暴雨径流潜流过程及其对分层水库水质的影响
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摘要
为探究汛期暴雨径流潜入演变过程及其对分层水库水质的影响,以西安金盆水库为研究对象,对2015年6月和2017年10月2次暴雨径流过程中各监测点水温、溶解氧、浊度、总氮、总磷和CODMn等水质指标进行持续监测.结果表明:径流量在300～400m3/s时,潜流经历全断面径流-底部潜流-中部潜流3个阶段,最终潜入主库区中部水体.暴雨径流的汇入使水库热分层结构稳定性受到一定破坏,中下部水体溶解氧得到补充.暴雨径流携带的大量泥沙及氮、磷营养盐等污染物质会对水库水质造成较大冲击,2015年6月暴雨径流使水库中层水体总氮、总磷、CODMn和浊度从1.60,0.021,3.70mg/L和5NTU增大为2.37, 0.100, 5.80mg/L和93NTU,水质污染特征为短时高污染负荷.
To explore the intrusion processes of the density current and its influences on water quality in rainfall events, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and related contaminants were monitored in June 2015 and October 2017. 11 monitoring sections were set along the upstream to main basin in Jinpen Reservoir(JPR). The underflow plunged into reservoir undergoes three stages when the inflow was 300～400 m3/s: whole-section intrusion with greater water velocity, bottom intrusion with high density and mid-intrusion due to sedimentation of slit. The underflow caused the loss of thermal stability of water column, while the dissolved oxygen in the middle and lower water column were supplemented. Quantities of slit with underflow containing organic matters, nutrients and inorganic substances were transformed into reservoir and the concentration of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity and other index were resultantly increased in water column. For example, in June 2015, TN, TP, CODMn and turbidity were increased from 1.60, 0.021, 3.70 mg/L and 5 NTU to 2.37, 0.100, 5.80 mg/L and 93 NTU, respectively.
To explore the intrusion processes of the density current and its influences on water quality in rainfall events, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and related contaminants were monitored in June 2015 and October 2017. 11 monitoring sections were set along the upstream to main basin in Jinpen Reservoir(JPR). The underflow plunged into reservoir undergoes three stages when the inflow was 300～400 m3/s: whole-section intrusion with greater water velocity, bottom intrusion with high density and mid-intrusion due to sedimentation of slit. The underflow caused the loss of thermal stability of water column, while the dissolved oxygen in the middle and lower water column were supplemented. Quantities of slit with underflow containing organic matters, nutrients and inorganic substances were transformed into reservoir and the concentration of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity and other index were resultantly increased in water column. For example, in June 2015, TN, TP, CODMn and turbidity were increased from 1.60, 0.021, 3.70 mg/L and 5 NTU to 2.37, 0.100, 5.80 mg/L and 93 NTU, respectively.
引文
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[19]张莹莹,张经,吴莹,等.长江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1649-1654.Zhang Y Y,Zhang J,Wu Y,et al.Characteristics of dissolved oxygen and its affecting factors in the Yangtze Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1649-1654.
[20]苏露,黄廷林,李楠,等.分层型水源水库沉积物需氧量特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1159-1166.Su L,Huang T L,Li N,et al.Characteristics of sediment oxygen demand in a drinking water reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1159-1166.
[21]Hur J,Jung N C,Shin J K.Spectroscopic distribution of dissolved organic matter in a dam reservoir impacted by turbid storm runoff[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2007,133(1-3):53-67.
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[23]Ran Q,Su D,Li P,et al.Experimental study of the impact of rainfall characteristics on runoff generation and soil erosion[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,424-425(6):99-111.
[24]GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Surface water environmental quality standards[S].
[25]边博.前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3522-3526.Bian B.Effect of antecedent dry period on water quality of urban storm runoff pollution[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3522-3526.
[26]宋小燕,穆兴民,高鹏,等.松花江流域哈尔滨站降雨径流历史演变及其驱动力分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):46-51.Song X Y,Mu X M,Gao P,et al.Analysis on historical evolution and driving force of rainfall and runoff of Harbin Station in Songhua River[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(2):46-51.
[27]王晓燕,朱风云,王晓峰,等.密云水库流域降雨径流土壤中氮磷流失规律-以石匣试验区为例[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,22(2):79-85.Wang X Y,Zhu F Y,Wang X F,et al.Loss of nutrients in runoff and soil in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir-as an example of Shixia experimental area[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2001,22(2):79-85.
[2]解河海,张金良,郝振纯,等.水库异重流研究综述[J].人民黄河,2008,30(5):28-30.Xie H H,Zhang J L,Hao Z C,et al.Overview of researches on density currents in reservoir[J].Yellow River,2008,30(5):28-30.
[3]Marti CL,Mills R,Imberger J.Pathways of multiple inflows into a stratified reservoir:Thomson Reservoir,Australia[J].Advances in Water Resources,2011,34(5):551-561.
[4]Lamb M P,Mohrig D.Do hyperpycnal-flow deposits record river-flood dynamics?[J].Geology,2009,37(12):1067-1070.
[5]李涛,夏军强,张俊华,等.水库异重流潜入点流速分布及其判别式改进[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(2):62-68.Li T,Xia J Q,Zhang J H,et al.Vertical velocity distribution and improved discriminant formula of turbidity current at the plunging point in reservoir[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2017,49(2):62-68.
[6]Wei L,Jiang D,Tao C.Effects of Flood on Thermal Structure of a Stratified Reservoir[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10(Part B):1811-1817.
[7]Wang S,Qian X,Wang Q H,et al.Modeling turbidity intrusion processes in flooding season of a canyon-shaped reservoir,South China[J].Procedia Environ.Sci.,2012,13:1327-1337.
[8]李东青,梁籍,张立燕,等.密云库区1991~2011年水质变化趋势研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(6):1675-1685.Li D Q,Liang J,Zhang L Y,et al.The research of water quality trend in the Miyun Reservoir from 1991 to 2011[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(6):1675-1685.
[9]Thothong W,Huon S,Janeau J L.Impact of land use change and rainfall on sediment and carbon accumulation in a water reservoir of North Thailand[J].Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.,2011,140:521-533.
[10]国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法)[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.The State Environmental Protection Administration The Water and Wastewater Monitoring Analysis Method Editorial Board.Water and wastewater monitoring analysis method[M].4th Edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[11]杨霞.三峡水库香溪河库湾异重流背景下水华暴发影响因子研究[D].宜昌:三峡大学,2011.Yang X.Main controlling factors of algae bloom under reverse density current in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir[D].Yichang:China Three Gorges University,2011.
[12]龙圣海,黄廷林,李扬,等.基于MIKE3的金盆水库三维水温结构模拟研究[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(11):16-24.Long S H,Huang T L,Li Y,et al.Water temperature model for Jinpen Reservoir based on MIKE3[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(11):16-24.
[13]李钟顺,陈永灿,刘昭伟,等.密云水库水温分布特征[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2012,(6):798-803.Li Z S,Chen Y C,Liu Z W,et al.Water temperature distribution in the Miyun Reservoir[J].J Tsinghua Univ.(Sci&Tech),2012,(6):798-803.
[14]陶美,逄勇,王华,等.洪水对水库水温分层结构的影响[J].水资源保护,2013,29(5):38-44.Tao M,Pang Y,Wang H,et al.Efects of floods on reservoir temperature hierarchy[J].Water Resources Protection,2013,29(5):38-44.
[15]Ma W X,Huang T L,Li X,et al.The effects of storm runoff on water quality and the coping strategy of a deep canyon-shaped source water reservoir in China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2015,12(7):7839-7855.
[16]丛海兵,黄廷林,缪晶广,等.扬水曝气器的水质改善功能及提水、充氧性能研究[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(1):7-13.Cong H B,Huang T L,Miao J G,et al.Study on water improvement function,capacity of lifting water and oxygenation of a water-lifting aerator[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2007,1(1):7-13.
[17]何剑波.千岛湖水温、溶解氧及叶绿素a垂向特征研究[D].杭州:浙江工业大学,2014.He J B.Vertical characteristics of water temperature,dissolved oxygen and Chlorophyll a in Qiandaohu[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University of Technology,2014.
[18]曾康,黄廷林,马卫星,等.金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2778-2786.Zeng K,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al.Water-quality responses of the intrusion of high-turbidity runoff to the thermal stratified Jin-pen Reservoir during flood season[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2778-2786.
[19]张莹莹,张经,吴莹,等.长江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1649-1654.Zhang Y Y,Zhang J,Wu Y,et al.Characteristics of dissolved oxygen and its affecting factors in the Yangtze Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1649-1654.
[20]苏露,黄廷林,李楠,等.分层型水源水库沉积物需氧量特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1159-1166.Su L,Huang T L,Li N,et al.Characteristics of sediment oxygen demand in a drinking water reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1159-1166.
[21]Hur J,Jung N C,Shin J K.Spectroscopic distribution of dissolved organic matter in a dam reservoir impacted by turbid storm runoff[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2007,133(1-3):53-67.
[22]Fink G,Wessels M,Wüest A.Flood frequency matters:Why climate change degrades deep-water quality of peri-alpine lakes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,540:457-468.
[23]Ran Q,Su D,Li P,et al.Experimental study of the impact of rainfall characteristics on runoff generation and soil erosion[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,424-425(6):99-111.
[24]GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Surface water environmental quality standards[S].
[25]边博.前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3522-3526.Bian B.Effect of antecedent dry period on water quality of urban storm runoff pollution[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3522-3526.
[26]宋小燕,穆兴民,高鹏,等.松花江流域哈尔滨站降雨径流历史演变及其驱动力分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):46-51.Song X Y,Mu X M,Gao P,et al.Analysis on historical evolution and driving force of rainfall and runoff of Harbin Station in Songhua River[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(2):46-51.
[27]王晓燕,朱风云,王晓峰,等.密云水库流域降雨径流土壤中氮磷流失规律-以石匣试验区为例[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,22(2):79-85.Wang X Y,Zhu F Y,Wang X F,et al.Loss of nutrients in runoff and soil in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir-as an example of Shixia experimental area[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2001,22(2):79-85.
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