沼液与有机肥配施条件下氮损失风险的研究
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摘要
本研究旨在探索沼液、有机肥配施等氮量替代化肥的模式,期望能够在保持产量稳定的前提下,降低稻田氮素损失的风险。本试验以太湖水稻土为研究对象进行盆栽试验,设置了空白对照(CK)、常规化肥(NPK)、100%沼液、75%沼液+25%猪粪有机肥、50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥和100%猪粪有机肥六个处理,采用密闭室间歇通气法研究了不同生育时期的稻田氨挥发特性,同期测定稻田田面水氮含量,以及全施肥期径流流失量。试验结果显示,在等施氮量条件下,常规化肥处理水稻产量达12 752.70 kg·hm~(-2),其农田氨挥发总量为76.99 kg·hm~(-2),径流氮损失量39.11 kg·hm~(-2);100%沼液施用处理和75%沼液+25%猪粪有机肥配施处理氨挥发量较高,分别为120.66、88.01 kg·hm~(-2);而50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配施处理氨挥发总量和径流氮流失量均低于常规化肥处理,分别为58.03、22.00 kg·hm~(-2),其产量与常规化肥处理相比无显著性差异;100%猪粪有机肥施用处理尽管氨挥发总量和径流氮流失量表现最低,但其产量低于50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配施处理。综合比较而言,50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配合施用处理在保持一定产量的基础上又能减少氨挥发及氮流失风险,是一种比较适宜的施肥模式。
The purpose of this study is to explore a model for the combined application of biogas slurry and organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer to reduce the risk of nitrogen loss in a paddy field while maintaining a stable yield. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of ammonia volatilization, nitrogen content in surface water, and nitrogen loss in runoff after fertilization during rice growth. The soil from a paddy field in Taihu Lake was used in the experiment. There were six treatments, including a blank control, conventional chemical fertilizer, 100% biogas slurry, 75% biogas slurry + 25% pig manure organic fertilizer, 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer, and 100% pig manure organic fertilizer. The results showed that under the same nitrogen application rate, rice yield in the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment reached 12 752.70 kg·hm~(-2), and the total amount of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss in runoff was 76.99 kg·hm~(-2) and 39.11 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. Compared with the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the ammonia volatilization was significantly higher in both 100% biogas slurry treatment and 75% biogas slurry + 25% pig manure organic fertilizer treatments, with 120.66 kg·hm~(-2) and 88.01 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. The total amount of ammonia volatilization(58.03 kg·hm~(-2))and runoff nitrogen loss(22.00 kg·hm~(-2))in the 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that in the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment; however, the rice yield did not differ significantly. The amount of ammonia volatilization and runoff nitrogen loss in 100% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment was the lowest among all treatments; however, the rice yield was lower than that of the 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment. Therefore, 50% biogas slurry + 50%pig manure organic fertilizer is a more appropriate fertilization model, which can reduce the risk of ammonia volatilization and runoff nitrogen loss while maintaining a certain yield.
The purpose of this study is to explore a model for the combined application of biogas slurry and organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer to reduce the risk of nitrogen loss in a paddy field while maintaining a stable yield. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of ammonia volatilization, nitrogen content in surface water, and nitrogen loss in runoff after fertilization during rice growth. The soil from a paddy field in Taihu Lake was used in the experiment. There were six treatments, including a blank control, conventional chemical fertilizer, 100% biogas slurry, 75% biogas slurry + 25% pig manure organic fertilizer, 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer, and 100% pig manure organic fertilizer. The results showed that under the same nitrogen application rate, rice yield in the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment reached 12 752.70 kg·hm~(-2), and the total amount of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss in runoff was 76.99 kg·hm~(-2) and 39.11 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. Compared with the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the ammonia volatilization was significantly higher in both 100% biogas slurry treatment and 75% biogas slurry + 25% pig manure organic fertilizer treatments, with 120.66 kg·hm~(-2) and 88.01 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. The total amount of ammonia volatilization(58.03 kg·hm~(-2))and runoff nitrogen loss(22.00 kg·hm~(-2))in the 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that in the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment; however, the rice yield did not differ significantly. The amount of ammonia volatilization and runoff nitrogen loss in 100% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment was the lowest among all treatments; however, the rice yield was lower than that of the 50% biogas slurry + 50% pig manure organic fertilizer treatment. Therefore, 50% biogas slurry + 50%pig manure organic fertilizer is a more appropriate fertilization model, which can reduce the risk of ammonia volatilization and runoff nitrogen loss while maintaining a certain yield.
引文
[1] Huang L M. Financing rural renewable energy:A comparison between China and India[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13(5):1096-1103.
[2]王飞,蔡亚庆,仇焕广.中国沼气发展的现状、驱动及制约因素分析[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(1):184-189.WANG Fei, CAI Ya-qing, QIU Huan-guang. Current status, incentives and constraints for future development of biogas industry in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(1):184-189.
[3] Jin H M, Chang Z Z. Distribution of heavy metal contents and chemical fractions in anaerobically digested manure slurry[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011, 164(3):268-282.
[4] Cao Y, Chang Z Z, Wang J D, et al. Potential use of anaerobically digested manure slurry to suppress Phytophthora root rot of chilli pepper[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2014, 168:124-131.
[5]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地载荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014,33(3):435-445.ZHU Jian-chun, ZHANG Zeng-qiang, FAN Zhi-min, et al. Biogas potential, cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(3):435-445.
[6]靳红梅,常志州,叶小梅,等.江苏省大型沼气工程沼液理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 27(1):291-296.JIN Hong-mei, CHANG Zhi-zhou, YE Xiao-mei, et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of anaerobically digested slurry from largescale biogas project in Jiangsu Province[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011, 27(1):291-296.
[7]杜臻杰,樊向阳,李中阳,等.猪场沼液灌溉对冬小麦生长和品质的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(3):547-554.DU Zhen-jie, FAN Xiang-yang, LI Zhong-yang, et al. Growth and grain quality of winter wheat irrigated with biogas liquid from a swine farm[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(3):547-554.
[8]史一鸣.稻田生态系统消解沼液的潜力与风险评估[D].杭州：浙江大学, 2010.SHI Yi-ming. The potential capacity for paddy field ecosystem to decontaminate biogas slurry and its risks assessment[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2010.
[9]黄红英,曹金留,常志州,等.猪粪沼液施用对稻、麦产量和氮磷吸收的影响[J].土壤, 2013, 45(3):412–418.HUANG Hong-ying, CAO Jin-liu, CHANG Zhi-zhou, et al. Effects of digested pig slurry application on yields, nitrogen and phosphorous uptakes by rice and wheat[J]. Soils, 2013, 45(3):412–418.
[10]陶磊,褚贵新,刘涛,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对长期连作棉田产量、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].生态学报, 2014, 34(21):6137-6146.TAO Lei, CHU Gui-xin, LIU Tao, et al. Impacts of organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer on cotton yield, soil microbial community and enzyme activities in mono-cropping system in drip irrigation condition[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(21):6137-6146.
[11] Cassman K G, De Data S K. Long-term comparison of the agronomic efficiency and residual benefits of organic and inorganic nitrogen source for tropical lowland rice[J]. Experimental Agriculture, 1996,32:427-444.
[12]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降[J].应用生态学报, 2003, 14(11):1884-1888.SU Cheng-guo, YIN Bin, ZHU Zhao-liang, et al. Ammonia volatilization loss of nitrogen fertilizer from rice field and wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in rice growing season[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(11):1884-1888.
[13]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J].土壤与环境, 2000, 9(1):1-6.ZHU Zhao-liang. Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduciton[J]. Soil and Environmental Sciences, 2000, 9(1):1-6
[14]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报, 2008, 45(5):778-783.ZHU Zhao-liang. Research on soil nitrogen in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5):778-783.
[15]邓欧平,姜丽娜,陈丁江,等.大量沼液施灌稻田的氨挥发特征[J].水土保持学报, 2011, 25(6):233-236.DENG Ou-ping, JIANG Li-na, CHEN Ding-jiang, et al. Ammonia volatilization from the biogas slurry irrigation paddy field[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 25(6):233-236.
[16]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(7):1328-1336.JIANG Li-na, WANG Qiang, CHEN Ding-jiang, et al. Effects of paddy field disposal of biogas slurry on the rice production, soil quality and environmental safety[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011, 30(7):1328-1336.
[17]孙雅杰,吴文良,刘原庆,等.有机肥和化肥对盆栽番茄氮素利用以及损失的影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2017, 22(4):37-46.SUN Ya-jie, WU Wen-liang, LIU Yuan-qing, et al. Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on nitrogen utilization and losses[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2017, 22(4):37-46.
[18] Li J M, Xu M G, Qin D Z, et al. Effects of chemical fertilizers application combined with manure on ammonia volatilization and rice yield in red paddy soil[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizing Science, 2005, 11(1):51-56.
[19] Banerjee B, Pathak H, Aggarwal P K. Effects of dicyandiamide, farmyard manure and irrigation on crop yields and ammonia volatilization from analluvial soil under a rice(Oryza sativa L.)-wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cropping system[J]. Biology Fertility of Soils, 2002, 36(3):207-214
[20]张惠,杨正礼,罗良国,等.黄河上游灌区稻田氨挥发损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(5):1131-1139.ZHANG Hui, YANG Zheng-li, LUO Liang-guo, et al. Study on the ammonia volatilization from paddy field in irrigation area of the Yellow River[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(5):1131-1139.
[21]杨润,孙钦平,赵海燕,等.沼液在稻田的精确施用及其环境效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2017, 36(8):1566-1572.YANG Run, SUN Qin-ping, ZHAO Hai-yan, et al. Precision application of biogas slurry and its environmental effects in paddy fields[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017, 36(8):1566-1572.
[22]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua, HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[23]赵冬,颜廷梅,乔俊,等.太湖地区稻田氮素损失特征及环境效应分析[J].生态环境学报, 2012, 21(6):1149-1154.ZHAO Dong, YAN Ting-mei, QIAO Jun, et al. Characteristics of N loss and environmental effect of paddy field in Taihu area[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2012, 21(6):1149-1154.
[24]李艳,唐良梁,陈义,等.施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响[J].土壤通报, 2015, 46(2):392-397.LI Yan, TANG Liang-liang, CHEN Yi, et al. The effects of nitrogen application rates on uptake, utilization and losses of nitrogen for rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(2):392-397.
[25]张玉平,荣湘民,刘强,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2013, 27(3):44-48, 54.ZHANG Yu-ping, RONG Xiang-min, LIU Qiang, et al. Effects of combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizer on crop nutrient utilization rate, nitrogen and phosphorus loss in dry land[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 27(3):44-48, 54.
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[2]王飞,蔡亚庆,仇焕广.中国沼气发展的现状、驱动及制约因素分析[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(1):184-189.WANG Fei, CAI Ya-qing, QIU Huan-guang. Current status, incentives and constraints for future development of biogas industry in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(1):184-189.
[3] Jin H M, Chang Z Z. Distribution of heavy metal contents and chemical fractions in anaerobically digested manure slurry[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011, 164(3):268-282.
[4] Cao Y, Chang Z Z, Wang J D, et al. Potential use of anaerobically digested manure slurry to suppress Phytophthora root rot of chilli pepper[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2014, 168:124-131.
[5]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地载荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014,33(3):435-445.ZHU Jian-chun, ZHANG Zeng-qiang, FAN Zhi-min, et al. Biogas potential, cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(3):435-445.
[6]靳红梅,常志州,叶小梅,等.江苏省大型沼气工程沼液理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 27(1):291-296.JIN Hong-mei, CHANG Zhi-zhou, YE Xiao-mei, et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of anaerobically digested slurry from largescale biogas project in Jiangsu Province[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011, 27(1):291-296.
[7]杜臻杰,樊向阳,李中阳,等.猪场沼液灌溉对冬小麦生长和品质的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(3):547-554.DU Zhen-jie, FAN Xiang-yang, LI Zhong-yang, et al. Growth and grain quality of winter wheat irrigated with biogas liquid from a swine farm[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(3):547-554.
[8]史一鸣.稻田生态系统消解沼液的潜力与风险评估[D].杭州：浙江大学, 2010.SHI Yi-ming. The potential capacity for paddy field ecosystem to decontaminate biogas slurry and its risks assessment[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2010.
[9]黄红英,曹金留,常志州,等.猪粪沼液施用对稻、麦产量和氮磷吸收的影响[J].土壤, 2013, 45(3):412–418.HUANG Hong-ying, CAO Jin-liu, CHANG Zhi-zhou, et al. Effects of digested pig slurry application on yields, nitrogen and phosphorous uptakes by rice and wheat[J]. Soils, 2013, 45(3):412–418.
[10]陶磊,褚贵新,刘涛,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对长期连作棉田产量、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].生态学报, 2014, 34(21):6137-6146.TAO Lei, CHU Gui-xin, LIU Tao, et al. Impacts of organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer on cotton yield, soil microbial community and enzyme activities in mono-cropping system in drip irrigation condition[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(21):6137-6146.
[11] Cassman K G, De Data S K. Long-term comparison of the agronomic efficiency and residual benefits of organic and inorganic nitrogen source for tropical lowland rice[J]. Experimental Agriculture, 1996,32:427-444.
[12]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降[J].应用生态学报, 2003, 14(11):1884-1888.SU Cheng-guo, YIN Bin, ZHU Zhao-liang, et al. Ammonia volatilization loss of nitrogen fertilizer from rice field and wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in rice growing season[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(11):1884-1888.
[13]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J].土壤与环境, 2000, 9(1):1-6.ZHU Zhao-liang. Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduciton[J]. Soil and Environmental Sciences, 2000, 9(1):1-6
[14]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报, 2008, 45(5):778-783.ZHU Zhao-liang. Research on soil nitrogen in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5):778-783.
[15]邓欧平,姜丽娜,陈丁江,等.大量沼液施灌稻田的氨挥发特征[J].水土保持学报, 2011, 25(6):233-236.DENG Ou-ping, JIANG Li-na, CHEN Ding-jiang, et al. Ammonia volatilization from the biogas slurry irrigation paddy field[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 25(6):233-236.
[16]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(7):1328-1336.JIANG Li-na, WANG Qiang, CHEN Ding-jiang, et al. Effects of paddy field disposal of biogas slurry on the rice production, soil quality and environmental safety[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011, 30(7):1328-1336.
[17]孙雅杰,吴文良,刘原庆,等.有机肥和化肥对盆栽番茄氮素利用以及损失的影响[J].中国农业大学学报, 2017, 22(4):37-46.SUN Ya-jie, WU Wen-liang, LIU Yuan-qing, et al. Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on nitrogen utilization and losses[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2017, 22(4):37-46.
[18] Li J M, Xu M G, Qin D Z, et al. Effects of chemical fertilizers application combined with manure on ammonia volatilization and rice yield in red paddy soil[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizing Science, 2005, 11(1):51-56.
[19] Banerjee B, Pathak H, Aggarwal P K. Effects of dicyandiamide, farmyard manure and irrigation on crop yields and ammonia volatilization from analluvial soil under a rice(Oryza sativa L.)-wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cropping system[J]. Biology Fertility of Soils, 2002, 36(3):207-214
[20]张惠,杨正礼,罗良国,等.黄河上游灌区稻田氨挥发损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(5):1131-1139.ZHANG Hui, YANG Zheng-li, LUO Liang-guo, et al. Study on the ammonia volatilization from paddy field in irrigation area of the Yellow River[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(5):1131-1139.
[21]杨润,孙钦平,赵海燕,等.沼液在稻田的精确施用及其环境效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2017, 36(8):1566-1572.YANG Run, SUN Qin-ping, ZHAO Hai-yan, et al. Precision application of biogas slurry and its environmental effects in paddy fields[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017, 36(8):1566-1572.
[22]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报, 2007, 44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua, HE Fa-yun, YIN Bin, et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[23]赵冬,颜廷梅,乔俊,等.太湖地区稻田氮素损失特征及环境效应分析[J].生态环境学报, 2012, 21(6):1149-1154.ZHAO Dong, YAN Ting-mei, QIAO Jun, et al. Characteristics of N loss and environmental effect of paddy field in Taihu area[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2012, 21(6):1149-1154.
[24]李艳,唐良梁,陈义,等.施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响[J].土壤通报, 2015, 46(2):392-397.LI Yan, TANG Liang-liang, CHEN Yi, et al. The effects of nitrogen application rates on uptake, utilization and losses of nitrogen for rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(2):392-397.
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