河北平原麦玉两熟轮耕模式对土壤特性及作物产量的影响
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摘要
于2016-2017年冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟生长季,设小麦季深松+玉米季免耕(S-N)、小麦季旋耕+玉米季深松(R-S)和小麦季深松+玉米季深松(S-S)处理,以常规耕作方式小麦季旋耕+玉米季免耕(R-N)为对照,在河北平原中部南和县对不同轮耕模式下土壤理化性状、微生物特性、水热状况、产量及水分利用效率进行研究。结果表明,对比小麦播种前,R-S和S-S处理土壤非毛管孔隙度均有显著上升,0～15和15～30cm土层分别平均提高15.2%和18.0%;R-N处理0～15和15～30cm土层非毛管孔隙度比小麦播前分别下降11.3%和7.3%。单季或两季深松可显著提高农田土壤碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,其中R-S和S-S处理提高最明显。单季深松或两季深松均可显著提高微生物生物量碳和活跃微生物量,0～30cm土层分别平均提高6.3%和20.6%。两季深松土壤呼吸平均提高12.4%,且呼吸速率变幅增大。深松可增大土壤周年温度变幅,提高水分利用效率,两季深松可显著提高周年作物产量达8.62%。深松可改善土壤物理性状,提高作物产量,提高土壤关键酶活性和呼吸速率,扩大土壤温度日变幅,优化土壤微生物环境。
In the double cropping growing season of winter wheat-summer maize from 2016 to 2017, four rotation tillage treatments were established. Setting wheat season subsoiling+maize season no-tillage(S-N), wheat season rotary tillage +maize season subsoiling(R-S), wheat season subsoiling +maize season subsoiling(S-S), and conventional tillage mode wheat season rotary tillage+maize season no-tillage(R-N) as the control. Soil physiology, microorganism characteristics, water and heat conditions, soil water use efficiency and grain yield of grain fields under different rotation modes were studied in Nanhe, central Hebei Plain. The results showed that: compared with before the sowing of wheat, the non-capillary porosity of R-S and S-S treatments increased significantly, and the avarage soil thickness of 0-15 and 15-30 cm increased by 15.2% and 18.0%, respectively. R-N treatment 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil layer non-capillary porosity ratio decreased by 11.3% and 7.3% before wheat sowing. Soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP), polyphenol oxidase(PPO), catalase(CAT) and urease(UU) activities were significantly increased by single-season or double-season subsoiling, especially by R-S and S-S treatments. Single season subsoiling or two season subsoiling could significantly increase the number of SMBC and active microorganisms, with an average increase of 6.3% and 20.6% in 0-30 cm soil layer, respectively. The annual average soil respiration was increased by 12.4% and the variation of soil respiration rate was increased by two-season subsoiling rotation. Under different rotation tillage measures, the annual average soil temperature had little effect, but deep-loosening could increase the annual temperature variation of wheat fields. The water use efficiency(WUE) could also be promoted by single-season subsoiling or two-season subsoiling rotation. The annual crop yield could also be significantly increased by two-season subsoiling, with an average increase of 8.62%. The main conclusions are as follows: subsoiling can significantly improve soil physical properties, increase soil key enzyme activity and respiration rate, expand daily variation of soil temperature, and optimize soil microbial environment. Soil subsoiling can also significantly increase maize yield, of which two-season subsoiling treatment has the greatest yield increase.
In the double cropping growing season of winter wheat-summer maize from 2016 to 2017, four rotation tillage treatments were established. Setting wheat season subsoiling+maize season no-tillage(S-N), wheat season rotary tillage +maize season subsoiling(R-S), wheat season subsoiling +maize season subsoiling(S-S), and conventional tillage mode wheat season rotary tillage+maize season no-tillage(R-N) as the control. Soil physiology, microorganism characteristics, water and heat conditions, soil water use efficiency and grain yield of grain fields under different rotation modes were studied in Nanhe, central Hebei Plain. The results showed that: compared with before the sowing of wheat, the non-capillary porosity of R-S and S-S treatments increased significantly, and the avarage soil thickness of 0-15 and 15-30 cm increased by 15.2% and 18.0%, respectively. R-N treatment 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil layer non-capillary porosity ratio decreased by 11.3% and 7.3% before wheat sowing. Soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP), polyphenol oxidase(PPO), catalase(CAT) and urease(UU) activities were significantly increased by single-season or double-season subsoiling, especially by R-S and S-S treatments. Single season subsoiling or two season subsoiling could significantly increase the number of SMBC and active microorganisms, with an average increase of 6.3% and 20.6% in 0-30 cm soil layer, respectively. The annual average soil respiration was increased by 12.4% and the variation of soil respiration rate was increased by two-season subsoiling rotation. Under different rotation tillage measures, the annual average soil temperature had little effect, but deep-loosening could increase the annual temperature variation of wheat fields. The water use efficiency(WUE) could also be promoted by single-season subsoiling or two-season subsoiling rotation. The annual crop yield could also be significantly increased by two-season subsoiling, with an average increase of 8.62%. The main conclusions are as follows: subsoiling can significantly improve soil physical properties, increase soil key enzyme activity and respiration rate, expand daily variation of soil temperature, and optimize soil microbial environment. Soil subsoiling can also significantly increase maize yield, of which two-season subsoiling treatment has the greatest yield increase.
引文
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[16]Wang M,Liu X T,Zang J T,et al. Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration at temperate leymus chinensis meadow steppes in western Songnen plain,China. Chinese Geographical Science,2014,24(3):287-296.
[17]Hu J Z,Zhang W H,Li W Z,et al. Effect of plant community on antierodibility of lang under rehabilitation in beichuanhe basin. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):854-863.
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[20]Vita D P,Paolo E D,Fecondo G,et al. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield,grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,92(1/2):69-78.
[21]赵建波.保护性耕作对农田土壤生态因子及温室气体排放的影响.泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[22]王玉玲,李军,柏炜霞.轮耕体系对黄土台塬麦玉轮作土壤生产性能的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):107-116.
[23]苏衍涛,王凯荣,刘迎新,等.稻草覆盖对红壤旱地土壤温度和水分的调控效应.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):670-676.
[24]尹宝重,甄文超,郭丽果.深松一体化播种对夏玉米农田土壤水热特征及微生物动态的影响.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(3):285-293.
[25]张玉铭,胡春胜,毛任钊,等.华北太行山前平原农田生态系统中氮、磷、钾循环与平衡研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1863-1867.
[26]吴海燕,金荣德,范作伟,等.东北黑土区不同耕作方式土壤养分与酶活性的时空变化.水土保持学报,2009,23(6):154-157,170.
[27]孙瑞莲,赵秉强,朱鲁生,等.长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):406-410.
[28]唐先亮,魏甲彬,周玲红,等.耕作方式对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮的动态影像.作物研究,2016,30(3):282-287.
[29]王彩霞,王旭东,朱瑞祥.保护性耕作对土壤结构体碳氮分布的影响.自然资源学报,2010,25(3):386-395.
[2]Zhang J,Niu J M,Bao T L G,et al. Human induced dryland degradation in Ordos Plateau,China,revealed by multilevel statistical modeling of normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall timeseries. Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(2):219-229.
[3]Prosser J I,Bohannan B J M,Curtis T P,et al. The role of ecological theory in microbial ecology. Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(5):384-392.
[4]Kasper M,Buchan G D,Mentler A,et al. Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregate stability and the distribution of C and N in different aggregate fractions. Soil Tillage and Research,2009,105(2):192-199.
[5]候贤清,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(5):85-94.
[6]Riley H C F,Bleken M A,Abrahamsen S,et al. Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool,wet climate of central Norway.Soil Tillage and Research,2005,80(1/2):79-93.
[7]Zhou H,LüY Z,Yang Z C,et al. Influence of conservation tillage on soil aggregates features in north China Plain. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007,6(9):1099-1106.
[8]Josa R,Hereter A. Effects of tillage systems in dryland farming on near-surface water content during the late winter period. Soil and Tillage Research,2005,82(2):173-183.
[9]邱红波,何腾兵,龙友华,等.免耕栽培对玉米根系特征和产量的影响.贵州农业科学,2011,39(9):55-57.
[10]梁建斌,刘今河,杨涛.不同耕作方式对玉米根系生长发育及土壤水分的影响.安徽农业科学,2006,34(11):2353-2354.
[11]王宜伦,李潮海,王瑾,等.缓/控释肥在玉米生产中的应用与展望.中国农学通报,2009,25(24):254-257.
[12]李勇军,曹庆军,拉民,等.不同耕作处理对土壤酶活性的影响.玉米科学,2012,20(3):111-114.
[13]秦纪洪,黄雪菊,孙辉,等.低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤多酚氧化酶动态研究.土壤通报,2012,43(5):1073-1079.
[14]Vance E D,Brookesa P C,Jenkinsona D S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):703-707.
[15]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤细菌和真菌生物量与活性的研究.生态学杂志,2001(2):30-36.
[16]Wang M,Liu X T,Zang J T,et al. Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration at temperate leymus chinensis meadow steppes in western Songnen plain,China. Chinese Geographical Science,2014,24(3):287-296.
[17]Hu J Z,Zhang W H,Li W Z,et al. Effect of plant community on antierodibility of lang under rehabilitation in beichuanhe basin. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):854-863.
[18]Tian J R. Primary study on soil physical properties and antierodibility index in Lianjiabian are as of Ziwuling Mountain. Acta Pedologica Sinica,1964,12(3):20-38.
[19]Chen H Q,Hou R X,Gong Y S,et al. Effects of 11 years of conservation tillage on soil organic matter fractions in wheat monoculture in Loess Plateau of China. Soil and Tillage Research,2009,106(1):85-94.
[20]Vita D P,Paolo E D,Fecondo G,et al. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield,grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,92(1/2):69-78.
[21]赵建波.保护性耕作对农田土壤生态因子及温室气体排放的影响.泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[22]王玉玲,李军,柏炜霞.轮耕体系对黄土台塬麦玉轮作土壤生产性能的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):107-116.
[23]苏衍涛,王凯荣,刘迎新,等.稻草覆盖对红壤旱地土壤温度和水分的调控效应.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):670-676.
[24]尹宝重,甄文超,郭丽果.深松一体化播种对夏玉米农田土壤水热特征及微生物动态的影响.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(3):285-293.
[25]张玉铭,胡春胜,毛任钊,等.华北太行山前平原农田生态系统中氮、磷、钾循环与平衡研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1863-1867.
[26]吴海燕,金荣德,范作伟,等.东北黑土区不同耕作方式土壤养分与酶活性的时空变化.水土保持学报,2009,23(6):154-157,170.
[27]孙瑞莲,赵秉强,朱鲁生,等.长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):406-410.
[28]唐先亮,魏甲彬,周玲红,等.耕作方式对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮的动态影像.作物研究,2016,30(3):282-287.
[29]王彩霞,王旭东,朱瑞祥.保护性耕作对土壤结构体碳氮分布的影响.自然资源学报,2010,25(3):386-395.