北京市设施蔬菜园区轻简化生产现状分析
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摘要
采用现场访问和填写问卷的方式,随机选取北京市设施蔬菜种植面积较大的5个区中20家园区,调研蔬菜生产现状及轻简化技术(设备)应用需求。结果表明,北京市设施蔬菜园区工人年龄> 50岁的平均占比为78.3%,老龄化趋势明显;工人工资为每人每天80～120元的有14家,占比为70%,劳动力成本较高;施肥量和灌水量95%以上凭经验确定,水肥管理粗放;园区轻简化指数介于0.31～0.57之间,区域轻简化指数均<0.5,对轻简化技术和设备的需求率较高。建议北京市设施蔬菜生产走轻简化发展的道路,改传统南北向栽培为东西向栽培,采用小型起垄开沟机替代人工起垄,发展滴灌施肥、配套施用液体肥料等轻简高效生产技术,推动城郊蔬菜产业转型升级。
Taking on-site visit and questionnaire method,this paper randomly selected 20 gardens in 5 districts with large areas of vegetable facilities in Beijing;and investigated the current situation of vegetable production,and requirement for light and simplified technology/equipments.The results showed that the average age of workers > 50 years in the vegetable gardens in Beijing took 78.3%.The aging tendency was obvious.There are 14 gardens,where the workers got 80-120 yuan wage per person per day,accounted for70%,indicating the high labor cost.Over 95% of fertilizer and irrigation quantities were controlled by farmer experience.The management on water and fertilizer was extensive.The light and simplified index was 0.31-0.57,and that of regional figour was all < 0.5.Demand rate for light and simplified technology and equipments was higher.The paper suggests that Beijing takes the simplifying development road for facility vegetable production;changing the traditional north-south cultivation direction into east-west direction;adopting small machine to instead artificial ridges;developing drip irrigation and applying liquid fertilizer,etc. simple but high efficient technology;so as to push forward the transformation and upgrading of suburb vegetable industry.
Taking on-site visit and questionnaire method,this paper randomly selected 20 gardens in 5 districts with large areas of vegetable facilities in Beijing;and investigated the current situation of vegetable production,and requirement for light and simplified technology/equipments.The results showed that the average age of workers > 50 years in the vegetable gardens in Beijing took 78.3%.The aging tendency was obvious.There are 14 gardens,where the workers got 80-120 yuan wage per person per day,accounted for70%,indicating the high labor cost.Over 95% of fertilizer and irrigation quantities were controlled by farmer experience.The management on water and fertilizer was extensive.The light and simplified index was 0.31-0.57,and that of regional figour was all < 0.5.Demand rate for light and simplified technology and equipments was higher.The paper suggests that Beijing takes the simplifying development road for facility vegetable production;changing the traditional north-south cultivation direction into east-west direction;adopting small machine to instead artificial ridges;developing drip irrigation and applying liquid fertilizer,etc. simple but high efficient technology;so as to push forward the transformation and upgrading of suburb vegetable industry.
引文
*陈娟，赵永志，曲明山，廖洪，陈东升，尤淑平，孙雪娇．2018．化肥减施对日光温室辣椒产量及品质的影响．中国农技推广，34(7):48-50．
董静，赵志伟，梁斌，李俊良．2017．我国设施蔬菜产业发展现状．中国园艺文摘，33(1):75-77．
*杜连凤，吴琼，赵同科，刘继培，安志装，刘宝存，张东兴．2009．北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析．中国土壤与肥料，（3):75-78．
*冯献，李瑾，郭美荣．2017．基于节水的北京设施蔬菜生产效率及其对策研究．中国蔬菜，（1):55-60．
*高杰云，熊静，陈清．2017．日光温室越冬长茬番茄植株养分累积与分配特征．北方园艺，（16):80-84．
黄绍文，王玉军，金继运，唐继伟．2011．我国主要菜区土壤盐分、酸碱性和肥力状况．植物营养与肥料学报，17(4):906-918．
李瑾，韩瑞娟．2015．北京市设施蔬菜产业发展及对策．北方园艺，（4):170-174．
*李钰飞，邹国元，李吉进，孙钦平，许俊香，刘本生．2017．京郊设施蔬菜农户节水现状与发展对策-基于北京延庆区村庄节水现状的调研．蔬菜，（2):40-43．
*梁金凤，贾小红，金强，文方芳，于跃跃．2013．北京市设施蔬菜施肥状况变化分析．中国蔬菜，（19):18-22．
*刘宏斌，李志宏，张云贵，张维理，林葆．2006．北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究．土壤学报，43(3):405-413．
罗玲，田振，张启森，桂琳．2018．基于产业组织范式的北京蔬菜产业研究．北方园艺，（6):160-164．
*王丽英，赵小翠，曲明山，会敏，陈清，赵永志，王克武．2012．京郊设施果类蔬菜土肥水管理现状及技术需求．华北农学报，27(s):298-303．
王树忠，陈殿奎，李新旭，高丽红，张福墁，张振贤．2016．北京现代化大型连栋温室发展的回顾、现状与展望．中国蔬菜，（9):1-4．
*杨俊刚，贺建德，陈新平．2007．北京市作物施肥现状调查与测土配方施肥建议．北京农业，（1):15-19．
张真和．2014．我国发展现代蔬菜产业面临的突出问题与对策．中国蔬菜，（8):1-6．
中华人民共和国国家统计局．2017．北京统计年鉴．北京：中国统计出版社．
邹国元，杨俊刚，孙焱鑫．2019．设施蔬菜轻简高效．北京：中国农业出版社：156-164．
Farneselli M,Benincasa P,Tosti G,Simonne E,Guiducci M,Tei F.2015.High fertigation frequency improves nitrogen uptake and crop performance in processing tomato grown with high nitrogen and water supply.Agricultural Water Management,154:52-58．
Hanson B R，?im?nek J,Hopmans J W.2006.Evaluation of ureaammonium-nitrate fertigation with drip irrigation using numerical modeling.Agricultural Water Management,86:102-113．
Thompson R B,Delcour I,Berkmoes E,Stavridou V.2018.Fertigation Bible.ISBN:978-1-5272-2327-1.http：//www.fertinnowa.com/the-fertigation-bible/．
*Yang J G,Liao S Q,Li Y M,Cao B,Sun Y X,Zou G Y,Liu BC.2018.Reducing nitrogen pollution while improving tomato production by controlled-release urea application.Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,64(5):632-641.
董静，赵志伟，梁斌，李俊良．2017．我国设施蔬菜产业发展现状．中国园艺文摘，33(1):75-77．
*杜连凤，吴琼，赵同科，刘继培，安志装，刘宝存，张东兴．2009．北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析．中国土壤与肥料，（3):75-78．
*冯献，李瑾，郭美荣．2017．基于节水的北京设施蔬菜生产效率及其对策研究．中国蔬菜，（1):55-60．
*高杰云，熊静，陈清．2017．日光温室越冬长茬番茄植株养分累积与分配特征．北方园艺，（16):80-84．
黄绍文，王玉军，金继运，唐继伟．2011．我国主要菜区土壤盐分、酸碱性和肥力状况．植物营养与肥料学报，17(4):906-918．
李瑾，韩瑞娟．2015．北京市设施蔬菜产业发展及对策．北方园艺，（4):170-174．
*李钰飞，邹国元，李吉进，孙钦平，许俊香，刘本生．2017．京郊设施蔬菜农户节水现状与发展对策-基于北京延庆区村庄节水现状的调研．蔬菜，（2):40-43．
*梁金凤，贾小红，金强，文方芳，于跃跃．2013．北京市设施蔬菜施肥状况变化分析．中国蔬菜，（19):18-22．
*刘宏斌，李志宏，张云贵，张维理，林葆．2006．北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究．土壤学报，43(3):405-413．
罗玲，田振，张启森，桂琳．2018．基于产业组织范式的北京蔬菜产业研究．北方园艺，（6):160-164．
*王丽英，赵小翠，曲明山，会敏，陈清，赵永志，王克武．2012．京郊设施果类蔬菜土肥水管理现状及技术需求．华北农学报，27(s):298-303．
王树忠，陈殿奎，李新旭，高丽红，张福墁，张振贤．2016．北京现代化大型连栋温室发展的回顾、现状与展望．中国蔬菜，（9):1-4．
*杨俊刚，贺建德，陈新平．2007．北京市作物施肥现状调查与测土配方施肥建议．北京农业，（1):15-19．
张真和．2014．我国发展现代蔬菜产业面临的突出问题与对策．中国蔬菜，（8):1-6．
中华人民共和国国家统计局．2017．北京统计年鉴．北京：中国统计出版社．
邹国元，杨俊刚，孙焱鑫．2019．设施蔬菜轻简高效．北京：中国农业出版社：156-164．
Farneselli M,Benincasa P,Tosti G,Simonne E,Guiducci M,Tei F.2015.High fertigation frequency improves nitrogen uptake and crop performance in processing tomato grown with high nitrogen and water supply.Agricultural Water Management,154:52-58．
Hanson B R，?im?nek J,Hopmans J W.2006.Evaluation of ureaammonium-nitrate fertigation with drip irrigation using numerical modeling.Agricultural Water Management,86:102-113．
Thompson R B,Delcour I,Berkmoes E,Stavridou V.2018.Fertigation Bible.ISBN:978-1-5272-2327-1.http：//www.fertinnowa.com/the-fertigation-bible/．
*Yang J G,Liao S Q,Li Y M,Cao B,Sun Y X,Zou G Y,Liu BC.2018.Reducing nitrogen pollution while improving tomato production by controlled-release urea application.Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,64(5):632-641.
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