林区公路对南岭森林集水区径流的影响
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摘要
林区公路的生态水文影响历来少受关注,道路对集水区径流的影响及其机制仍不明确。在南岭国家森林公园选取2个对比森林集水区,其一为自然状态(W1),另一个受旅游公路干扰(W2),利用各集水区2017年8月-2018年7月连续监测的降雨和流量数据,研究了林区公路对径流的影响。结果表明:(1)在W2集水区,不同雨量级的次降雨产生的快速径流量是集水区W1的1.64-3.69倍,W2的水文响应值的年平均值(12.60%)是W1(4.32%)的2.92倍;而且在相似降水条件下W2的洪峰流量远大于W1,洪峰滞后雨峰的时间比W1短;(2)基于79场(W1)和87场(W2)雨量P≥5 mm的次降雨及其径流的监测,将两集水区各次降雨过程中产生的快速径流(QF)与降雨量(P)、降雨历时(PD)、前7天降水量(AP7)、最大30 min雨强(I_(30))、最大60 min雨强(I_(60))、平均降雨强度(AHRD)和初始流量(F_i)各指标进行相关分析,两个集水区的快速径流都与降雨量、降雨历时呈极显著相关;此外W1的快速径流与I_(60)呈极显著相关,与I_(30)显著相关,W2的快速径流与I_(30)和I_(60)相关关系不显著,但与AP7呈显著相关;(3)观测期间,W2的年径流系数为0.489 5,W1的年径流系数为0.443 7,基流占总径流的比率(BF/R)在一年中每个月都表现为W2小于W1。林区公路修建引起了径流量、径流组分分配以及径流过程变化:林区公路明显增加集水区的快速径流量和洪峰流量并使洪峰滞后雨峰的时间缩短,导致产生快速径流的主导因素改变;显著减少了集水区的基流补给,使集水区径流中基流比例显著减少。
Less attention has always been given to the ecohydrological effects of forest road,and the influnces of road on catchment runoff and its mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,a paired catchments in Nanling National Forest Park,one was a natural catchment(Laopengding,W1),and the other(Xingonglu,W2)had been disturbed by tourist roads,were selected to monitor rainfall and to gauge streamflow.The continuous monitoring data of rainfall and runoff from both catchments during Auguest of 2017 to July of 2018 were used for analysing influences of forest roads on runoff.The results showed that:(1)the quickflow(QF)produced by individual rain events at different rainfall levels in W2 was 1.64 to 3.69 times than that in W1,the annual average hydrological response value(ratio of QF to rainfall,HR)in W2 accounted for 12.60%and was 2.92 times than that in W1(4.32%).The peak flow from W2 was much larger than that from W1,and there existed a shorter lagging time of flood peak lagging rain peak in W2 under the same(similar)precipitation conditions.(2)Based on the monitoring data of the rainfall-runoff process of 79 rain events in W1 and 87 rain events in W2 which rainfall was more than 5 mm,the correlations between QF and precipitation(P),precipitation duration(PD),antecedent precipitation for 7 days prior to storm(AP7),maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity(I_(30)),maximum 60-minute rainfall intensity(I_(60)),average hourly rainfall density(AHRD)and initial flow(Fi)were analyzed in each individual rain events.QF in both catchments was significantly correlated with P and PD.In addition,QF in W1 was significantly correlated with I_(60)and I_(30),while QF in W2 had no significant correlation with I_(30) and I_(60),but was significantly correlated with AP7.And(3)during the observation period,the annual runoff coefficient of W2 was 0.489 5,the annual runoff coefficient of W1 was 0.443 7,and the ratio of baseflow to total runoff(BF/R)was W2 less than W1 every month of the year.The construction of forest roads caused runoff,runoff component distribution and runoff process changes:forest roads significantly increased the QF and flood peak flow in W2 and shortened the lagging time between flood peak and rain peak,changed the dominant factors of fast runoff,significantly reduced the baseflow recharge in W2,and significantly reduced the baseflow proportion of runoff in W2.
Less attention has always been given to the ecohydrological effects of forest road,and the influnces of road on catchment runoff and its mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,a paired catchments in Nanling National Forest Park,one was a natural catchment(Laopengding,W1),and the other(Xingonglu,W2)had been disturbed by tourist roads,were selected to monitor rainfall and to gauge streamflow.The continuous monitoring data of rainfall and runoff from both catchments during Auguest of 2017 to July of 2018 were used for analysing influences of forest roads on runoff.The results showed that:(1)the quickflow(QF)produced by individual rain events at different rainfall levels in W2 was 1.64 to 3.69 times than that in W1,the annual average hydrological response value(ratio of QF to rainfall,HR)in W2 accounted for 12.60%and was 2.92 times than that in W1(4.32%).The peak flow from W2 was much larger than that from W1,and there existed a shorter lagging time of flood peak lagging rain peak in W2 under the same(similar)precipitation conditions.(2)Based on the monitoring data of the rainfall-runoff process of 79 rain events in W1 and 87 rain events in W2 which rainfall was more than 5 mm,the correlations between QF and precipitation(P),precipitation duration(PD),antecedent precipitation for 7 days prior to storm(AP7),maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity(I_(30)),maximum 60-minute rainfall intensity(I_(60)),average hourly rainfall density(AHRD)and initial flow(Fi)were analyzed in each individual rain events.QF in both catchments was significantly correlated with P and PD.In addition,QF in W1 was significantly correlated with I_(60)and I_(30),while QF in W2 had no significant correlation with I_(30) and I_(60),but was significantly correlated with AP7.And(3)during the observation period,the annual runoff coefficient of W2 was 0.489 5,the annual runoff coefficient of W1 was 0.443 7,and the ratio of baseflow to total runoff(BF/R)was W2 less than W1 every month of the year.The construction of forest roads caused runoff,runoff component distribution and runoff process changes:forest roads significantly increased the QF and flood peak flow in W2 and shortened the lagging time between flood peak and rain peak,changed the dominant factors of fast runoff,significantly reduced the baseflow recharge in W2,and significantly reduced the baseflow proportion of runoff in W2.
引文
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BUTTLE J M,EIMERS M C,2009.Scaling and physiographic controls on streamflow behaviour on the Precambrian Shield,south-central Ontario[J].Journal of Hydrology,374(3-4):360-372.
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WOLDIE D W,SIDLE R C,GOMI T,2009.Impact of road-generated storm runoff on a small catchment response[J].Hydrological Process,23(25):3631-3638.
WOOD E F,ROUNDY J K,TROY T J,et al.,2011.Hyperresolution global land surface modeling:Meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth's terrestrial water[J].Water Resources Research,47(5):112-118.
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ZHANG M F,WEI X H,2014.Alteration of flow regimes caused by large-scale forest disturbance:a case study from a large watershed in the interior of British Columbia,Canada[J].Ecohydrology,7(2):544-556.
ZHOU Y X,ZHI Y,ZHANG D R,et al.,2014.Inter-catchment comparison of flow regime between the Hailiutu and Huangfuchuan rivers in the semi-arid Erdos Plateau,Northwest China[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,60(4):688-705.
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况亮,秦玮,董世魁,等,2010.公路建设对雾灵山自然保护区植被的影响[J].生态学杂志,29(1):146-151.KUANG L,QIN W,DONG S K,et al.,2010.Impact of road construction on roadside vegetations in Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,29(1):146-151.
李月辉,胡远满,常禹,等,2010.大兴安岭林区道路对植物多样性的影响域[J].应用生态学报,21(5):1112-1119.LI Y H,HU Y M,CHANG Y,et al.,2010.Effect zone of forest road on plant species diversity in Great Hing’an Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,21(5):1112-1119.
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石培礼,李文华,2001.森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应[J].自然资源学报,16(5):481-487.SHI P L,LI W H,2001.Influence of forest cover change on hydrological processes and watershed runoff[J].Journal of Natural Resources,16(5):481-487.
涂美珍,张正雄,戴伟文,2016.山区公路建设对沿线森林生态环境的影响[J].宜宾学院学报,16(6):108-111.TU M Z,ZHANG Z X,DAI W W,2016.The impact of mountain highway construction on forest ecological environment along the route[J].Journal of Yibin University,16(6):108-111.
王金叶,李海防,段文军,等,2013.漓江上游森林流域径流过程及其影响因素[J].林业科学,49(6):149-153.WANG J Y,LI H F,DUAN W J,2013.Runoff processes and the influencing factors in a small forested watershed of upper reaches of Lijiang River[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,49(6):149-153.
王小明,周本智,钟绍柱,等,2010.不同降雨条件下天然次生林水文过程动态分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),34(6):57-60.WANG X M,ZHOU B Z,ZHONG S Z,et al.,2010.Dynamic analysis of hydrological process of natural secondary forest in different rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Nanjing Forest University(Natural Science Edition),34(6):57-60.
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ARNAEZ J,LARREA V,ORTIGOSA L,2004.Surface runoff and soil erosion on unpaved forest roads from rainfall simulation tests in northeastern Spain[J].Catena,57(1):1-14.
ARNELL N W,1999.The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe:a continental perspective[J].Global Environmental Change,9(1):5-23.
BRUIJNZEEL L A,2004.Hydrological functions of tropical forests:not seeing the soil for the trees?[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,104(1):185-228.
BUCHANAN B P,FALBO K,SCHNEIDER R L,et al.,2013.Hydrological impact of roadside ditches in an agricultural watershed in central New York:implications for non-point source pollutant transport[J].Hydrological Processes,27(17):2422-2437.
BUTTLE J M,EIMERS M C,2009.Scaling and physiographic controls on streamflow behaviour on the Precambrian Shield,south-central Ontario[J].Journal of Hydrology,374(3-4):360-372.
CALISKAN E,2013.Environmental impacts of forest road construction on mountainous terrain[J].Iranian journal of environmental health science&engineering,10(1):1-8.
CROKE J,MOCKLER S,2001.Gully initiation and road-to-stream linkage in a forested catchment southeastern Australia[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(2):205-217.
DAMANIA R,RUSS J,WHEELER D,et al.,2018.The road to growth:Measuring the tradeoffs between economic growth and ecological destruction[J].World Development,101(6):351-376.
DELJOUEI A,SADEGHI S M M,ABDI E,et al.,2018.The impact of road disturbance on vegetation and soil properties in a beech stand,Hyrcanian forest[J].European Journal of Forest Research,137(6):759-770.
HEIKURAINEN L,1970.The effect of thinning,clear cutting,and fertilization on the hydrology of peatland drained for forestry[J].Acta Forestalia Fennica,104:1-23.
KLEINSCHROTH F,HEALEY J R,2017.Impacts of logging roads on tropical forests[J].Biotropica,49(5):620-635.
LANE P N J,SHERIDAN G J,2002.Impact of an unsealed forest road stream crossing:water quality and sediment sources[J].Hydrological Process,16(13):2599-2612.
LANGHAMMER J,HAIS M,BARTUNKOVA K,et al.,2013.Impact of forest disturbance on the runoff response in headwater catchments.Case study:Sumava mountains,Czech republic[C]//EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.Vienna Australia:EGU:15.
LANGHAMMER J,SU Y,BERNSTEINOVáJ,2015.Runoff response to climate warming and forest disturbance in a mid-mountain basin[J].Water,7(7):3320-3342.
LUGO A E,GUCINSKI H,2000.Function,effects,and management of forest roads[J].Forest Ecology and Management,133(3):249-262.
MAALIM F K,MELESSE A M,BELMONT P,et al.,2013.Modeling the impact of land use changes on runoff and sediment yield in the Le Sueur watershed,Minnesota using GeoWEPP[J].Catena,107(3):35-45.
NADAL-ROMERO E,CAMMERAAT E,SERRANO M M P,et al.,2016.Hydrological response of an afforested catchment in a Mediterranean humid mountain area:a comparative study with a natural forest[J].Hydrological Processes,30(15):2717-2733.
OLANDER L P,SCATENA F N,SILVER W L,1998.Impacts of disturbance initiated by road construction in a subtropical cloud forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest,Puerto Rico[J].Forest Ecology and Management,109(1-3):33-49.
POST D A,JAKEMAN A J,1996.Relationships between catchment attributes and hydrological response characteristics in small Australian mountain ash catchments[J].Hydrological Processes,10(6):877-892.
RAN Q H,SU D Y,LI P,et al.,2012.Experimental study of the impact of rainfall characteristics on runoff generation and soil erosion[J].Journal of Hydrology,424-425:99-111.
SOULIS K X,DERCAS N,PAPADAKI C H,2015.Effects of forest roads on the hydrological response of a small-scale mountain watershed in Greece[J].Hydrological processes,29(7):1772-1782.
TAGUE C,BAND L,2001.Simulating the impact of road construction and forest harvesting on hydrologic response[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms:The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group,26(2):135-151.
WATKINS R Z,CHEN J Q,PICKENS J,et al.,2003.Effects of road on understory plants in a managed hardwood landscape[J].Conservation Biology,17(2):411-419.
WOLDIE D W,SIDLE R C,GOMI T,2009.Impact of road-generated storm runoff on a small catchment response[J].Hydrological Process,23(25):3631-3638.
WOOD E F,ROUNDY J K,TROY T J,et al.,2011.Hyperresolution global land surface modeling:Meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth's terrestrial water[J].Water Resources Research,47(5):112-118.
ZARE M,SAMANI A A N,MOHAMMADY M,2016.The impact of land use change on runoff generation in an urbanizing watershed in the north of Iran[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,75(18):1279.
ZHANG M F,WEI X H,2014.Alteration of flow regimes caused by large-scale forest disturbance:a case study from a large watershed in the interior of British Columbia,Canada[J].Ecohydrology,7(2):544-556.
ZHOU Y X,ZHI Y,ZHANG D R,et al.,2014.Inter-catchment comparison of flow regime between the Hailiutu and Huangfuchuan rivers in the semi-arid Erdos Plateau,Northwest China[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,60(4):688-705.
陈步峰,林明献,周光益,等,1998.尖峰岭热带山地雨林生态系统的水文生态效应[J].生态学报,20(3):423-429.CHEN B F,LIN M X,ZHOU G Y,et al.,1998.Ecohydrological effects of tropical mountain rainforest in Jianfengling,Hainan,China[J].Journal of Ecology,20(3):423-429.
况亮,秦玮,董世魁,等,2010.公路建设对雾灵山自然保护区植被的影响[J].生态学杂志,29(1):146-151.KUANG L,QIN W,DONG S K,et al.,2010.Impact of road construction on roadside vegetations in Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,29(1):146-151.
李月辉,胡远满,常禹,等,2010.大兴安岭林区道路对植物多样性的影响域[J].应用生态学报,21(5):1112-1119.LI Y H,HU Y M,CHANG Y,et al.,2010.Effect zone of forest road on plant species diversity in Great Hing’an Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,21(5):1112-1119.
刘世荣,孙鹏森,王金锡,等,2001.长江上游森林植被水文功能研究[J].自然资源学报,16(5):451-456.LIU S R,SUN P S,WANG J X,et al.,2001.Hydrological functions of forest vegetation in upper reaches of Yangtze River[J].Journal of Natural Resources,16(5):451-456.
刘世荣,温远光,王兵,等,1996.中国森林生态系统水文功能规律[M].北京:中国林业出版社.LIU S R,WEN Y G,WANG B,et al.,1996.Rules of hydrology ecological functions of forest ecosystems in China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
石培礼,李文华,2001.森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应[J].自然资源学报,16(5):481-487.SHI P L,LI W H,2001.Influence of forest cover change on hydrological processes and watershed runoff[J].Journal of Natural Resources,16(5):481-487.
涂美珍,张正雄,戴伟文,2016.山区公路建设对沿线森林生态环境的影响[J].宜宾学院学报,16(6):108-111.TU M Z,ZHANG Z X,DAI W W,2016.The impact of mountain highway construction on forest ecological environment along the route[J].Journal of Yibin University,16(6):108-111.
王金叶,李海防,段文军,等,2013.漓江上游森林流域径流过程及其影响因素[J].林业科学,49(6):149-153.WANG J Y,LI H F,DUAN W J,2013.Runoff processes and the influencing factors in a small forested watershed of upper reaches of Lijiang River[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,49(6):149-153.
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