西安市冬季大气颗粒物中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价
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摘要
选择西安市城区5处典型地段为采样点,检测了冬季大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的质量浓度,分析了PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中所含Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素含量。结果显示:西安市冬季大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的平均质量浓度分别为193.4,315.2μg/m~3,是GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中的二级标准限值的2.6,2.1倍;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)为0.51～0.78,说明大气颗粒物以PM_(2.5)为主;6种重金属在大气颗粒物中含量水平存在差异,含量高低依次为Zn≈Fe>Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd,其中Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb更容易聚集在PM_(2.5)中;PM_(10)中Fe(2 856μg/m~3)的浓度最高,商业集密区、交通繁忙区和居民集中区的多数重金属元素高于文教区和公园。采用改进后的估算模型进行人体暴露量的估算和风险评估,结果表明:重金属元素的暴露途径强弱顺序为手口摄入>皮肤接触>呼吸摄入;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中所含Pb、Cd、Mn的非致癌健康风险(HI介于1.99～6.16,超过1)处于较高水平,对人体健康存在威胁;Cd在PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中的致癌健康风险(R为2.54×10~(-6)和3.70×10~(-6),低于10~(-4))处于较低水平,但不能忽视其综合作用及长期累积危害。
Five typical locations were selected as sampling points to measure the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in winter, and analyze the contents of six heavy metals such as Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu contained in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). The results showed that: the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in winter were 193.4 μg/m~3 and 315.2 μg/m~3 respectively in winter of Xi'an, which were 2.6 and 2.1 times as the second-class standard limits in Ambient Air Quality Standard. PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) value ranged from 0.51 to 0.78, implying that PM_(2.5) dominated the atmospheric particulate matters; contents of the 6 heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matters were different, with the order of Zn≈Fe>Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd, among which Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were more likely to accumulate in PM_(2.5); the concentration of Fe(2856μg/m3) in PM_(10) was the highest, and most of the heavy metal elements in commercial intensive, busy traffic and residential areas were higher than those in cultural and educational districts and parks. The improved estimation model was used for estimation of human exposure and risk assessment, and the results showed that: the intensity sequence of the exposure routes of heavy metal elements in ambient air was hand-mouth uptake>skin contact>respiration ingestion; the non-carcinogenic health risks of Pb, Cd and Mn in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were at a high level(1.99～6.16,>1), posing a threat to human health; the carcinogenic health risk of Cd in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(R was 2.54×10~(-6), 3.70×10~(-6),<10~(-4)) were low, but its harm to human health due to its comprehensive effect and long-term cumulative effects in environment could be ignored.
Five typical locations were selected as sampling points to measure the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in winter, and analyze the contents of six heavy metals such as Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu contained in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). The results showed that: the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in winter were 193.4 μg/m~3 and 315.2 μg/m~3 respectively in winter of Xi'an, which were 2.6 and 2.1 times as the second-class standard limits in Ambient Air Quality Standard. PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) value ranged from 0.51 to 0.78, implying that PM_(2.5) dominated the atmospheric particulate matters; contents of the 6 heavy metals in the atmospheric particulate matters were different, with the order of Zn≈Fe>Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd, among which Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were more likely to accumulate in PM_(2.5); the concentration of Fe(2856μg/m3) in PM_(10) was the highest, and most of the heavy metal elements in commercial intensive, busy traffic and residential areas were higher than those in cultural and educational districts and parks. The improved estimation model was used for estimation of human exposure and risk assessment, and the results showed that: the intensity sequence of the exposure routes of heavy metal elements in ambient air was hand-mouth uptake>skin contact>respiration ingestion; the non-carcinogenic health risks of Pb, Cd and Mn in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were at a high level(1.99～6.16,>1), posing a threat to human health; the carcinogenic health risk of Cd in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(R was 2.54×10~(-6), 3.70×10~(-6),<10~(-4)) were low, but its harm to human health due to its comprehensive effect and long-term cumulative effects in environment could be ignored.
引文
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[17] US EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition [M].Washington,DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development,2011:4-21.
[18] 赵秀阁, 段小丽. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M]. 北京:中国环境出版社, 2014.
[19] Chen Y T, Wen-Jiao D U, Chen J S, et al. Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in PM2.5 and their human health risks among the coastal city group along Western Taiwan Straits Region,China[J]. Environmental Science, 2017.
[2] 田贺忠, 程轲, 卢龙,等. 中国典型有害重金属大气污染排放发展趋势及控制对策[C]//中国大气环境科学与技术大会暨中国环境科学学会大气环境分会2012年学术年会, 2012.
[3] 魏复盛, 胡伟, 滕恩江,等. 空气污染与儿童呼吸系统患病率的相关分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2000, 20(3):220-224.
[4] Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, et al. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in Nanjing, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 57(57):146-152.
[5] 陆喜红, 吴丽娟, 任兰,等. 南京市PM2.5中重金属污染特征分析及健康风险评价[J]. 四川环境, 2016, 35(6):115-119.
[6] Wei X, Gao B, Wang P, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China[J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2015, 112(5):186-192.
[7] 王晓钰, 李飞. 农用土壤重金属多受体健康风险评价模型及实例应用[J]. 环境工程, 2014, 32(1):120-125.
[8] Isa B K, Amina S B, Aminu U, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in water, air, soil and fish[J]. 2015, 9(11):204-210.
[9] 高世林, 杨莉, 董书舟,等. 南京市PM2.5时空分布特征和对居民健康的影响[J]. 江苏科技信息, 2017(22):73-75.
[10] 解淑艳, 杜丽, 王晓彦,等. 中国环境空气质量手工监测技术规范需改进的几点建议[J]. 中国环境监测, 2014(5).
[11] 环境保护部. HJ 618—2011 环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[12] 环境保护部. HJ 657—2013 空气和废气颗粒物中铅等金属元素的测定[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[13] 董洁, 李梦茹, 孙若丹,等. 我国空气质量标准执行现状及与国外标准比较研究[J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2015, 40(5):87-92.
[14] USEPA. National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter-Final rule[J]. Federal Register, 2013, 62:38651-38760.
[15] US EPA, Office of Solid Waste Emergency Response, Waste and Cleanup Risk Assessment.Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Part A[J]. Saúde Pública, 1989, 804(7):636-640.
[16] 王永晓, 曹红英, 邓雅佳,等. 大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2017, 38(9):3575-3584.
[17] US EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition [M].Washington,DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development,2011:4-21.
[18] 赵秀阁, 段小丽. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M]. 北京:中国环境出版社, 2014.
[19] Chen Y T, Wen-Jiao D U, Chen J S, et al. Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in PM2.5 and their human health risks among the coastal city group along Western Taiwan Straits Region,China[J]. Environmental Science, 2017.
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