强化浅基质层干植草沟对道路径流的脱氮效果
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摘要
搭建6个不同结构和介质组成的浅基质层干植草沟模拟柱,在基质层添加较多发酵木屑,利用进水期的脱氮作用,并设置饱水层提高设施落干期脱氮能力,从而强化设施全周期脱氮效果.以半人工道路径流作为进水,考察各模拟柱运行效果,并结合分层取样水质检测结果和模拟柱内体积含水率、ORP的变化过程,分析氮素在不同模拟柱内的去除机制.结果表明:在运行参数相对实际应用环境更为不利的条件下,设置饱水层的模拟柱的TN去除率在67%～78%; TN去除过程主要发生在进水期,且在含较多发酵木屑的基质层即被大量去除;设置饱水层不仅可提高落干期设施脱氮能力,还可保证较浅的基质层在进水期快速达到适宜反硝化的缺氧条件,从而保证进水期设施的脱氮效果;设置持水性过渡层并在其中放置有机质可以有效平衡饱水层碳源补给并控制有机质淋失的问题.
To investigate nitrogen removal efficiencies and mechanisms from road runoff by dry grass swales with a shallow substrate layer,we constructed six dry grass swale columns with different structures and media composition. In order to enhance the nitrogen removal efficiencies during the whole process,fermented woodchips were added into the substrate layer,and saturated zones were established. Semi-synthetic road runoff was used as the influent water. The influent and effluent quality were analyzed,and the change in volumetric water content and ORP of the media were monitored. The results showed significant nitrogen removal by these columns under unfavorable conditions. The range of the average removal rate of TN by the dry grass swales with saturated zones was 67%-78%.The nitrogen removal process mainly occurred during the wet period of the substrate layer. The saturated zones enhanced nitrogen removal efficiencies during the dry period,and also promoted the quick establishment of anoxic conditions in the substrate layer during the wet period. The water-holding transition layer with organic matter was effective at providing a carbon source for denitrification in the saturated zone,and for avoiding the leaching of pollutants caused by organic decomposition.
To investigate nitrogen removal efficiencies and mechanisms from road runoff by dry grass swales with a shallow substrate layer,we constructed six dry grass swale columns with different structures and media composition. In order to enhance the nitrogen removal efficiencies during the whole process,fermented woodchips were added into the substrate layer,and saturated zones were established. Semi-synthetic road runoff was used as the influent water. The influent and effluent quality were analyzed,and the change in volumetric water content and ORP of the media were monitored. The results showed significant nitrogen removal by these columns under unfavorable conditions. The range of the average removal rate of TN by the dry grass swales with saturated zones was 67%-78%.The nitrogen removal process mainly occurred during the wet period of the substrate layer. The saturated zones enhanced nitrogen removal efficiencies during the dry period,and also promoted the quick establishment of anoxic conditions in the substrate layer during the wet period. The water-holding transition layer with organic matter was effective at providing a carbon source for denitrification in the saturated zone,and for avoiding the leaching of pollutants caused by organic decomposition.
引文
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[15] Li H,Sharkey L J,Hunt W F,et al. Mitigation of impervious surface hydrology using bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland[J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2009,14(4):407-415.
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[17] Peterson I J,Igielski S,Davis A P. Enhanced denitrification in bioretention using woodchips as an organic carbon source[J].Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment,2015,1(4):04015004.
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[20] ?if?i D I,Meri?S. Manganese adsorption by iron impregnated pumice composite[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2017,522:279-286.
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[22]何梦男,张劲,陈诚,等.上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):536-545.He M N,Zhang J,Chen C,et al. Analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall-runoff pollution in Dianbei basin of Shanghai[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):536-545.
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[24]上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司.上海市海绵城市建设技术导则(试行)[R].上海:上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司,2016. 5-7,9.
[25] Davis A P,Shokouhian M,Sharma H,et al. Water quality improvement through bioretention media:nitrogen and phosphorus removal[J]. Water Environment Research,2006,78(3):284-293.
[26] Lucke T,Nichols P W B. The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,536:784-792.
[27] Shrestha P,Hurley S E,Wemple B C. Effects of different soil media,vegetation,and hydrologic treatments on nutrient and sediment removal in roadside bioretention systems[J]. Ecological Engineering,2018,112:116-131.
[28] Christianson L E,Feyereisen G,Lepine C,et al. Plastic carrier polishing chamber reduces pollution swapping from denitrifying woodchip bioreactors[J]. Aquacultural Engineering,2018,81:33-37.
[29] Bock E,Smith N,Rogers M,et al. Enhanced nitrate and phosphate removal in a denitrifying bioreactor with biochar[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2015,44(2):605-613.
[30] Bock E M,Coleman B,Easton Z M. Effect of biochar on nitrate removal in a pilot-scale denitrifying bioreactor[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(3):762-771.
[31] Morse N R,Mc Phillips L E,Shapleigh J P,et al. The role of denitrification in stormwater detention basin treatment of nitrogen[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(14):7928-7935.
[2] Shafique M,Kim R,Kyung-Ho K. Evaluating the capability of grass swale for the rainfall runoff reduction from an urban parking lot,Seoul,Korea[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15(3):537.
[3] Leroy M C,Portet-Koltalo F,Legras M,et al. Performance of vegetated swales for improving road runoff quality in a moderate traffic urban area[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,566-567:113-121.
[4] Stagge J H,Davis A P,Jamil E,et al. Performance of grass swales for improving water quality from highway runoff[J]. Water Research,2012,46(20):6731-6742.
[5] Cizek A R,Hunt W F,Winston R J,et al. Water quality and hydrologic performance of a regenerative stormwater conveyance in the piedmont of North Carolina[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering,2018,144(8):04018062.
[6] Ingvertsen S T,Cederkvist K,Jensen M B,et al. Assessment of existing roadside swales with engineered filter soil:II. treatment efficiency and in situ mobilization in soil columns[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41(6):1970-1981.
[7] Waller L J,Evanylo G K,Krometis L A H,et al. Engineered and environmental controls of microbial denitrification in established bioretention cells[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(9):5358-5366.
[8] Cording A,Hurley S,Adair C. Influence of critical bioretention design factors and projected increases in precipitation due to climate change on roadside bioretention performance[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering,2018,144(9):04018082.
[9] Li L Q,Davis A P. Urban stormwater runoff nitrogen composition and fate in bioretention systems[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(6):3403-3410.
[10] Lefevre G H,Paus K H,Natarajan P,et al. Review of dissolved pollutants in urban storm water and their removal and fate in bioretention cells[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,141(1):04014050.
[11] Cho K W,Yoon M H,Song K G, et al. The effects of antecedent dry days on the nitrogen removal in layered soil infiltration systems for storm run-off control[J]. Environmental Technology,2011,32(7):747-755.
[12] Zinger Y,Blecken G T,Fletcher T D,et al. Optimising nitrogen removal in existing stormwater biofilters:benefits and tradeoffs of a retrofitted saturated zone[J]. Ecological Engineering,2013,51:75-82.
[13] Manka B N,Hathaway J M,Tirpak R A,et al. Driving forces of effluent nutrient variability in field scale bioretention[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:622-628.
[14] Brown R A,Hunt III W F. Impacts of media depth on effluent water quality and hydrologic performance of undersized bioretention cells[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2011,137(3):132-143.
[15] Li H,Sharkey L J,Hunt W F,et al. Mitigation of impervious surface hydrology using bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland[J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2009,14(4):407-415.
[16] Jiang C B,Li J K,Zhang B H,et al. Design parameters and treatment efficiency of a retrofit bioretention system on runoff nitrogen removal[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(33):33298-33308.
[17] Peterson I J,Igielski S,Davis A P. Enhanced denitrification in bioretention using woodchips as an organic carbon source[J].Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment,2015,1(4):04015004.
[18] Wan Z X,Li T,Shi Z B. A layered bioretention system for inhibiting nitrate and organic matters leaching[J]. Ecological Engineering,2017,107:233-238.
[19] Wan Z X,Li T,Liu Y T. Effective nitrogen removal during different periods of a field-scale bioretention system[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(18):17855-17861.
[20] ?if?i D I,Meri?S. Manganese adsorption by iron impregnated pumice composite[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2017,522:279-286.
[21] Pungrasmi W, Phinitthanaphak P, Powtongsook S. Nitrogen removal from a recirculating aquaculture system using a pumice bottom substrate nitrification-denitrification tank[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,95:357-363.
[22]何梦男,张劲,陈诚,等.上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):536-545.He M N,Zhang J,Chen C,et al. Analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall-runoff pollution in Dianbei basin of Shanghai[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):536-545.
[23]宁静.上海市短历时暴雨强度公式与设计雨型研究[D].上海:同济大学,2006. 46-48.
[24]上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司.上海市海绵城市建设技术导则(试行)[R].上海:上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司,2016. 5-7,9.
[25] Davis A P,Shokouhian M,Sharma H,et al. Water quality improvement through bioretention media:nitrogen and phosphorus removal[J]. Water Environment Research,2006,78(3):284-293.
[26] Lucke T,Nichols P W B. The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,536:784-792.
[27] Shrestha P,Hurley S E,Wemple B C. Effects of different soil media,vegetation,and hydrologic treatments on nutrient and sediment removal in roadside bioretention systems[J]. Ecological Engineering,2018,112:116-131.
[28] Christianson L E,Feyereisen G,Lepine C,et al. Plastic carrier polishing chamber reduces pollution swapping from denitrifying woodchip bioreactors[J]. Aquacultural Engineering,2018,81:33-37.
[29] Bock E,Smith N,Rogers M,et al. Enhanced nitrate and phosphate removal in a denitrifying bioreactor with biochar[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2015,44(2):605-613.
[30] Bock E M,Coleman B,Easton Z M. Effect of biochar on nitrate removal in a pilot-scale denitrifying bioreactor[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(3):762-771.
[31] Morse N R,Mc Phillips L E,Shapleigh J P,et al. The role of denitrification in stormwater detention basin treatment of nitrogen[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(14):7928-7935.