苹果种植户生产环节外包行为研究——基于Heckman样本选择模型的实证分析
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摘要
厘清苹果户生产环节外包行动逻辑,解析其对苹果规模经营的影响具有重要意义。采用Heckman样本选择模型及960户调查数据,分析影响苹果户生产环节外包决策选择、参与程度的因素及其影响效应差异。结果表明:1)选择生产环节外包的苹果户较多但参与程度偏低。2)户主年龄、家庭劳动力人数、雇工价格显著负向影响外包决策;户主受教育程度、苹果种植年限、苹果种植面积显著正向影响外包决策; 3)户主性别、家庭劳动力人数、苹果种植年限、果园细碎化程度显著负向影响外包程度;户主年龄、是否为社员、苹果种植面积显著正向影响外包程度; 4)从区域来看,甘肃外包比例显著高于山东、陕西。
It is of great significance to clarify the action logic of apple growers' participation in apple production outsourcing and analyze its influence on the large-scale operation.Based on the survey data of 960 households,the Heckman model was used to analyze the factors influencing the selection and participation degree of outsourcing.The results showed that,outsourced more but less involved.The age of the head of household,the number of laborers,the price of the employees significantly negatively affected the decision-making of outsourcing.The education level of the head of household,the years of apple planting,orchard area significantly positively affected the decision-making.On the other hand,the gender of the head of household,the number of laborers,the years of apple planting,orchard area,the fragmentation degree of orchard significantly negatively affected the degree of outsourcing.The age of the head of household,whether joined cooperatives,and orchard area significantly negatively affected the degree.In addition,compared with Shandong and Shaanxi,the proportion of outsourcing was higher in Gansu.
It is of great significance to clarify the action logic of apple growers' participation in apple production outsourcing and analyze its influence on the large-scale operation.Based on the survey data of 960 households,the Heckman model was used to analyze the factors influencing the selection and participation degree of outsourcing.The results showed that,outsourced more but less involved.The age of the head of household,the number of laborers,the price of the employees significantly negatively affected the decision-making of outsourcing.The education level of the head of household,the years of apple planting,orchard area significantly positively affected the decision-making.On the other hand,the gender of the head of household,the number of laborers,the years of apple planting,orchard area,the fragmentation degree of orchard significantly negatively affected the degree of outsourcing.The age of the head of household,whether joined cooperatives,and orchard area significantly negatively affected the degree.In addition,compared with Shandong and Shaanxi,the proportion of outsourcing was higher in Gansu.
引文
[1]李寅秋,申红芳.华东地区农业生产环节外包供给行为研究-以水稻为例[J].农业部管理干部学院学报,2015(1):17-23.
[2]文长存,崔琦,吴敬学.农户分化、农地流转与规模化经营[J].农村经济,2017(2):32-37.
[3]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营-基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(3):59-71,94.
[4]胡新艳,朱文珏,罗锦涛.农业规模经营方式创新:从土地逻辑到分工逻辑[J].江海学刊,2015(2):75-82,238.
[5]王志刚,申红芳,廖西元.农业规模经营:从生产环节外包开始-以水稻为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(9):4-12.
[6]廖西元,申红芳,王志刚.中国特色农业规模经营“三步走”战略-从“生产环节流转”到“经营权流转”再到“承包权流转”[J].农业经济问题,2011,35(12):15-22.
[7]陈超,李寅秋,廖西元.水稻生产环节外包的生产率效应分析-基于江苏省三县的面板数据[J].中国农村经济,2012(2):86-96.
[8]Prahalad C K,Hamel G. The core competence of the corporation[J]. Harvard Business Review,1990,68(3):275-292.
[9]杨丹.农业分工和专业化能否引致农户的合作行为-基于西部5省20县农户数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2012(8):56-64.
[10]Picazo-Tadeo A J,Reig-Martínez E. Outsourcing and efficiency:the case of Spanish citrus farming[J]. Agricultural Economics,2006,35(2):213-222.
[11]杨俊,李争.家庭分工视角下农户耕地转入和耕地利用效率研究-以赣抚平原农区农户样本为例[J].中国土地科学,2015,29(9):50-57.
[12]张忠军,易中懿.农业生产性服务外包对水稻生产率的影响研究-基于358个农户的实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2015,36(10):69-76.
[13]陈超,黄宏伟.基于角色分化视角的稻农生产环节外包行为研究-来自江苏省三县(市)的调查[J].经济问题,2012(9):87-92.
[14]Igata M,Hendriksen A,Heijman W J M. Agricultural outsourcing:a comparison between the Netherlands and Japan[J]. Apstract Applied Studies in Agribusiness&Commerce,2008(2):29-33.
[15]Gillespie J,Nehring R,Sandretto C,et al. Forage outsourcing in the dairy sector:the extent of use and impact on farm profitability[J]. Agricultural&Resource Economics Review,2010,39(3):399-414.
[16]陈昭玖,胡雯.农地确权、交易装置与农户生产环节外包-基于“斯密—杨格”定理的分工演化逻辑[J].农业经济问题,2016,37(8):16-24,110.
[17]蔡荣,蔡书凯.农业生产环节外包实证研究-基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查[J].农业技术经济,2014(4):34-42.
[18]Heckman J J. Sample selection bias as a specification error[J]. Econometrica,1979,47(1):153-161.
[19]Greene W H. Econometric Analysis(7th Edition)[M]. Boston:Prentice Hall,2012.
[20]应瑞瑶,徐斌.农户采纳农业社会化服务的示范效应分析-以病虫害统防统治为例[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):30-41.
[21]刘自敏,杨丹.农民专业合作社对农业分工的影响-来自中国六省农户调查的证据[J].经济问题,2013(9):106-110.
[22]陈思羽,李尚蒲.农户生产环节外包的影响因素-基于威廉姆森分析范式的实证研究[J].南方经济,2014(12):105-110.
[23]陈江华,罗明忠,张雪丽.禀赋特征、外部环境与农业生产环节外包-基于水稻种植户的考察[J].新疆农垦经济,2016(11):1-11.
[24]展进涛,张燕媛,张忠军.土地细碎化是否阻碍了水稻生产性环节外包服务的发展?[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016,16(2):117-124,155-156.
(1)由国家现代苹果产业体系产业经济研究室、西北农林科技大学西部农村发展研究中心组织。
(2)由于苹果是一种劳动密集型产业,苹果户在生产中受家庭农业劳动力资源约束明显,加之苹果生产的机械化程度较低,苹果户农忙时只能通过雇工完成各环节的农事操作。故文中重点关注苹果生产各环节的劳动力分工,即家庭劳动力与非家庭劳动力之间的劳动分工,选用苹果生产各环节雇工总量占总用工量的比例表征苹果户生产环节外包的参与程度。
(1)数据来源:《中国统计年鉴2016》
(2)实地调研发现,山东、陕西和甘肃的雇工价格分别为138. 96元/工、124. 64元/工和115. 65元/工。
[2]文长存,崔琦,吴敬学.农户分化、农地流转与规模化经营[J].农村经济,2017(2):32-37.
[3]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营-基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(3):59-71,94.
[4]胡新艳,朱文珏,罗锦涛.农业规模经营方式创新:从土地逻辑到分工逻辑[J].江海学刊,2015(2):75-82,238.
[5]王志刚,申红芳,廖西元.农业规模经营:从生产环节外包开始-以水稻为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(9):4-12.
[6]廖西元,申红芳,王志刚.中国特色农业规模经营“三步走”战略-从“生产环节流转”到“经营权流转”再到“承包权流转”[J].农业经济问题,2011,35(12):15-22.
[7]陈超,李寅秋,廖西元.水稻生产环节外包的生产率效应分析-基于江苏省三县的面板数据[J].中国农村经济,2012(2):86-96.
[8]Prahalad C K,Hamel G. The core competence of the corporation[J]. Harvard Business Review,1990,68(3):275-292.
[9]杨丹.农业分工和专业化能否引致农户的合作行为-基于西部5省20县农户数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2012(8):56-64.
[10]Picazo-Tadeo A J,Reig-Martínez E. Outsourcing and efficiency:the case of Spanish citrus farming[J]. Agricultural Economics,2006,35(2):213-222.
[11]杨俊,李争.家庭分工视角下农户耕地转入和耕地利用效率研究-以赣抚平原农区农户样本为例[J].中国土地科学,2015,29(9):50-57.
[12]张忠军,易中懿.农业生产性服务外包对水稻生产率的影响研究-基于358个农户的实证分析[J].农业经济问题,2015,36(10):69-76.
[13]陈超,黄宏伟.基于角色分化视角的稻农生产环节外包行为研究-来自江苏省三县(市)的调查[J].经济问题,2012(9):87-92.
[14]Igata M,Hendriksen A,Heijman W J M. Agricultural outsourcing:a comparison between the Netherlands and Japan[J]. Apstract Applied Studies in Agribusiness&Commerce,2008(2):29-33.
[15]Gillespie J,Nehring R,Sandretto C,et al. Forage outsourcing in the dairy sector:the extent of use and impact on farm profitability[J]. Agricultural&Resource Economics Review,2010,39(3):399-414.
[16]陈昭玖,胡雯.农地确权、交易装置与农户生产环节外包-基于“斯密—杨格”定理的分工演化逻辑[J].农业经济问题,2016,37(8):16-24,110.
[17]蔡荣,蔡书凯.农业生产环节外包实证研究-基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查[J].农业技术经济,2014(4):34-42.
[18]Heckman J J. Sample selection bias as a specification error[J]. Econometrica,1979,47(1):153-161.
[19]Greene W H. Econometric Analysis(7th Edition)[M]. Boston:Prentice Hall,2012.
[20]应瑞瑶,徐斌.农户采纳农业社会化服务的示范效应分析-以病虫害统防统治为例[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):30-41.
[21]刘自敏,杨丹.农民专业合作社对农业分工的影响-来自中国六省农户调查的证据[J].经济问题,2013(9):106-110.
[22]陈思羽,李尚蒲.农户生产环节外包的影响因素-基于威廉姆森分析范式的实证研究[J].南方经济,2014(12):105-110.
[23]陈江华,罗明忠,张雪丽.禀赋特征、外部环境与农业生产环节外包-基于水稻种植户的考察[J].新疆农垦经济,2016(11):1-11.
[24]展进涛,张燕媛,张忠军.土地细碎化是否阻碍了水稻生产性环节外包服务的发展?[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016,16(2):117-124,155-156.
(1)由国家现代苹果产业体系产业经济研究室、西北农林科技大学西部农村发展研究中心组织。
(2)由于苹果是一种劳动密集型产业,苹果户在生产中受家庭农业劳动力资源约束明显,加之苹果生产的机械化程度较低,苹果户农忙时只能通过雇工完成各环节的农事操作。故文中重点关注苹果生产各环节的劳动力分工,即家庭劳动力与非家庭劳动力之间的劳动分工,选用苹果生产各环节雇工总量占总用工量的比例表征苹果户生产环节外包的参与程度。
(1)数据来源:《中国统计年鉴2016》
(2)实地调研发现,山东、陕西和甘肃的雇工价格分别为138. 96元/工、124. 64元/工和115. 65元/工。