黄河河龙区间退耕还林前后淤地坝拦沙特征分析
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摘要
为探究黄河中游河龙区间退耕还林工程实施前后淤地坝拦沙变化特征,采用实地测量和文献集成分析相结合的方法,分析了退耕前后多个时段河龙区间不同分区淤地坝的拦沙特征。结果表明:退耕后,河龙区间北部、中部和南部淤地坝平均拦沙模数分别为7138.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1)、2596.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1)和4230.9 t km~(-2) a~(-1),比退耕前分别减少了49.5%、84.1%和52.1%,且均显著小于退耕前,坝控流域侵蚀程度总体上由极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀和极强烈侵蚀分别转变为强烈侵蚀、中度侵蚀和中度侵蚀;退耕前河龙区间中部和南部淤地坝拦沙模数随时间推进显著降低;退耕后河龙区间北部淤地坝拦沙模数随时间推进而下降。未来河龙区间淤地坝建设应根据小流域侵蚀产沙现状适当缩减规模,以免造成水土资源浪费,影响下游的用水安全。
The Hekouzhen-Longmen Reach(He-Long Reach) in the middle of the Yellow River is the primary source area of sediment of the Yellow River. Check-dams are a widely used measure for controlling soil and water losses in this area. To explore the response of sediment retention by check-dams to the "Grain for Green" project in the He-Long Reach, the authors investigated the sediment deposition of eleven check dams and collected the data of sediment yield from another twenty-nine check dams using literature integration. The results indicated that the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the northern, middle, and southern region of the He-Long Reach all tended to decline over time and were drastically different between different periods. After the "Grain for Green" project, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the northern, middle, and southern region of the He-Long Reach were 7138.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1), 2596.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1), and 4230.9 t km~(-2) a~(-1), respectively, which decreased by 49.5%, 84.1%, and 52.1% compared to those before the project, respectively. Furthermore, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in different regions of the He-Long Reach were all significantly less than those before the "Grain for Green" project. The overall soil erosion severity on dam-controlled watersheds in the northern, middle, and southern region of the Reach turned into high, moderate, and moderate from very high, severe, and very high, respectively. Before the "Grain for Green" project, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the middle and southern regions of the He-Long Reach both declined over time, being drastically different between different periods. Among the three sub-zones in the Reach, the effects of the "Grain for Green" project on reducing sediment yield increased in the following order: the northern region < the southern region < the middle region. This research demonstrates that the "Grain for Green" project and erosion control practices can both effectively reduce erosion sediment yield of small watersheds. In future, the construction of check-dams in the He-Long Reach of the Yellow River should be appropriately reduced to save soil and water resources and guarantee water security downstream.
The Hekouzhen-Longmen Reach(He-Long Reach) in the middle of the Yellow River is the primary source area of sediment of the Yellow River. Check-dams are a widely used measure for controlling soil and water losses in this area. To explore the response of sediment retention by check-dams to the "Grain for Green" project in the He-Long Reach, the authors investigated the sediment deposition of eleven check dams and collected the data of sediment yield from another twenty-nine check dams using literature integration. The results indicated that the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the northern, middle, and southern region of the He-Long Reach all tended to decline over time and were drastically different between different periods. After the "Grain for Green" project, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the northern, middle, and southern region of the He-Long Reach were 7138.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1), 2596.5 t km~(-2) a~(-1), and 4230.9 t km~(-2) a~(-1), respectively, which decreased by 49.5%, 84.1%, and 52.1% compared to those before the project, respectively. Furthermore, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in different regions of the He-Long Reach were all significantly less than those before the "Grain for Green" project. The overall soil erosion severity on dam-controlled watersheds in the northern, middle, and southern region of the Reach turned into high, moderate, and moderate from very high, severe, and very high, respectively. Before the "Grain for Green" project, the average annual dam-trapped sediment yields in the middle and southern regions of the He-Long Reach both declined over time, being drastically different between different periods. Among the three sub-zones in the Reach, the effects of the "Grain for Green" project on reducing sediment yield increased in the following order: the northern region < the southern region < the middle region. This research demonstrates that the "Grain for Green" project and erosion control practices can both effectively reduce erosion sediment yield of small watersheds. In future, the construction of check-dams in the He-Long Reach of the Yellow River should be appropriately reduced to save soil and water resources and guarantee water security downstream.
引文
[1] 高鹏,穆兴民,李锐,王炜.黄河河口镇至龙门区间径流、输沙量的灰色预测研究.干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(8):53- 57.
[2] 付金霞,张鹏,郑粉莉,关颖慧,高燕.河龙区间近55a降雨侵蚀力与河流输沙量动态变化分析.农业机械学报,2016,47(2):185- 192,207- 207.
[3] 信忠保,余新晓,甘敬,王小平,李金海.黄河中游河龙区间植被覆盖变化与径流输沙关系研究.北京林业大学学报,2009,31(5):1- 7.
[4] 高海东,贾莲莲,李占斌,徐国策,赵宾华.基于图论的淤地坝对径流影响的机制.中国水土保持科学,2015,13(4):1- 8.
[5] 付凌.黄土高原典型流域淤地坝减沙减蚀作用研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[6] 范建忠,李登科,董金芳.陕西省重点生态建设工程区植被恢复状况遥感监测.农业工程学报,2012,28(7):228- 234.
[7] 赵文启,刘宇,罗明良,汪亚峰,吕一河.黄土高原小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应评估.水土保持学报,2016,30(5):89- 94.
[8] Fu B J,Liu Y,Lü Y H,He C S,Zeng Y,Wu B F.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284- 293.
[9] 郭建英,李锦荣,刘铁军,孙保平,梁占岐,赵岩.退耕还林工程建设对吴起县土地利用/覆被变化及其土壤侵蚀的影响.水土保持研究,2013,20(5):1- 6.
[10] 杨波,王全九.退耕还林后榆林市土壤侵蚀和养分流失功效研究.水土保持学报,2016,30(4):57- 63.
[11] 刘立峰,杜芳艳,马宁,马竹娥,王惠泽.基于黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅰ副区淤地坝淤积调查的土壤侵蚀模数计算.水土保持通报,2015,35(6):124- 129.
[12] Jin Z,Cui B L,Song Y,Shi W Y,Wang K B,Wang Y,Liang J.How many check dams do we need to build on the Loess Plateau?Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46(16):8527- 8528.
[13] 张宁宁,刘普灵.黄土丘陵区近10年典型小流域对侵蚀环境演变的泥沙响应.水土保持学报,2017,31(3):106- 111,117- 117.
[14] 魏霞.淤地坝淤积信息与流域降雨产流产沙关系研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005.
[15] 岳大鹏,李奎,刘鹏,颜艳,李炜.基于RUSLE的黄土洼小流域土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(2):85- 91.
[16] 李勉,杨剑锋,侯建才,沈中原.黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝记录的泥沙沉积过程研究.农业工程学报,2008,24(2):64- 69.
[17] 薛凯,杨明义,张风宝,孙喜军.利用淤地坝泥沙沉积旋廻反演小流域侵蚀历史.核农学报,2011,25(1):115- 120.
[18] Zhao T Y,Yang M Y,Walling D E,Zhang F B,Zhang J Q.Using check dam deposits to investigate recent changes in sediment yield in the Loess Plateau,China.Global and Planetary Change,2017,152:88- 98.
[19] 刘立峰,金绥庆,付明胜,王喆,王凯.基于坝地泥沙淤积信息的流域侵蚀产沙特征研究.山西水土保持科技,2015,(1):10- 13.
[20] 汪亚峰,傅伯杰,侯繁荣,吕一河,卢喜平,宋成军,栾勇.基于差分GPS技术的淤地坝泥沙淤积量估算.农业工程学报,2009,25(9):79- 83.
[21] 李勇,白玲玉.黄土高原淤地坝对陆地碳贮存的贡献.水土保持学报,2003,17(2):1- 4.
[22] 冯明义,Walling D E,张信宝,文安邦.黄土丘陵区小流域侵蚀产沙对坡耕地退耕响应的137Cs法.科学通报,2003,48(13):1452- 1457.
[23] 张信宝,温仲明,冯明义,杨勤科,郑进军.应用137Cs示踪技术破译黄土丘陵区小流域坝库沉积赋存的产沙记录.中国科学 D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):405- 410.
[24] 叶浩,石建省,侯宏冰,石迎春,程彦培,刘长礼.基于GIS/GPS的淤地坝泥沙淤积速率的评价方法探讨——以内蒙南部砒砂岩区淤地坝为例.地质学报,2006,80(10):1633- 1636.
[25] Zhao G J,Klik A,Mu X M,Wang F,Gao P,Sun W Y.Sediment yield estimation in a small watershed on the northern Loess Plateau,China.Geomorphology,2015,241:343- 352.
[26] Zhao G J,Mu X M,Han M W,An Z F,Gao P,Sun W Y,Xu W L.Sediment yield and sources in dam-controlled watersheds on the northern Loess Plateau.CATENA,2017,149:110- 119.
[27] 张艳杰,秦富仓,岳永杰.西黑岱流域淤地坝拦蓄泥沙和淤积土壤有机碳储量研究.江苏农业科学,2011,39(6):581- 583.
[28] 张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响.中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):143- 154.
[29] 谢永生,李占斌,王继军,姜志德.黄土高原水土流失治理模式的层次结构及其演变.水土保持学报,2011,25(3):211- 214.
[30] 申强,姜志德,王继军.吴起县不同退耕阶段农地资源生态服务价值评估分析.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,37(1):98- 102.
[31] 李敏,穆兴民.黄河河龙区间年输沙量对水土保持的响应机理研究.泥沙研究,2016,(3):1- 8.
[32] 刘志红,郭伟玲,杨勤科,郭艳芬,朱小祥,李锐.近20年黄土高原不同地貌类型区植被覆盖变化及原因分析.中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):16- 23.
[33] Shi H,Shao M A.Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Arid Environments,2000,45(1):9- 20.
[34] Gao P,Mu X M,Wang F,Li R.Changes in streamflow and sediment discharge and the response to human activities in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2011,15(1):1- 10.
[35] 许海超,李子君,林锦阔,姜爱霞.燕山土石山区降雨和下垫面条件对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响.山地学报,2016,34(1):46- 53.
[36] 王瑞芳,秦百顺,黄成志,张虎林,常丹东,董雨亭,赵力仪.罗玉沟流域典型暴雨洪水及其产沙特性.中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):12- 17.
[37] 魏艳红.延河与皇甫川流域典型淤地坝淤积特征及其对输沙变化的影响[D].杨凌:中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,2017.
[2] 付金霞,张鹏,郑粉莉,关颖慧,高燕.河龙区间近55a降雨侵蚀力与河流输沙量动态变化分析.农业机械学报,2016,47(2):185- 192,207- 207.
[3] 信忠保,余新晓,甘敬,王小平,李金海.黄河中游河龙区间植被覆盖变化与径流输沙关系研究.北京林业大学学报,2009,31(5):1- 7.
[4] 高海东,贾莲莲,李占斌,徐国策,赵宾华.基于图论的淤地坝对径流影响的机制.中国水土保持科学,2015,13(4):1- 8.
[5] 付凌.黄土高原典型流域淤地坝减沙减蚀作用研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[6] 范建忠,李登科,董金芳.陕西省重点生态建设工程区植被恢复状况遥感监测.农业工程学报,2012,28(7):228- 234.
[7] 赵文启,刘宇,罗明良,汪亚峰,吕一河.黄土高原小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应评估.水土保持学报,2016,30(5):89- 94.
[8] Fu B J,Liu Y,Lü Y H,He C S,Zeng Y,Wu B F.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284- 293.
[9] 郭建英,李锦荣,刘铁军,孙保平,梁占岐,赵岩.退耕还林工程建设对吴起县土地利用/覆被变化及其土壤侵蚀的影响.水土保持研究,2013,20(5):1- 6.
[10] 杨波,王全九.退耕还林后榆林市土壤侵蚀和养分流失功效研究.水土保持学报,2016,30(4):57- 63.
[11] 刘立峰,杜芳艳,马宁,马竹娥,王惠泽.基于黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅰ副区淤地坝淤积调查的土壤侵蚀模数计算.水土保持通报,2015,35(6):124- 129.
[12] Jin Z,Cui B L,Song Y,Shi W Y,Wang K B,Wang Y,Liang J.How many check dams do we need to build on the Loess Plateau?Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46(16):8527- 8528.
[13] 张宁宁,刘普灵.黄土丘陵区近10年典型小流域对侵蚀环境演变的泥沙响应.水土保持学报,2017,31(3):106- 111,117- 117.
[14] 魏霞.淤地坝淤积信息与流域降雨产流产沙关系研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005.
[15] 岳大鹏,李奎,刘鹏,颜艳,李炜.基于RUSLE的黄土洼小流域土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(2):85- 91.
[16] 李勉,杨剑锋,侯建才,沈中原.黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝记录的泥沙沉积过程研究.农业工程学报,2008,24(2):64- 69.
[17] 薛凯,杨明义,张风宝,孙喜军.利用淤地坝泥沙沉积旋廻反演小流域侵蚀历史.核农学报,2011,25(1):115- 120.
[18] Zhao T Y,Yang M Y,Walling D E,Zhang F B,Zhang J Q.Using check dam deposits to investigate recent changes in sediment yield in the Loess Plateau,China.Global and Planetary Change,2017,152:88- 98.
[19] 刘立峰,金绥庆,付明胜,王喆,王凯.基于坝地泥沙淤积信息的流域侵蚀产沙特征研究.山西水土保持科技,2015,(1):10- 13.
[20] 汪亚峰,傅伯杰,侯繁荣,吕一河,卢喜平,宋成军,栾勇.基于差分GPS技术的淤地坝泥沙淤积量估算.农业工程学报,2009,25(9):79- 83.
[21] 李勇,白玲玉.黄土高原淤地坝对陆地碳贮存的贡献.水土保持学报,2003,17(2):1- 4.
[22] 冯明义,Walling D E,张信宝,文安邦.黄土丘陵区小流域侵蚀产沙对坡耕地退耕响应的137Cs法.科学通报,2003,48(13):1452- 1457.
[23] 张信宝,温仲明,冯明义,杨勤科,郑进军.应用137Cs示踪技术破译黄土丘陵区小流域坝库沉积赋存的产沙记录.中国科学 D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):405- 410.
[24] 叶浩,石建省,侯宏冰,石迎春,程彦培,刘长礼.基于GIS/GPS的淤地坝泥沙淤积速率的评价方法探讨——以内蒙南部砒砂岩区淤地坝为例.地质学报,2006,80(10):1633- 1636.
[25] Zhao G J,Klik A,Mu X M,Wang F,Gao P,Sun W Y.Sediment yield estimation in a small watershed on the northern Loess Plateau,China.Geomorphology,2015,241:343- 352.
[26] Zhao G J,Mu X M,Han M W,An Z F,Gao P,Sun W Y,Xu W L.Sediment yield and sources in dam-controlled watersheds on the northern Loess Plateau.CATENA,2017,149:110- 119.
[27] 张艳杰,秦富仓,岳永杰.西黑岱流域淤地坝拦蓄泥沙和淤积土壤有机碳储量研究.江苏农业科学,2011,39(6):581- 583.
[28] 张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响.中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):143- 154.
[29] 谢永生,李占斌,王继军,姜志德.黄土高原水土流失治理模式的层次结构及其演变.水土保持学报,2011,25(3):211- 214.
[30] 申强,姜志德,王继军.吴起县不同退耕阶段农地资源生态服务价值评估分析.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,37(1):98- 102.
[31] 李敏,穆兴民.黄河河龙区间年输沙量对水土保持的响应机理研究.泥沙研究,2016,(3):1- 8.
[32] 刘志红,郭伟玲,杨勤科,郭艳芬,朱小祥,李锐.近20年黄土高原不同地貌类型区植被覆盖变化及原因分析.中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):16- 23.
[33] Shi H,Shao M A.Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Arid Environments,2000,45(1):9- 20.
[34] Gao P,Mu X M,Wang F,Li R.Changes in streamflow and sediment discharge and the response to human activities in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2011,15(1):1- 10.
[35] 许海超,李子君,林锦阔,姜爱霞.燕山土石山区降雨和下垫面条件对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响.山地学报,2016,34(1):46- 53.
[36] 王瑞芳,秦百顺,黄成志,张虎林,常丹东,董雨亭,赵力仪.罗玉沟流域典型暴雨洪水及其产沙特性.中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):12- 17.
[37] 魏艳红.延河与皇甫川流域典型淤地坝淤积特征及其对输沙变化的影响[D].杨凌:中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,2017.