Eshelman B D,Sonnemann C S.Spermophilus armatus[J].Mammalian Species,2000,637(32):1-6
[31]Arenz C L,Leger D W.The Antipredator Vigilance of Adult and Juvenile Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels(Sciuridae:Spermophilus tridecemlineatus):Visual Obstruction and Simulated Hawk Attacks[J].Ethology,2010,103(11):945-953
[32]Sharpe P B,Horne B V.Influence of Habitat on Behavior of Townsend's Ground Squirrels(Spermophilus townsendii)[J].Journal of Mammalogy,1998,79(3):906
[33]Schooley R L,Sharpe P B,Horne B V.Can shrub cover increase predation risk for a desert rodent?[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1996(74):157-163
[34]Leger D W,Owings D H,Coss R G.Behavioral ecology of time allocation in California ground squirrels(Spermophilus beecheyi):Microhabitat effects[J].Journal of Comparative Psychology,1983,97(4):283-291
[35]Tchabovsky A.V,Krasnov B,Khokhlova I S,et al.The effect of vegetation cover on vigilance and foraging tactics in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus[J].Journal of Ethology,2001(19):105-113
[36]Elgar M A.Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds:a critical review of the empirical evidence[J].Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1989,64:13
[37]Trouilloud W,Delisle A,Kramer D L.Head raising during foraging and pausing during intermittent locomotion as components of antipredator vigilance in chipmunks[J].Animal Behaviour,2004(67):789-797
[38]Hogan B W.The plateau pika:A keystone engineer on the Tibetan plateau[D].Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks.2010:87
[39]Grabowski J H.Habitat complexity disrupts predator-prey interactions but not the trophic cascade on oyster reefs[J].Ecology,2008,85(4):995-1004
[40]Gill J A,Norris K,Sutherland W J.Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance[J].Biological Conservation,2001,97(2):265-268
[41]Cooper W E,Blumstein,D T.Novel effects of monitoring predators on costs of fleeing and not fleeing explain flushing early in economic escape theory[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25:44-52
[42]边疆晖,周文扬.捕食风险对高原鼠兔食物大小选择的影响[J].兽类学报,1999,19(4):254-261
[43]Harris R B,Wang W,Badinqiuying.Herbivory and Competition of Tibetan Steppe Vegetation in Winter Pasture:Effects of Livestock Exclosure and Plateau Pika Reduction[J].Plos One,2015,10(7):e0132897
[44]石高于,徐国成,卫万荣,等.植被性状对高原鼠兔行为模式的影响[J].草地学报,2017,25(2):415-419
[44]张卫国,刘蓉,江小雷.风险性声讯信号对高原鼠兔行为模式的影响[J].草地学报,2010,18(1):115-120