内蒙古干湿环境演变与地区生态建设优势气候背景分析
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摘要
通过内蒙古地区近46 a降水和潜在蒸散量以及湿润度在气温突变前后的倾向率和差值变化分析,得出该区域主要植被类型干湿环境演变的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:降水在气温突变前"东增西减",突变后呈相反的变化趋势。46 a降水倾向率增加区域主要集中在呼伦贝尔市东部和乌兰察布市以西大部地区;潜在蒸散量在气温突变前呈减少趋势,突变后有增加趋势,突变后潜在蒸散量明显小于突变前。内蒙古46 a潜在蒸散量倾向率大部地区偏小,偏大区域仅存在于中东部偏北地区,气温突变后全区大部地区存在明显的"蒸发悖论";大兴安岭西麓和乌兰察布市以西地区突变后湿润度增加明显,暖湿的气候环境有利于当地植被建设和生态恢复,内蒙古东南部、呼伦贝尔草原和锡林郭勒盟草原区有暖干化趋势,上述草原区存在潜在退化风险。
The temperature in Inner Mongolia,China keeps increasing from 1971 to 2016.According to the result of MK mutation test,there was a sudden change of the annual average temperature in 1988.The temporal and spatial variation characteristics about the dry and wet environment of the main vegetation types in the region was derived based on the analysis of the change and the tendency rate of the precipitation,potential evapotranspiration and moisture index before and after the sudden change of the air temperature in the course of the late 46 years.The results showed that the precipitation had the pattern of an increasing trend in the east area but a decreasing trend in the west area before the sudden change of the temperature,and it turned to an opposite pattern after the sudden change of the temperature which meant a decrease trend in the east area but an increase trend in the west area.The areas with a precipitation trend rate in the past 46 years were mainly concentrated in the east of Hulun Buir League and most area of the western Ulanqab League.The evapotranspiration showed a decreasing trend before the sudden change of the temperature,but an increase trend after that change,and the latent evapotranspiration was significantly smaller after the sudden change of the temperature.The potential evaporation tendency was relatively small in most areas in the past 46 years with the exception only in the north-central part of Inner Mongolia.There was an obvious "evaporation paradox" in most parts of the region.The desert,steppe desert and desert steppe in the west region of Inner Mongolia were in the humid climate background,which was beneficial to the local vegetation construction and ecological recover.In southeastern Inner Mongolia,and the grasslands of Hulun Buir and Xilingol League there was a warming and drying tendency,which poses a potential degradation risk in the above steppe areas.It is required to strengthen the maintenance of natural fending and ecological stability of the grassland areas,to reduce human disturbance,and large-scale artificial vegetation construction should be prohibited at present.The conclusion can provide scientific basis for regional ecological construction,vegetation protection,reasonable utilization of regional climate resources and climate change solutions.
The temperature in Inner Mongolia,China keeps increasing from 1971 to 2016.According to the result of MK mutation test,there was a sudden change of the annual average temperature in 1988.The temporal and spatial variation characteristics about the dry and wet environment of the main vegetation types in the region was derived based on the analysis of the change and the tendency rate of the precipitation,potential evapotranspiration and moisture index before and after the sudden change of the air temperature in the course of the late 46 years.The results showed that the precipitation had the pattern of an increasing trend in the east area but a decreasing trend in the west area before the sudden change of the temperature,and it turned to an opposite pattern after the sudden change of the temperature which meant a decrease trend in the east area but an increase trend in the west area.The areas with a precipitation trend rate in the past 46 years were mainly concentrated in the east of Hulun Buir League and most area of the western Ulanqab League.The evapotranspiration showed a decreasing trend before the sudden change of the temperature,but an increase trend after that change,and the latent evapotranspiration was significantly smaller after the sudden change of the temperature.The potential evaporation tendency was relatively small in most areas in the past 46 years with the exception only in the north-central part of Inner Mongolia.There was an obvious "evaporation paradox" in most parts of the region.The desert,steppe desert and desert steppe in the west region of Inner Mongolia were in the humid climate background,which was beneficial to the local vegetation construction and ecological recover.In southeastern Inner Mongolia,and the grasslands of Hulun Buir and Xilingol League there was a warming and drying tendency,which poses a potential degradation risk in the above steppe areas.It is required to strengthen the maintenance of natural fending and ecological stability of the grassland areas,to reduce human disturbance,and large-scale artificial vegetation construction should be prohibited at present.The conclusion can provide scientific basis for regional ecological construction,vegetation protection,reasonable utilization of regional climate resources and climate change solutions.
引文
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[15] HU Q,PAN F,PAN X,et al.Spatial analysis of climate change in Inner Mongolia during 1961—2012,China[J].Applied Geography,2015,60:254-260.
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[17] PETERSON T V.Evaporation losing its strength[J].Nature,1995,377:687-688.
[18] RODERICK M L,FARQUHAR G D.The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years[J].Science,2002,298(5597):1410-1411.
[19] 吴绍洪,尹云鹤,郑度,等.近30年中国陆地表层干湿状况研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35(3):276-283.[WU Shaohong,YI Yunhe,ZHENG Du,et al.Characteristics of China dry-wet condition in recent 30 years[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2005,35( 3):276 - 283.]
[20] 申双和,张方敏,盛琼.1975—2004年中国湿润指数时空变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):11-15.[SHEN Shuanghe,ZHANG Fangmin,SHENG Qiong,et al.Spatio-temporal changes of wetness index in China from 1957 to 2004[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(1):11-15.]
[21] 韩盟伟,赵广举,穆兴民,等.黄土高原1959—2015年潜在蒸发量的时空变化[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(5):997-1004.[HAN Mengwei,ZHAO Guangju,MU Xingmin,et al.Variation of ground water and precipitation in typical zone of Horqin Sandy area[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(5):997-1004.]
[22] 岳祥飞,张铜会,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地降雨特征分析——以奈曼旗为例[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):118-123.[ YUE Xiangfei,ZHANG Tonghui,ZHAO Xueyong,et al.Characteristics of precipitation in growing season in the Horqin Sandy land:A case study in Naiman,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):118-123.]
[23] TRENBERTH K E.Atmospheric moisture residence times and cycling:Implications for rainfall rates and climate change[J].Climatic Change,1998,39(4):667-694.
[24] 孙凤华,杨素英,任国玉.东北地区降水日数、强度和持续时间的年代际变化[J].应用气象学报,2007,18(5):610-618.[SUN Fenghua,YANG Suying,REN Guoyu.Decade variations of precipitation event frequency intensity and duration in the northeast China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2007,18(5):610-618.]
[25] 丁一汇.气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,2010:99-100.[ DING Yihui.Climatic change[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010:99-100.]
[26] 鲍媛媛,康志明.2010年亚洲夏季风环流异常特征及其对中国雨带的影响[J].高原气象,2014,33(5):1217-1228.[BAO Yuanyuan,KANG Zhiming.Abnormal features of Asian summer monsoon circulation and its effects on Chinese rain band in 2010[J].Plateau Meteor,2014,33(5):1217-1228.]
[27] 程慧萍,贾晓静.印度洋冬季海温异常对中国春季降水的影响[J].高原气象,2014,33(3):733-742.[CHENG Huiping,JIA Xiaojing.Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies of Indian Ocean in winter on precipitation over China in spring[J].Plateau Meteor,2014,33(3):733-742.]
[2] 王小静,李志,赵姹,等.北旱区 1961—2011 年参考作物蒸散量的时空分异[J].生态学报,2014,34(19):5609-5616.[WANG Xiaojing,LI Zhi,ZHAO Cha,et al.Spatiotemporal variations of the reference crop evapotranspiration in the arid region of northwest China during 1961—2011[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(19):5609-5616.]
[3] 王林,陈文.标准化降水蒸散指数在中国干旱监测的适用性分析[J].高原气象,2014,33(2):423-431.[WANG Lin,CHEN Wen.Applicability analysis of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in drought monitoring in China[J].Plateau Meteorology,2014,33(2):423-431]
[4] 明博,陶洪斌,王璞.基于标准化降水蒸散指数研究干旱对北京地区作物产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(5):28-36.[MING Bo,TAO Hongbin,WANG Pu.Impact of drought on grain yield in Beijing investigated by SPEI-based methods[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(5):28-36.]
[5] BRUTSAERT W,PARLANGE M B.Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradox[J].Nature,1998,396(6706):30-30.
[6] GUO S L,GUO J,ZHANG J,et al.VIC distributed hydrological model to predict climate change impact in the Hanjiang Basin[J].Science in China (Series E:Technological Sciences),2009,52(11):3234-3239.
[7] 苑全治,吴绍洪,戴尔阜,等.1961—2015年中国气候干湿状况的时空分异[J].中国科学:地球科学,2017,47(11):1339-1348.[YUAN Quanzhi,WU Shaohong,DAI Erfu,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of the wet-dry conditions from 1961 to 2015 in China[J].Scientia Sinica (Terrae),2017,47(11):1339-1348.]
[8] 王建兵,王素萍,汪治桂.1971—2010年若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量及地表湿润度的变化趋势[J].地理科学,2015,35(2):245-250.[WANG Jianbing,WANG Suping,WANG Zhihui.The variety characters of potential evapotranspiration and soil surface humidity index in the Zoige Wetland in 1971—2010[J].Scientia Gergraphica Sinica,2015,35 (2):245-250.]
[9] 左德鹏,徐宗学,程磊,等.基于辐射的潜在蒸散量估算方法适用性分析[J].干旱区地理,2011,34 (4):565-574.[ZUO Depeng,XU Zongxue,CHENG Lei,et al.Assessment on radiation based methods to estimate potential evapotranspiration[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(4):565-574.]
[10] 曹雯,申双和,段春锋.中国西北潜在蒸散时空演变特征及其定量化成因[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3394-3403.[CAO Wen,SHEN Shuanghe,DUAN Chunfeng.Quantification of the causes for reference crop evapotranspiration changes in growing season in northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,66(3):3394-3403.]
[11] WANG W,SHAO Q,PENG S,et al.Reference evapotranspiration change and the causes across the Yellow River Basin during 1957—2008 and their spatial and seasonal differences[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48(5).
[12] LI Z,ZHENG F L,LIU W Z.Spatiotemporal characteristics of reference evapotranspiration during 1961—2009 and its projected changes during 2011—2099 on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,154:147-155.
[13] 徐羽,徐刚,吴艳飞,等.重庆市参考作物蒸散量及湿润指数变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(3):176-181,187.[XU Yu,XU Gang,WU Yanfei,et al.Reference crop evapotranspiration and surface humidity index in Chongqing City[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(3):176-181,187.]
[14] 陈伏龙,冯平,吴泽斌.三工河流域平原区蒸发量变化特征及影响因素[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):45-53.[CHEN Fulong,FENG Ping,WU Zebing.Changes of evaporation and impact factors in the plain region in Sangong River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):45-53.]
[15] HU Q,PAN F,PAN X,et al.Spatial analysis of climate change in Inner Mongolia during 1961—2012,China[J].Applied Geography,2015,60:254-260.
[16] RODERICK M L,FARQUHAR G D.The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years[J].Science,2002,298(5597):1410-1411.
[17] PETERSON T V.Evaporation losing its strength[J].Nature,1995,377:687-688.
[18] RODERICK M L,FARQUHAR G D.The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years[J].Science,2002,298(5597):1410-1411.
[19] 吴绍洪,尹云鹤,郑度,等.近30年中国陆地表层干湿状况研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35(3):276-283.[WU Shaohong,YI Yunhe,ZHENG Du,et al.Characteristics of China dry-wet condition in recent 30 years[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2005,35( 3):276 - 283.]
[20] 申双和,张方敏,盛琼.1975—2004年中国湿润指数时空变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):11-15.[SHEN Shuanghe,ZHANG Fangmin,SHENG Qiong,et al.Spatio-temporal changes of wetness index in China from 1957 to 2004[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(1):11-15.]
[21] 韩盟伟,赵广举,穆兴民,等.黄土高原1959—2015年潜在蒸发量的时空变化[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(5):997-1004.[HAN Mengwei,ZHAO Guangju,MU Xingmin,et al.Variation of ground water and precipitation in typical zone of Horqin Sandy area[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(5):997-1004.]
[22] 岳祥飞,张铜会,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地降雨特征分析——以奈曼旗为例[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):118-123.[ YUE Xiangfei,ZHANG Tonghui,ZHAO Xueyong,et al.Characteristics of precipitation in growing season in the Horqin Sandy land:A case study in Naiman,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):118-123.]
[23] TRENBERTH K E.Atmospheric moisture residence times and cycling:Implications for rainfall rates and climate change[J].Climatic Change,1998,39(4):667-694.
[24] 孙凤华,杨素英,任国玉.东北地区降水日数、强度和持续时间的年代际变化[J].应用气象学报,2007,18(5):610-618.[SUN Fenghua,YANG Suying,REN Guoyu.Decade variations of precipitation event frequency intensity and duration in the northeast China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2007,18(5):610-618.]
[25] 丁一汇.气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,2010:99-100.[ DING Yihui.Climatic change[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010:99-100.]
[26] 鲍媛媛,康志明.2010年亚洲夏季风环流异常特征及其对中国雨带的影响[J].高原气象,2014,33(5):1217-1228.[BAO Yuanyuan,KANG Zhiming.Abnormal features of Asian summer monsoon circulation and its effects on Chinese rain band in 2010[J].Plateau Meteor,2014,33(5):1217-1228.]
[27] 程慧萍,贾晓静.印度洋冬季海温异常对中国春季降水的影响[J].高原气象,2014,33(3):733-742.[CHENG Huiping,JIA Xiaojing.Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies of Indian Ocean in winter on precipitation over China in spring[J].Plateau Meteor,2014,33(3):733-742.]
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