水肥耦合对膜下滴灌甘蓝根系生长和土壤水氮分布的影响
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摘要
水肥施用制度是影响水肥利用效率和作物产量的主要因素。该研究主要针对大棚种植甘蓝膜下滴灌下采用不同水肥施用制度时作物根系生长和土壤水氮分布开展试验观测分析,在已有研究推荐的氮肥用量范围中选取了3个氮肥用量(200、300和400 kg/hm2)与制定的灌水方案(上/下限:90%θf/75%θf、100%θf/85%θf和100%θf/75%θf,θf为田间持水率)建立了低水高肥、高水低肥和中水中肥3种水肥施用制度方案,在水利部节水灌溉示范基地大棚内开展了2季田间对比试验。试验结果表明:较高的灌水下限(85%θf)会增加甘蓝根系在0～20cm土层中的分配比例,较高的水肥用量能增加根系质量;处理2(高水低肥)的灌水施肥制度可使根系层土壤保持较高的含水率和较小的变异系数,且灌溉水向深层渗漏不明显,生育期内各处理土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的变化主要发生在0～40 cm土层,40 cm以下土层变化较小,而对于根系98%以上分布在40 cm以上土层的甘蓝来说,这有利于根系对N素的吸收利用,从而提高甘蓝对氮素的利用效率;施肥时灌水量较大会引起硝态氮和铵态氮向深层淋失的危险,且300和400kg/hm2的施氮量在作物收获后土壤表层硝态氮残留量较大。综合分析,该试验认为甘蓝适宜的施氮量200 kg/hm2,适宜的灌水下限85%θf、灌水上限100%θf,该结果可为设施膜下滴灌甘蓝水肥管理和减轻农业面源污染提供技术参考。
The water and fertilizer application scheduling is the main factor affecting the efficiency of water and fertilizer use and crop yield as well as the root growth of crops and the distribution of soil water and nitrogen in soil profile. This study focused on the experimental observation and analysis of cabbage root growth, soil water and nitrogen distribution under different water and fertilizer application scheduling with drip irrigation mulch in greenhouse, aiming at putting forward a better water and fertilizer application scheduling for cabbage cultivation in greenhouse in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Three nitrogen amounts(200, 300 and 400 kg/hm2) were selected from the recommended range of nitrogen application rates in published literatures and three irrigation amounts were determined(irrigation upper/lower limit:90% θf/75%θf, 100%θf/85%θf and 100%θf/75%θf, θf is the field capacity.). Then, three schemes of water and fertilizer application scheduling were established: treatment 1(low water and high fertilizer), treatment 2(high water and low fertilizer) and treatment 3(medium water and medium fertilizer), and field comparison experiments for two seasons were carried out in the greenhouse of the Water Saving Irrigation Demonstration Base of the Ministry of Water Resources. The experimental results showed that the root distribution ratios in 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm soil layers of the three treatments were above 90% and 98%(the proportion of total root weight), respectively. However, the distribution ratio of roots in higher irrigation lower limit(85%θf) was higher than that in lower irrigation lower limits(75%θf) in 0-20 cm soil layers. And a larger amount of water and fertilizer(treatment 3) could increase the total root weight. The water and fertilizer application scheduling of treatment 2(high water and low fertilizer) could keep higher soil moisture content(average value of soil volume moisture content 28.44%-33.48%) and smaller coefficient of variation(0.08-0.13) in 0-60 cm soil layer during the whole growth period, and the leakage of irrigation water to deep layer(below 60 cm soil layer) was not obvious. The changes of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil during the growth period mainly occurred in the 0-40 cm soil layer, and the change of soil layer below 40 cm was small. For the cabbage with more than 98% of the root system distributed in the soil layer of 0-40 cm, this was beneficial to the absorption and utilization of N by the root system, thus improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen of cabbage. However, larger amount of irrigation water when fertilizing might lead to the leaching of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen to the deep layer(below 60 cm). In addition, after harvesting, the residues of treatment 1(nitrogen application rate 400 kg/hm2) and treatment 3(300 kg/hm2) in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those of treatment 2(200 kg/hm2)(P < 0.05), of which treatment 1 was 2.28-2.83 times of treatment 2 and treatment 3 was 1.77-2.45 times of treatment 2. The residual nitrate nitrogen might damage soil environment and cause groundwater pollution. Therefore, comprehensive analysis showed that the suitable nitrogen application rate of cabbage was 200 kg/hm2, the appropriate lower irrigation limit was 85%θf, and the irrigation upper limit was 100%θf. This result could provide technical reference for the water and fertilizer management of cabbage with drip irrigation under mulch and reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution.
The water and fertilizer application scheduling is the main factor affecting the efficiency of water and fertilizer use and crop yield as well as the root growth of crops and the distribution of soil water and nitrogen in soil profile. This study focused on the experimental observation and analysis of cabbage root growth, soil water and nitrogen distribution under different water and fertilizer application scheduling with drip irrigation mulch in greenhouse, aiming at putting forward a better water and fertilizer application scheduling for cabbage cultivation in greenhouse in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Three nitrogen amounts(200, 300 and 400 kg/hm2) were selected from the recommended range of nitrogen application rates in published literatures and three irrigation amounts were determined(irrigation upper/lower limit:90% θf/75%θf, 100%θf/85%θf and 100%θf/75%θf, θf is the field capacity.). Then, three schemes of water and fertilizer application scheduling were established: treatment 1(low water and high fertilizer), treatment 2(high water and low fertilizer) and treatment 3(medium water and medium fertilizer), and field comparison experiments for two seasons were carried out in the greenhouse of the Water Saving Irrigation Demonstration Base of the Ministry of Water Resources. The experimental results showed that the root distribution ratios in 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm soil layers of the three treatments were above 90% and 98%(the proportion of total root weight), respectively. However, the distribution ratio of roots in higher irrigation lower limit(85%θf) was higher than that in lower irrigation lower limits(75%θf) in 0-20 cm soil layers. And a larger amount of water and fertilizer(treatment 3) could increase the total root weight. The water and fertilizer application scheduling of treatment 2(high water and low fertilizer) could keep higher soil moisture content(average value of soil volume moisture content 28.44%-33.48%) and smaller coefficient of variation(0.08-0.13) in 0-60 cm soil layer during the whole growth period, and the leakage of irrigation water to deep layer(below 60 cm soil layer) was not obvious. The changes of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil during the growth period mainly occurred in the 0-40 cm soil layer, and the change of soil layer below 40 cm was small. For the cabbage with more than 98% of the root system distributed in the soil layer of 0-40 cm, this was beneficial to the absorption and utilization of N by the root system, thus improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen of cabbage. However, larger amount of irrigation water when fertilizing might lead to the leaching of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen to the deep layer(below 60 cm). In addition, after harvesting, the residues of treatment 1(nitrogen application rate 400 kg/hm2) and treatment 3(300 kg/hm2) in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those of treatment 2(200 kg/hm2)(P < 0.05), of which treatment 1 was 2.28-2.83 times of treatment 2 and treatment 3 was 1.77-2.45 times of treatment 2. The residual nitrate nitrogen might damage soil environment and cause groundwater pollution. Therefore, comprehensive analysis showed that the suitable nitrogen application rate of cabbage was 200 kg/hm2, the appropriate lower irrigation limit was 85%θf, and the irrigation upper limit was 100%θf. This result could provide technical reference for the water and fertilizer management of cabbage with drip irrigation under mulch and reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution.
引文
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[6]李玉斌，马忠明.水氮互作对膜下滴灌玉米产量及水氮利用的影响[J].玉米科学，2018,26(2):102-109.Li Yubin,Ma Zhongming.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen amount on yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under plastic mulched drip irrigation[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(2):102-109.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Harmanto,Salokhe V M,Babel M S,Tantau H J.Water requirement of drip irrigated tomatoes grown in greenhouse in tropical environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,71:225-242.
[8]袁宇霞，张富仓，张燕，等.滴灌施肥灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究，2013,31(1):76-83.Yuan Yuxia,Zhang Fucang,Zhang Yan,et al.Effects of irrigation threshold and fertilization on growth,yield and physiological properties of fertigated tomato in greenhouse[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(1):76-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]李建明，潘铜华，王玲慧，等.水肥耦合对番茄光合、产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报，2014,30(10):82-90.Li Jianming,Pan Tonghua,Wang Linghui,et al.Effects of water-fertilizer coupling on tomato photosynthesis,yield and water use efficiency[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(10):82-90.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]杨俊华.不同水肥组合对温室沙地栽培黄瓜生长发育、产量与品质的影响[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2014.Yang Junhua.Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Combinations on Growth Development,Yielding and Quality of Greenhouse Cucumber Grown in Sand[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]虞娜，张玉龙，黄毅，等.温室滴灌施肥条件下水肥耦合对番茄产量影响的研究[J].土壤通报，2003,34(3):179-183.Yu Na,Zhang Yulong,Huang Yi,et al.Interactive effect between water and fertilizer coupling on tomato cultivation under drip fertilization in greenhouse[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003,34(3):179-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]陈修斌，邹志荣，姚静，等.日光温室西葫芦水肥耦合效应量化指标研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报：自然科学版，2004,32(3):49-52.Chen Xiubin,Zou Zhirong,Yao Jing,et al.The effect of water-fertilizer coupling on the quantitative index of summer squash in greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity:Nat Sci Ed,2004,32(3):49-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]陈碧华，郜庆炉，孙丽.番茄日光温室膜下滴灌水肥耦合效应研究[J].核农学报，2009,23(6):1082-1086.Chen Bihua,Gao Qinglu,Sun Li.Effects of water and fertilizer coupling under drip fertigation covered with film sheet on tomato growth in solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2009,23(6):1082-1086.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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