不同土壤耕作模式对双季水稻生理特性与产量的影响
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摘要
为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种土壤耕作处理,于2016—2017年取样,系统分析了不同处理对双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,早、晚稻各个主要生育时期CT和RT处理植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于RTO处理(P<0.05)。CT处理植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片气孔导度(Gs)均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),均表现为CT>RT>NT>RTO。CT和RT处理水稻植株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,而且在各器官间的分配合理。2个年份的早稻产量均以CT处理最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加731.1～733.3 kg hm–2;晚稻产量均以CT处理为最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加582.5～717.6 kg hm–2。总之,土壤翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和干物质积累量,为水稻高产奠定了生理和生物学基础。
In order to explore the effects of different soil tillage systems on physiological characteristics,dry matter accumulation and grain yield,a fixed location field experiment was conducted using early and late double-cropping rice and Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) system with four soil tillage treatments including conventional tillage with residue incorporation(CT),rotary tillage with residue incorporation(RT),no-tillage with residue retention(NT),and rotary tillage with residue removed as control(RTO) from 2016 to 2017.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT) in leaves of CT,RT treatments were increased as compared with those of RTO treatment at different main growth stages of early and late rice.Meanwhile,malondialdehyde(MDA) contents in leaves of CT and RT treatments were decreased.At different main growth stages of early and late rice,the activities of SOD,POD,and CAT in leaves of CT and RT treatments were significantly higher than those of RTO treatment(P<0.05),while MDA contents of CT and RT treatments were significantly lower than those of RTO treatment(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs) in leaves of CT treatment were significantly higher than those of RTO treatment(P < 0.05),showing an order of CT > RT > NT > RTO.The results also indicated that the total dry matter accumulation of early and late rice were increased,and its reasonable distribution of rice plant in CT and RT treatments.In 2016 and 2017,the grain yield of early and late rice in CT treatment was significantly higher than that in RTO treatment(P<0.05),with an increase of 731.1–733.3 kg ha–1 and 582.5–717.6 kg ha–1,respectively.As a result,it is an effective way for improving protective enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics in leaves,dry matter accumulation of rice by conventional tillage and rotational tillage combined with residue incorporation practices,which results in higher grain yield of rice.
In order to explore the effects of different soil tillage systems on physiological characteristics,dry matter accumulation and grain yield,a fixed location field experiment was conducted using early and late double-cropping rice and Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) system with four soil tillage treatments including conventional tillage with residue incorporation(CT),rotary tillage with residue incorporation(RT),no-tillage with residue retention(NT),and rotary tillage with residue removed as control(RTO) from 2016 to 2017.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT) in leaves of CT,RT treatments were increased as compared with those of RTO treatment at different main growth stages of early and late rice.Meanwhile,malondialdehyde(MDA) contents in leaves of CT and RT treatments were decreased.At different main growth stages of early and late rice,the activities of SOD,POD,and CAT in leaves of CT and RT treatments were significantly higher than those of RTO treatment(P<0.05),while MDA contents of CT and RT treatments were significantly lower than those of RTO treatment(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs) in leaves of CT treatment were significantly higher than those of RTO treatment(P < 0.05),showing an order of CT > RT > NT > RTO.The results also indicated that the total dry matter accumulation of early and late rice were increased,and its reasonable distribution of rice plant in CT and RT treatments.In 2016 and 2017,the grain yield of early and late rice in CT treatment was significantly higher than that in RTO treatment(P<0.05),with an increase of 731.1–733.3 kg ha–1 and 582.5–717.6 kg ha–1,respectively.As a result,it is an effective way for improving protective enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics in leaves,dry matter accumulation of rice by conventional tillage and rotational tillage combined with residue incorporation practices,which results in higher grain yield of rice.
引文
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[9]全妙华,胡爱生,欧立军,胡冬炎,李必湖.耕作方式对水稻光合及根系生理特性的影响.杂交水稻,2012,27(3):71-75.Quan M H,Hu A S,Ou L J,Hu D Y,Li B H.Effects of tillage mode on characteristics of photosynthesis and root growth of rice.Hybrid Rice,2012,27(3):71-75(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[13]陈达刚,周新桥,李丽君,刘传光,张旭,陈友订.华南主栽高产籼稻根系形态特征及其与产量构成的关系.作物学报,2013,39:1899-1908.Chen D G,Zhou X Q,Li L J,Liu C G,Zhang X,Chen Y D.Relationship between root morphological characteristics and yield components of major commercial indica rice in South China.Acta Agron Sin,2013,39:1899-1908(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]谷子寒,王元元,帅泽宇,陈平平,敖和军,屠乃美,易镇邪,周文新.土壤耕作方式对水稻产量形成特性的影响初探.作物研究,2017,31:103-109.Gu Z H,Wang Y Y,Shuai Z Y,Chen P P,Ao H J,Tu N M,Yi Z X,Zhou W X.Preliminary study about the effects of soil tillage ways on the yield formation characteristics of rice.Crop Res,2017,31:103-109(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.pp 164-260.Li H S.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.pp 164-260(in Chinese).
[16]吴建富,曾研华,赵新帆,范呈根,潘晓华,石庆华.耕作方式对双季机插水稻产量和土壤理化性质的影响.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,43:581-585.Wu J F,Zeng Y H,Zhao X H,Fan C G,Pan X H,Shi Q H.Effects of tillage methods on yield of double cropping rice with machine-transplanted and soil physical-chemical properties.JHunan Agric Univ(Nat Sci),2017,43:581-585(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]Xu Y,Nie L,Buresh R J,Huang J L,Cui K H.Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw,and nitrogen management.Field Crops Res,2010,115:79-84.
[18]黄小洋,漆映雪,黄国勤,张兆飞,刘隆旺,章秀福,高旺盛.稻田保护性耕作研究I:免耕对水稻产量、生长动态及害虫数量的影响.江西农业大学学报,2005,27:530-534.Huang X Y,Qi Y X,Huang G Q,Zhang Z F,Liu L W,Zhang X F,Gao W S.Studies on paddy field conservation tillage:I.Effects of paddy field conservation tillage on rice yield,growth dynamics and pest quantity.Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis,2005,27:530-534(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]李继明,黄庆海,袁天佑,曹金华,余喜初.长期施用绿肥对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤养分的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17:563-570.Li J M,Huang Q H,Yuan T Y,Cao J H,Yu X C.Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil.Plant Nutr Fert Sci,2011,17:563-570(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]黄国勤,杨滨娟,王淑彬,黄小洋,张兆飞,姚珍,黄禄星,赵其国.稻田实行保护性耕作对水稻产量、土壤理化及生物学性状的影响.生态学报,2015,35:1225-1234.Huang G Q,Yang B J,Wang S B,Huang X Y,Zhang Z F,Yao Z,Huang L X,Zhao Q G.Effects of 8 years of conservational tillage on rice yield and soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Acta Ecol Sin,2015,35:1225-1234(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]关欣,陈温福,殷红,李振兴,吕香玲.不同年代水稻品种齐穗后叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用比较分析.沈阳农业大学学报,2003,34:351-354.Guan X,Chen W F,Yin H,Li Z X,Lyu X L.Comparison on the protective enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation after full heading stage among rice varieties developed in different years.JShenyang Agric Univ,2003,34:351-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]Baily C,Benamar A,Corbineau F,Come D.Changes in malondialdehyde content and in superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione reductase activities in sunflower seeds as related to deterioration during accelerated aging.Physiol Plant,1996,97:104-110.
[23]兰全美,张锡洲,李廷轩.水旱轮作条件下免耕土壤主要理化特性研究.水土保持学报,2009,23(1):145-149.Lan Q M,Zhang X Z,Li T X.Study on main physicochemical properties in no-tillage soil under paddy-upland rotation.J Soil Water Conserv,2009,23(1):145-149(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]刘武仁,陈砚,郑金玉,罗洋,郑洪兵,李伟堂.不同耕作方式对玉米产量及叶片某些生理机制的影响.玉米科学,2009,17(2):112-115.Liu W R,Chen Y,Zheng J Y,Luo Y,Zheng H B,Li W T.Studies on comparison of yield and some physiological traits of maize leaves under different tillage methods.J Maize Sci,2009,17(2):112-115(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]孟庆阳,王永华,靳海洋,晁岳恩,段剑钊,郭天财.耕作方式与秸秆还田对沙姜黑土土壤酶活性及冬小麦产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2016,36:341-346.Meng Q Y,Wang Y H,Jin H Y,Chao Y E,Duan J Z,Guo T C.Effect of tillage and straw returning on soil enzyme activity and yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil.JTriticeae Crops,2016,36:341-346(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]Roger-Estrade J,Anger C,Bertrand M,Richard G.Tillage and soil ecology:partners for sustainable agriculture.Soil Tillage Res,2010,111:33-40.
[3]An V D P,Govers G,Diels J,Gillijns K,Demuzere M.Assessing the effect of soil tillage on crop growth:a meta-regression analysis on European crop yields under conservation agriculture.Eur J Agron,2010,33:231-241.
[4]Huang S,Sun Y N,Rui W Y,Liu W R,Zhang W J.Long-term effect of no-tillage on soil organic carbon fractions in a continuous maize cropping system of northeast China.Pedosphere,2010,20:285-292.
[5]石彦琴,高旺盛,陈源泉,隋鹏,杨斌,汪洪焦,聂紫瑾.耕层厚度对华北高产灌溉农田土壤有机碳储量的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(11):85-90.Shi Y Q,Gao W S,Chen Y Q,Sui P,Yang B,Wang H J,Nie Z J.Effect of topsoil thickness on soil organic carbon in high-yield and irrigated farmland in North China.Trans CSAE,2010,26(11):85-90(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]汤军,黄山,谭雪明,石庆华,潘晓华.不同耕作方式对机插双季水稻产量的影响.江西农业大学学报,2014,36:996-1001.Tang J,Huang S,Tan X M,Shi Q H,Pan X H.Effect of different tillage regimes on rice yield under mechanical transplanting in a double rice cropping system.Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis,2014,36:996-1001(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]姚秀娟.翻耕与旋耕作业对水稻生产的影响.现代化农业,2007,(7):27-28.Yao S J.Effects of tillage and rotary tillage on rice production.Modern Agric,2007,(7):27-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]徐尚起,张明园,孙国峰,汤文光,陈阜,张海林.应用耕作指数评价耕作措施对双季稻田土壤质量的影响.中国农业科学,2011,44:3999-4006.Xu S Q,Zhang M Y,Sun G F,Tang W G,Chen F,Zhang H L.Assessment of tillage effects on soil quality for double-rice paddy with tilth index.Sci Agric Sin,2011,44:3999-4006(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]全妙华,胡爱生,欧立军,胡冬炎,李必湖.耕作方式对水稻光合及根系生理特性的影响.杂交水稻,2012,27(3):71-75.Quan M H,Hu A S,Ou L J,Hu D Y,Li B H.Effects of tillage mode on characteristics of photosynthesis and root growth of rice.Hybrid Rice,2012,27(3):71-75(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]刘金花,秦江涛,张斌,夏桂龙,陆金贵,甘三芽,余瑞新.赣东北双季水稻轻型种植和耕作模式评价.土壤,2012,44:482-491.Liu J H,Qin J T,Zhang B,Xia G L,Lu J G,Gan S Y,Yu R X.Effects of different light cultivation on rice growth,yields and economic benefits in northeast area of Jiangxi province.Soils,2012,44:482-491(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]朱利群,张大伟,卞新民.连续秸秆还田与耕作方式轮换对稻麦轮作田土壤理化性状变化及水稻产量构成的影响.土壤通报,2011,42:81-85.Zhu L Q,Zhang D W,Bian X M.Effects of continuous returning straws to field and shifting different tillage methods on changes of physical-chemical properties of soil and yield components of rice.Chin J Soil Sci,2011,42:81-85(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]李华兴,卢维盛,刘远金,张新明,陈喜崇,李永锋,霍锦添.不同耕作方法对水稻生长和土壤生态的影响.应用生态学报,2001,12:553-556.Li H X,Lu W S,Liu Y J,Zhang X M,Chen X C,Li Y F,Huo J T.Effect of different tillage methods on rice growth and soil ecology.Chin J Appl Ecol,2001,12:553-556(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]陈达刚,周新桥,李丽君,刘传光,张旭,陈友订.华南主栽高产籼稻根系形态特征及其与产量构成的关系.作物学报,2013,39:1899-1908.Chen D G,Zhou X Q,Li L J,Liu C G,Zhang X,Chen Y D.Relationship between root morphological characteristics and yield components of major commercial indica rice in South China.Acta Agron Sin,2013,39:1899-1908(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]谷子寒,王元元,帅泽宇,陈平平,敖和军,屠乃美,易镇邪,周文新.土壤耕作方式对水稻产量形成特性的影响初探.作物研究,2017,31:103-109.Gu Z H,Wang Y Y,Shuai Z Y,Chen P P,Ao H J,Tu N M,Yi Z X,Zhou W X.Preliminary study about the effects of soil tillage ways on the yield formation characteristics of rice.Crop Res,2017,31:103-109(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.pp 164-260.Li H S.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.pp 164-260(in Chinese).
[16]吴建富,曾研华,赵新帆,范呈根,潘晓华,石庆华.耕作方式对双季机插水稻产量和土壤理化性质的影响.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,43:581-585.Wu J F,Zeng Y H,Zhao X H,Fan C G,Pan X H,Shi Q H.Effects of tillage methods on yield of double cropping rice with machine-transplanted and soil physical-chemical properties.JHunan Agric Univ(Nat Sci),2017,43:581-585(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]Xu Y,Nie L,Buresh R J,Huang J L,Cui K H.Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw,and nitrogen management.Field Crops Res,2010,115:79-84.
[18]黄小洋,漆映雪,黄国勤,张兆飞,刘隆旺,章秀福,高旺盛.稻田保护性耕作研究I:免耕对水稻产量、生长动态及害虫数量的影响.江西农业大学学报,2005,27:530-534.Huang X Y,Qi Y X,Huang G Q,Zhang Z F,Liu L W,Zhang X F,Gao W S.Studies on paddy field conservation tillage:I.Effects of paddy field conservation tillage on rice yield,growth dynamics and pest quantity.Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis,2005,27:530-534(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]李继明,黄庆海,袁天佑,曹金华,余喜初.长期施用绿肥对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤养分的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17:563-570.Li J M,Huang Q H,Yuan T Y,Cao J H,Yu X C.Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil.Plant Nutr Fert Sci,2011,17:563-570(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]黄国勤,杨滨娟,王淑彬,黄小洋,张兆飞,姚珍,黄禄星,赵其国.稻田实行保护性耕作对水稻产量、土壤理化及生物学性状的影响.生态学报,2015,35:1225-1234.Huang G Q,Yang B J,Wang S B,Huang X Y,Zhang Z F,Yao Z,Huang L X,Zhao Q G.Effects of 8 years of conservational tillage on rice yield and soil physical,chemical and biological properties.Acta Ecol Sin,2015,35:1225-1234(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]关欣,陈温福,殷红,李振兴,吕香玲.不同年代水稻品种齐穗后叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用比较分析.沈阳农业大学学报,2003,34:351-354.Guan X,Chen W F,Yin H,Li Z X,Lyu X L.Comparison on the protective enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation after full heading stage among rice varieties developed in different years.JShenyang Agric Univ,2003,34:351-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
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