水分管理、铁硅材料与生物炭对不同水稻品种吸收镉的影响及其机制
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摘要
通过田间微区试验研究了三种水分管理模式干旱(D)、间歇淹水(IF)、持续淹水(CF)以及水分管理与钝化剂(铁硅材料及生物炭)联合修复模式对不同水稻品种吸收Cd的影响,并探讨其影响的可能机制。结果表明,从分蘖前期到成熟期CF处理各水稻品种糙米Cd的含量比IF处理降低0.20%～45.43%,比D处理降低37.67%～62.11%。三种水分条件下低累积水稻品种G8优2168糙米中Cd的含量比常规品种G8优165低35.03%～54.61%。施加铁硅钝化剂在三种水分(D、IF、CF)条件下,糙米中Cd含量比对应单一水分管理模式依次分别下降64.26%、55.74%、38.14%;施加铁硅+生物炭钝化剂降Cd效应下降。低累积品种+持续淹水联合铁硅钝化剂处理,糙米Cd含量最低。水稻根表铁膜中Cd含量在三种水分条件(D、IF、CF)下依次增加,根系和糙米中Cd含量则依次减少,表明持续淹水可以促进根表铁膜对Cd的固定,同时持续淹水使土壤CaCl2提取有效态Cd的含量显著下降,两者共同作用降低了糙米Cd的含量。施加铁硅钝化剂对根系铁膜固定Cd无显著影响,主要通过显著降低土壤有效态Cd使糙米中Cd含量下降。低累积水稻品种+持续淹水水分管理+铁硅钝化剂联合修复技术可以最大限度保障糙米安全生产。种植低累积水稻和在水稻生长关键期持续淹水水分管理对抑制水稻Cd吸收具有重要意义。在水稻缺水季节及缺水地区则更应重视低累积水稻品种和钝化剂的应用。
Safe food production on large areas of paddy soils that were polluted with Cd at low to medium levels is crucial for human health.The effects of three water management modes, drought(D), intermittent flooding(IF), and continuous flooding(CF)as well as the combined application of water management and amendments with iron and silicon-rich material(IS)and biochar(B)on Cd uptake by different rice varieties were investigated through a field experiment. The possible phytoexclusion mechanisms involved were discussed. The results showed that the Cd content in brown rice treated by CF from tillering to maturity stage was reduced by 0.2%～45.43% compared with IF treatment and by 37.67%～62.11% compared with D treatment. Under the three water management modes, the Cd content in the low cumulative brown rice cultivar G8 2168 was 35.03%～54.61% lower than that in the conventional variety. Under the conditions of the three modes of water management(D, IF, and CF), the contents of Cd in brown rice treated with IS amendment decreased by 64.26%, 55.74%and 38.14%, respectively, compared with that treated with only water management. The effect of the combined amendment IS+B was significantly weaker. The lowest Cd content in brown rice was obtained with the combined application of low cumulative rice varieties, continuous flooding, and IS. Furthermore, the content of Cd in rice root iron plaque varied depending on the water management mode in the following order DIF>CF). This indicated that continuous flooding could promote the fixation of Cd by root iron plaque which acted as a barrier for Cd entering the rice plants. However, continuous flooding also decreased significantly the soil available Cd concentrations(extracted by 0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2). Thus, both mechanisms contributed to reducing the Cd uptake by rice. Iron and silicon-rich material addition had no significant effect on the content of Cd fixed by root iron plaque. It reduced the rice Cd uptake mainly by significantly decreasing the Cd availability in the soil. Therefore, the combined application of a low Cd cumulative rice variety, continuous flooding and IS can guarantee safe rice production on paddy soils with low to medium Cd pollution. Planting low Cd-cumulative rice cultivars, coupled with continuous flooding during the critical growth stage are very important to limiting Cd uptake by rice. The application of amendments and low Cd cumulative rice varieties should be favored in seasons or areas with a water shortage.
Safe food production on large areas of paddy soils that were polluted with Cd at low to medium levels is crucial for human health.The effects of three water management modes, drought(D), intermittent flooding(IF), and continuous flooding(CF)as well as the combined application of water management and amendments with iron and silicon-rich material(IS)and biochar(B)on Cd uptake by different rice varieties were investigated through a field experiment. The possible phytoexclusion mechanisms involved were discussed. The results showed that the Cd content in brown rice treated by CF from tillering to maturity stage was reduced by 0.2%～45.43% compared with IF treatment and by 37.67%～62.11% compared with D treatment. Under the three water management modes, the Cd content in the low cumulative brown rice cultivar G8 2168 was 35.03%～54.61% lower than that in the conventional variety. Under the conditions of the three modes of water management(D, IF, and CF), the contents of Cd in brown rice treated with IS amendment decreased by 64.26%, 55.74%and 38.14%, respectively, compared with that treated with only water management. The effect of the combined amendment IS+B was significantly weaker. The lowest Cd content in brown rice was obtained with the combined application of low cumulative rice varieties, continuous flooding, and IS. Furthermore, the content of Cd in rice root iron plaque varied depending on the water management mode in the following order D
引文
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[5]纪雄辉,梁永超,鲁艳红,等.污染稻田水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3930-3939.JI Xiong-hui,LIANG Yong-chao,LU Yan-hong,et al.The effect of water management on the mechanism and rate of up take and accumulation of cadmium by rice growing in polluted paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3930-3939.
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[8]Yi H C,Fang B L,Nora F T,et al.Variations in grain cadmium and arsenic concentrations and screening for stable low-accumulating rice cultivars from multi-environment trials[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,643:1314-1324.
[9]邓刚,王刚,孙梦飞,等.镉胁迫下不同水稻品种镉的累积与分布差异[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(4):468-471.DENG Gang,WANG Gang,SUN Meng-fei,et al.Accumulation and distribution of cadmium in different rice varieties under cadmium stress[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,57(4):468-471.
[10]Liu J G,Zhu Q S,Zang Z J,et al.Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2010,85(1):147-153.
[11]Yao A J,Wang Y N,Ling X D,et al.Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,2017,39(2):353-367.
[12]李力,陆宇超,刘娅,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(11):2277-2283.LI Li,LU Yu-chao,LIU Ya,et al.Adsorption mechanisms of cadmium(Ⅱ)on biochars derived from corn straw[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(11):2277-2283.
[13]王林,徐应明,梁学峰,等.生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2851-2858.WANG Lin,XU Ying-ming,LIANG Xue-feng,et al.Effects of biochar and chicken manure on cadmium uptake in pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2851-2858.
[14]中华人民共和国国家标准.肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标GB/T 23349-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.Standard of the People′s Republic of China.Ecological index of arsenic,cadmium,lead,chromium and mercury for fertilizers(GB/T 23349-2009)[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2009.
[15]李酋开.土壤农化常规分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:67-116.LI Qiu-kai.Soil agro-chemistry conventional analysis methods[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:67-116.
[16]国家环境保护总局.土壤质量铅、镉的测定石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法GB/T 17141-1997[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.State Environmental Protection Administration of China.Soil qualitydetermination of lead and cadmium-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GB/T 17141-1997[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1997.
[17]中华人民共和国农业部.稻米中铅、镉的测定:石墨炉原子吸收光谱法NY/T 1100-2006[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of lead and cadmium in rice-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry NY/T 1100-2006[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[18]Taylor G J,Crowder A A.Use of the DCB technique for extraction of hydrous iron oxides from roots of wetland plants[J].American Journal of Botany,1983,70(8):1254-1257.
[19]肖振林,王果,黄瑞卿,等.酸性土壤中有效态镉提取方法研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):795-800.XIAO Zhen-lin,WANG Guo,HUANG Rui-qing,et al.Extraction method for available cadmium in acid soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(2):795-800.
[20]区惠平,周柳强,刘昔辉,等.不同施磷量对土壤-玉米系统中镉生物有效性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(7):1220-1225.OU Hui-ping,ZHOU Liu-qiang,LIU Xi-hui,et al.Effect of phosphate fertilizer on phytoavailability of cadmium in soil-corn system[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(7):1220-1225.
[21]陈慧茹,董亚玲,王琦,等.重金属污染土壤中Cd、Cr、Pb元素向水稻的迁移累积研究[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(12):236-241.CHEN Hui-ru,DONG Ya-ling,WANG Qi,et al.Distribution and transportation of Cd,Cr,Pb in rice with contamination in soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(12):236-241.
[22]Honma T,Ohba H,Kaneko K A,et al.Optimal soil Eh,pH,and water management for simultaneously minimizing arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains[J].Environment Science Technology,2016,50(8):4178-4185.
[23]Liu H J,Zhang J L,Zhang F S.Role of iron plaque in Cd uptake by and translocation within rice(Oryza sativa L.)seedlings grown in solution culture[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,2007,59(3):314-320.
[24]Wang X,Yao H X,Wong M H,et al.Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2013,35(6):779-788.
[25]胡霭堂,郑绍建.淹水对污染土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].环境科学学报,1995,15(2):142-147.HU Ai-tang,ZHENG Shao-jian.Effects of flooding on the transformation of cadmium fractions in contaminated soils[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1995,15(2):142-147.
[26]Greipsson S.Effect of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth of plants in excess zinc and accumulation of phosphorus in plants in excess copper or nickel[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,1995,18(8):1659-1665.
[27]Connell W E,Jr P W.Sulfate reduction in soil:Effects of redox potential and pH[J].Science,1968,159(3810):86-87.
[28]史磊,郭朝晖,梁芳,等.水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):111-117.SHI Lei,GUO Zhao-hui,LIANG Fang,et al.Effects of lime and water management on uptake and translocation of cadmium in rice[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(24):111-117.
[2]宗良纲,徐晓炎.水稻对土壤中镉的吸收及其调控措施[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3):120-123.ZONG Liang-gang,XU Xiao-yan.Cadmium absorption of rice from soils and remediations[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(3):120-123.
[3]雷鸣,曾敏,王利红,等.湖南市场和污染区稻米中As、Pb、Cd污染及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(11):2314-2320.LEI Ming,ZENG Min,WANG Li-hong,et al.Arsenic,lead and cadmium pollution in rice from human markets and contaminated areas and their health risk assessment[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(11):2314-2320.
[4]张丽娜,宗良纲,付世景,等.水分管理方式对水稻在Cd污染土壤上生长及其吸收Cd的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(5):49-52.ZHANG Li-na,ZONG Liang-gang,FU Shi-jing,et al.Effects of water control on rice growth and its intake of cadmium on Cd contaminated soil[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(5):49-52.
[5]纪雄辉,梁永超,鲁艳红,等.污染稻田水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3930-3939.JI Xiong-hui,LIANG Yong-chao,LU Yan-hong,et al.The effect of water management on the mechanism and rate of up take and accumulation of cadmium by rice growing in polluted paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3930-3939.
[6]陈江民,杨永杰,黄奇娜,等.持续淹水对水稻镉吸收的影响及其调控机理[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(17):3300-3310.CHEN Jiang-ming,YANG Yong-jie,HUANG Qi-na,et al.Effects of continuous flooding on cadmium absorption and its regulation mechanisms in rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(17):3300-3310.20197
[7]刘敏超,李花粉,夏立江,等.根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):598-602.LIU Min-chao,LI Hua-fen,XIA Li-jiang,et al.Effect of Fe,Mn coating formed on roots on Cd uptake by rice varieties[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(4):598-602.
[8]Yi H C,Fang B L,Nora F T,et al.Variations in grain cadmium and arsenic concentrations and screening for stable low-accumulating rice cultivars from multi-environment trials[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,643:1314-1324.
[9]邓刚,王刚,孙梦飞,等.镉胁迫下不同水稻品种镉的累积与分布差异[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(4):468-471.DENG Gang,WANG Gang,SUN Meng-fei,et al.Accumulation and distribution of cadmium in different rice varieties under cadmium stress[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,57(4):468-471.
[10]Liu J G,Zhu Q S,Zang Z J,et al.Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2010,85(1):147-153.
[11]Yao A J,Wang Y N,Ling X D,et al.Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,2017,39(2):353-367.
[12]李力,陆宇超,刘娅,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(11):2277-2283.LI Li,LU Yu-chao,LIU Ya,et al.Adsorption mechanisms of cadmium(Ⅱ)on biochars derived from corn straw[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(11):2277-2283.
[13]王林,徐应明,梁学峰,等.生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2851-2858.WANG Lin,XU Ying-ming,LIANG Xue-feng,et al.Effects of biochar and chicken manure on cadmium uptake in pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2851-2858.
[14]中华人民共和国国家标准.肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标GB/T 23349-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.Standard of the People′s Republic of China.Ecological index of arsenic,cadmium,lead,chromium and mercury for fertilizers(GB/T 23349-2009)[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2009.
[15]李酋开.土壤农化常规分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:67-116.LI Qiu-kai.Soil agro-chemistry conventional analysis methods[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:67-116.
[16]国家环境保护总局.土壤质量铅、镉的测定石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法GB/T 17141-1997[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.State Environmental Protection Administration of China.Soil qualitydetermination of lead and cadmium-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GB/T 17141-1997[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1997.
[17]中华人民共和国农业部.稻米中铅、镉的测定:石墨炉原子吸收光谱法NY/T 1100-2006[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of lead and cadmium in rice-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry NY/T 1100-2006[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[18]Taylor G J,Crowder A A.Use of the DCB technique for extraction of hydrous iron oxides from roots of wetland plants[J].American Journal of Botany,1983,70(8):1254-1257.
[19]肖振林,王果,黄瑞卿,等.酸性土壤中有效态镉提取方法研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):795-800.XIAO Zhen-lin,WANG Guo,HUANG Rui-qing,et al.Extraction method for available cadmium in acid soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(2):795-800.
[20]区惠平,周柳强,刘昔辉,等.不同施磷量对土壤-玉米系统中镉生物有效性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(7):1220-1225.OU Hui-ping,ZHOU Liu-qiang,LIU Xi-hui,et al.Effect of phosphate fertilizer on phytoavailability of cadmium in soil-corn system[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(7):1220-1225.
[21]陈慧茹,董亚玲,王琦,等.重金属污染土壤中Cd、Cr、Pb元素向水稻的迁移累积研究[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(12):236-241.CHEN Hui-ru,DONG Ya-ling,WANG Qi,et al.Distribution and transportation of Cd,Cr,Pb in rice with contamination in soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(12):236-241.
[22]Honma T,Ohba H,Kaneko K A,et al.Optimal soil Eh,pH,and water management for simultaneously minimizing arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains[J].Environment Science Technology,2016,50(8):4178-4185.
[23]Liu H J,Zhang J L,Zhang F S.Role of iron plaque in Cd uptake by and translocation within rice(Oryza sativa L.)seedlings grown in solution culture[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,2007,59(3):314-320.
[24]Wang X,Yao H X,Wong M H,et al.Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2013,35(6):779-788.
[25]胡霭堂,郑绍建.淹水对污染土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].环境科学学报,1995,15(2):142-147.HU Ai-tang,ZHENG Shao-jian.Effects of flooding on the transformation of cadmium fractions in contaminated soils[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1995,15(2):142-147.
[26]Greipsson S.Effect of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth of plants in excess zinc and accumulation of phosphorus in plants in excess copper or nickel[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,1995,18(8):1659-1665.
[27]Connell W E,Jr P W.Sulfate reduction in soil:Effects of redox potential and pH[J].Science,1968,159(3810):86-87.
[28]史磊,郭朝晖,梁芳,等.水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):111-117.SHI Lei,GUO Zhao-hui,LIANG Fang,et al.Effects of lime and water management on uptake and translocation of cadmium in rice[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(24):111-117.
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