鄱阳湖藕田越冬期小天鹅和鸿雁能量支出与取食行为比较
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摘要
2016年12月—2017年2月和2017年12月—2018年3月,采用瞬时扫描法和焦点动物法,对鄱阳湖畔藕田生境中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)和鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)越冬期昼间行为的能量支出和取食行为进行观察。结果表明:小天鹅和鸿雁主要行为是休息(小天鹅:36.01%;鸿雁:28.02%)、取食(32.71%; 17.44%)和运动(17.26%; 30.61%);小天鹅和鸿雁昼间能量支出较多的行为也是取食(小天鹅:354. 1 kJ·d-1;鸿雁:144. 88kJ·d-1)、休息(275.22 kJ·d-1; 164.35 k J·d-1)和运动(219.79 kJ·d-1; 299.22 kJ·d-1);小天鹅在藕田中取食行为的能量支出和总能量支出均显著高于鸿雁;小天鹅和鸿雁一天中的能量支出无显著差异;藕田生境中小天鹅主要采取表面取食和头颈浸入水体的取食方式,鸿雁则主要采取表面取食和挖掘食物,这与藕田生境中水深、食物组成以及自身形态有关;小天鹅和鸿雁通过不同的取食方式和取食水深,减少种间竞争。
From December 2016 to February 2017 and from December 2017 to March 2018,the scan-sampling technique and focus animal method were used to study energy expenditure and foraging behavior of wintering Tundra Swan( Cygnus columbianus) and Swan Goose( Anser cygnoides) in a lotus habitat near Poyang Lake during the daytime. The results showed that both Tundra Swan and Swan Goose spent their daytime on resting( 36. 01% vs. 28. 02%),foraging( 32.71% vs. 17.44%),and locomotion( 17.26% vs. 30.61%). Correspondingly,they mainly expended energy for foraging( 354.1 vs. 144.88 kJ·d-1),resting( 275.22 vs. 164.35 kJ·d-1)and locomotion( 219. 79 vs. 299. 22 k J · d-1) in daytime. The energy expenditure of foraging behavior and total energy expenditure of Tundra Swan were significantly higher than those of Swan Goose. There was no significant difference in daily energy expenditure between Tundra Swan and Swan Goose. Tundra Swan mainly adopted feeding way from the water surface and dipping with head-neck submersed,while Swan Goose used feeding way from the water surface and digging food. This is related to the water depth,food composition,and their own morphology. Tundra Swan and Swan Goose have different foraging methods and foraging water depth to decrease interspecific competition.
From December 2016 to February 2017 and from December 2017 to March 2018,the scan-sampling technique and focus animal method were used to study energy expenditure and foraging behavior of wintering Tundra Swan( Cygnus columbianus) and Swan Goose( Anser cygnoides) in a lotus habitat near Poyang Lake during the daytime. The results showed that both Tundra Swan and Swan Goose spent their daytime on resting( 36. 01% vs. 28. 02%),foraging( 32.71% vs. 17.44%),and locomotion( 17.26% vs. 30.61%). Correspondingly,they mainly expended energy for foraging( 354.1 vs. 144.88 kJ·d-1),resting( 275.22 vs. 164.35 kJ·d-1)and locomotion( 219. 79 vs. 299. 22 k J · d-1) in daytime. The energy expenditure of foraging behavior and total energy expenditure of Tundra Swan were significantly higher than those of Swan Goose. There was no significant difference in daily energy expenditure between Tundra Swan and Swan Goose. Tundra Swan mainly adopted feeding way from the water surface and dipping with head-neck submersed,while Swan Goose used feeding way from the water surface and digging food. This is related to the water depth,food composition,and their own morphology. Tundra Swan and Swan Goose have different foraging methods and foraging water depth to decrease interspecific competition.
引文
鲍伟东,罗小勇,孟志涛,等.2006.北京地区黑鹳越冬期的取食行为.动物学杂志,41(5):57-61.
陈斌,蒋剑虹,邵明勤.2015.小鸊鷉和凤头鸊鷉越冬行为的昼间时间分配及活动节律.湿地科学,13(5):587-592.
戴年华,邵明勤,蒋丽红,等.2013.鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征.生态学报,33(18):5768-5776.
董超,张国钢,陆军,等.2015.山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式.生态学报,35(2):290-296.
郭宏,邵明勤,胡斌华,等.2016.鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区2种大雁的越冬行为特征及生态位分化.生态与农村环境学报,32(1):90-95.
黄克坚,俞安薇,俞呈呈,等.2009.温州地区4种雀形目鸟类基础代谢率与器官重量的相关性分析.四川动物,28(1):44-48.
贾非.2002.褐马鸡能量生态学研究(硕士毕业论文).河北:河北师范大学.
蒋剑虹,戴年华,邵明勤,等.2015.鄱阳湖区稻田生境中灰鹤越冬行为的时间分配与觅食行为.生态学报,35(2):270-279.
骆鹰.2007.笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉能量代谢的比较研究(硕士毕业论文).广西:广西师范大学.
倪小英,林琳,周菲菲,等.2011.光周期对白头鹎体重、器官重量和能量代谢的影响.生态学报,31(6):1703-1713.
邵明勤,陈斌.2017.中华秋沙鸭越冬期昼间行为能量支出及其变化.湿地科学,15(4):483-488.
邵明勤,张聪敏,戴年华,等.2018.越冬小天鹅在鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境的时间分配与行为节律.生态学杂志,37(3):817-822.
宋志刚,王德华.2002.哺乳动物基础代谢率的主要影响因素.兽类学报,22(1):53-60.
田晓燕,陆滢,陈琤,等.2017.荣成天鹅湖越冬前期大天鹅数量分布与行为研究.湿地科学与管理,13(1):29-34.
徐宏发,钱国桢.1989.绿翅鸭、琵嘴鸭、斑嘴鸭越冬期的生存能.生态学报,9(4):330-335.
徐兴军,王有祥,邵淑丽.2014.鸟类能量代谢的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,57(23):57-59.
徐正刚,吴良,赵运林,等.2015.洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究.野生动物学报,36(4):416-421.
杨二艳.2013.安徽沿江湖泊小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)越冬行为研究(硕士毕业论文).合肥:安徽大学.
杨延峰,张国钢,陆军,等.2012.贵州草海越冬斑头雁日间行为模式及环境因素对行为的影响.生态学报,32(23):7280-7288.
杨志宏,邵淑丽,柳劲松.2010.温度和光周期驯化对树麻雀消化道形态特征和能量预算的影响.生态学杂志,29(2):344-350.
曾宾宾,邵明勤,赖宏清,等.2013.性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响.生态学报,33(12):3712-3721.
张永.2009.安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区2008/2009鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)越冬生态学初步研究(硕士毕业论文).合肥:中国科学技术大学.
赵序茅,马鸣,张同,等.2013.白头硬尾鸭行为时间分配及日活动节律.生态学杂志,32(9):2439-2443.
赵正阶.2001.中国鸟类志.长春:吉林科学技术出版社.
Holm TE.2002.Habitat use and activity patterns of Mute Swans at a molting and a wintering site in Denmark.Waterbirds,25:183-191.
Jones OE III,Williams CK,Castelli PM.2014.A 24-hour timeenergy budget for wintering American Black Ducks(Anas rubripes)and its comparison to allometric estimations.Waterbirds,37:264-273.
Jónsson JE,Afton AD.2006.Different time and energy budgets of Lesser Snow Geese in rice-prairies and coastal marshes in Southwest Louisiana.Waterbirds,29:451-458.
Miller MR,Eadie JM.2006.The allometric relationship between resting metabolic rate and body mass in wild waterfowl(Anatidae)and an application to estimation of winter habitat requirements.The Condor,108:166-177.
Morton JM,Fowler AC,Kirkpatrick RL.1989.Time and energy budgets of American black ducks in winter.The Journal of Wildlife Management,53:401-410.
Tatu KS,Anderson JT,Hindman LJ,et al.2007.Diurnal foraging activities of Mute Swans in Chesapeake Bay,Maryland.Waterbirds,30:121-128.
Wang X,Fox AD,Cong PH,et al.2013.Food constraints explain the restricted distribution of wintering lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus in China.Ibis,155:576-592.
Wooley JB,Owen RB.1978.Energy costs of activity and daily energy expenditure in the Black Duck.The Journal of Wildlife Management,42:739-745.
陈斌,蒋剑虹,邵明勤.2015.小鸊鷉和凤头鸊鷉越冬行为的昼间时间分配及活动节律.湿地科学,13(5):587-592.
戴年华,邵明勤,蒋丽红,等.2013.鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征.生态学报,33(18):5768-5776.
董超,张国钢,陆军,等.2015.山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式.生态学报,35(2):290-296.
郭宏,邵明勤,胡斌华,等.2016.鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区2种大雁的越冬行为特征及生态位分化.生态与农村环境学报,32(1):90-95.
黄克坚,俞安薇,俞呈呈,等.2009.温州地区4种雀形目鸟类基础代谢率与器官重量的相关性分析.四川动物,28(1):44-48.
贾非.2002.褐马鸡能量生态学研究(硕士毕业论文).河北:河北师范大学.
蒋剑虹,戴年华,邵明勤,等.2015.鄱阳湖区稻田生境中灰鹤越冬行为的时间分配与觅食行为.生态学报,35(2):270-279.
骆鹰.2007.笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉能量代谢的比较研究(硕士毕业论文).广西:广西师范大学.
倪小英,林琳,周菲菲,等.2011.光周期对白头鹎体重、器官重量和能量代谢的影响.生态学报,31(6):1703-1713.
邵明勤,陈斌.2017.中华秋沙鸭越冬期昼间行为能量支出及其变化.湿地科学,15(4):483-488.
邵明勤,张聪敏,戴年华,等.2018.越冬小天鹅在鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境的时间分配与行为节律.生态学杂志,37(3):817-822.
宋志刚,王德华.2002.哺乳动物基础代谢率的主要影响因素.兽类学报,22(1):53-60.
田晓燕,陆滢,陈琤,等.2017.荣成天鹅湖越冬前期大天鹅数量分布与行为研究.湿地科学与管理,13(1):29-34.
徐宏发,钱国桢.1989.绿翅鸭、琵嘴鸭、斑嘴鸭越冬期的生存能.生态学报,9(4):330-335.
徐兴军,王有祥,邵淑丽.2014.鸟类能量代谢的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,57(23):57-59.
徐正刚,吴良,赵运林,等.2015.洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究.野生动物学报,36(4):416-421.
杨二艳.2013.安徽沿江湖泊小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)越冬行为研究(硕士毕业论文).合肥:安徽大学.
杨延峰,张国钢,陆军,等.2012.贵州草海越冬斑头雁日间行为模式及环境因素对行为的影响.生态学报,32(23):7280-7288.
杨志宏,邵淑丽,柳劲松.2010.温度和光周期驯化对树麻雀消化道形态特征和能量预算的影响.生态学杂志,29(2):344-350.
曾宾宾,邵明勤,赖宏清,等.2013.性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响.生态学报,33(12):3712-3721.
张永.2009.安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区2008/2009鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)越冬生态学初步研究(硕士毕业论文).合肥:中国科学技术大学.
赵序茅,马鸣,张同,等.2013.白头硬尾鸭行为时间分配及日活动节律.生态学杂志,32(9):2439-2443.
赵正阶.2001.中国鸟类志.长春:吉林科学技术出版社.
Holm TE.2002.Habitat use and activity patterns of Mute Swans at a molting and a wintering site in Denmark.Waterbirds,25:183-191.
Jones OE III,Williams CK,Castelli PM.2014.A 24-hour timeenergy budget for wintering American Black Ducks(Anas rubripes)and its comparison to allometric estimations.Waterbirds,37:264-273.
Jónsson JE,Afton AD.2006.Different time and energy budgets of Lesser Snow Geese in rice-prairies and coastal marshes in Southwest Louisiana.Waterbirds,29:451-458.
Miller MR,Eadie JM.2006.The allometric relationship between resting metabolic rate and body mass in wild waterfowl(Anatidae)and an application to estimation of winter habitat requirements.The Condor,108:166-177.
Morton JM,Fowler AC,Kirkpatrick RL.1989.Time and energy budgets of American black ducks in winter.The Journal of Wildlife Management,53:401-410.
Tatu KS,Anderson JT,Hindman LJ,et al.2007.Diurnal foraging activities of Mute Swans in Chesapeake Bay,Maryland.Waterbirds,30:121-128.
Wang X,Fox AD,Cong PH,et al.2013.Food constraints explain the restricted distribution of wintering lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus in China.Ibis,155:576-592.
Wooley JB,Owen RB.1978.Energy costs of activity and daily energy expenditure in the Black Duck.The Journal of Wildlife Management,42:739-745.