天津地区不同茄子种植模式对土壤氮磷淋溶损失的影响
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摘要
蔬菜种植具有水肥需求量大等特点,导致菜地土壤氮磷淋溶损失(以下简称淋失)风险较高。茄子作为中国主要的蔬菜种类之一,其种植地氮磷淋失问题不容忽视。为探索降低茄田土壤氮磷淋失风险的种植模式,采用田间渗滤池技术,对不同种植模式(茄子单作、茄子/小白菜间作、茄子/小白菜间作+黄花菜/矮化石榴植物篱、茄子/小白菜间作+柠条/沙棘植物篱)下菜地土壤淋溶液中氮磷含量进行监测,研究茄子不同种植模式对土壤氮磷淋失的影响。结果表明,在4种种植模式中,以茄子/小白菜间作+黄花菜/矮化石榴植物篱对TN、NO_3~-淋失拦截效果最佳,较茄子单作分别降低46.14%、51.62%;然而,不同种植模式对NH_4~+的淋失拦截无显著差异。与茄子单作相比,其他种植模式对TP的淋失拦截显著,其中以茄子/小白菜间作最佳,较茄子单作相比显著减少了40.80%。在茄子生产过程中,茄子/小白菜间作+黄花菜/矮化石榴植物篱能够有效降低土壤氮磷淋失风险,是适宜天津地区治理菜地氮磷淋失的一种有效措施,研究成果将为治理天津地区面源污染提供技术指导。
Vegetable planting has the characteristics of large demand for water and fertilizer,which leads to higher risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in vegetable soil.Eggplant is one of the main vegetable species in China,and the problem of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in the planting area cannot be ignored.In order to explore the planting mode of reducing the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in the soil,the field infiltration filter technology was used to monitor the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil leaching solution of the vegetable field under different planting patterns(eggplant monoculture,eggplant/cabbage intercropping,eggplant/cabbage intercropping+ Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge,eggplant/cabbage intercropping+Caragana korshinskii Kom./Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.hedge)to study the effects of different planting patterns of eggplant on soil nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss.The results showed that the effect of eggplant/cabbage intercropping+Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge on decreasing TN and NO3-leaching was the best in all planting patterns,which was 46.14% and 51.62% lower than eggplant monoculture,respectively.However,there was no significant difference in the leaching control of NH4+for each planting pattern.Compared with the eggplant monoculture,the other planting patterns had significant effect on controlling TP leaching,among which the eggplant/cabbage intercropping was the best,which decreased significantly by 40.80%compared with the eggplant monoculture.In the process of eggplant production,the eggplant/cabbage intercropping+ Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge could effectively reduce the risk of soil nitrogen and phosphorus leaching.It was an effective measure for the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in vegetable fields in Tianjin.The research results would provide technical guidance for the treatment of non-point source pollution in Tianjin.
Vegetable planting has the characteristics of large demand for water and fertilizer,which leads to higher risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in vegetable soil.Eggplant is one of the main vegetable species in China,and the problem of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in the planting area cannot be ignored.In order to explore the planting mode of reducing the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in the soil,the field infiltration filter technology was used to monitor the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil leaching solution of the vegetable field under different planting patterns(eggplant monoculture,eggplant/cabbage intercropping,eggplant/cabbage intercropping+ Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge,eggplant/cabbage intercropping+Caragana korshinskii Kom./Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.hedge)to study the effects of different planting patterns of eggplant on soil nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss.The results showed that the effect of eggplant/cabbage intercropping+Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge on decreasing TN and NO3-leaching was the best in all planting patterns,which was 46.14% and 51.62% lower than eggplant monoculture,respectively.However,there was no significant difference in the leaching control of NH4+for each planting pattern.Compared with the eggplant monoculture,the other planting patterns had significant effect on controlling TP leaching,among which the eggplant/cabbage intercropping was the best,which decreased significantly by 40.80%compared with the eggplant monoculture.In the process of eggplant production,the eggplant/cabbage intercropping+ Hemerocallis citrina Baroni/dwarf Punica granatum hedge could effectively reduce the risk of soil nitrogen and phosphorus leaching.It was an effective measure for the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in vegetable fields in Tianjin.The research results would provide technical guidance for the treatment of non-point source pollution in Tianjin.
引文
[1]刘宏斌，李志宏，张云贵，等．北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究[J]．土壤学报，2006,43(3):405-413.
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[4]韦高玲，卓慕宁，廖义善，等．不同施肥水平下菜地耕层土壤中氮磷淋溶损失特征[J]．生态环境学报，2016,25(6):1023-1031.
[5]王强，徐建明，姜丽娜，等．轮作水稻对大棚土壤硝化作用和氮挥发的影响[J]．水土保持学报，2017,31(1):186-190.
[6]张凤云，吴普特，赵西宁，等．间套作提高农田水分利用效率的节水机理[J]．应用生态学报，2012,23(5):1400-1406.
[7]董娴娴，刘辰深，张丽娟，等．耕层水氮调控对土壤深层累积NO3--N运移及后效的影响[J]．中国农业科学，2011,44(12):2476-2483.
[8] WANG Q,XU J M,LIN H,et al.Effect of rice planting on the nutrient accumulation and transfer in soils under plastic greenhouse vegetable-rice rotation system in southeast China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(1):204-209.
[9]滕艳敏，韩卉，郝梓依，等．不同蔬菜种植模式对土壤淋溶水总氮、总磷和COD的影响[J]．中国生态农业学报，2017,25(5):759-768.
[10]吴琼，赵同科，安志装，等．蔬菜间作及氮肥调控对土壤硝酸盐及氮素表观损失的影响[J]．农业科学与技术，2012,13(4):833-837,876.
[11]刘宏斌．农田面源污染监测方法与实践[M]．北京：科学出版社，2015.
[12]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002.
[13]单立楠．不同施肥模式下菜地氮素面源污染特征及生态拦截控制研究[D]．杭州：浙江大学，2015.
[14] PENG S Z,HE Y P,YANG S H,et al.Effect of controlled irrigation and drainage on nitrogen leaching losses from paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2015,13(4):303-312.
[15] YANG X L,LU Y L,TONG Y A,et al.A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat-maize rotation system:comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,199:34-42.
[16]马庆旭，吴良欢，曹小闯，等．营养液pH和氮形态对小白菜生长、氮素吸收及品质的影响[J]．水土保持学报，2015,29(6):64-68.
[17]李建兴，何丙辉，梅雪梅，等．紫色土区坡耕地不同种植模式对土壤渗透性的影响[J]．应用生态学报，2013,24(3):725-731.
[18]袁京，李国学，李荣花，等．小麦/玉米轮作体系中不同施肥方法下的养分淋溶排污系数测算[J]．农业环境科学学报，2015,34(4):738-744.
[19] SHARPLEY A,BEEGLE D,BOLSTER C,et al.Phosphorus indices:why we need to take stock of how we are doing[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41(6):1711-1719.
[20]习斌，翟丽梅，刘申，等．有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2015,21(2):326-335.
[21] HU J L,LIN X,WANG J H,et al.Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and-solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil[J].Pedobiologia,2009,53(1):49-58.
[22]谭德水，江丽华，谭淑樱，等．基于减少土壤硝态氮淋失的作物搭配种植模式研究进展[J]．中国生态农业学报，2014,22(2):136-142.
[23] NIE S W,ENEJI A E,CHEN Y Q,et al.Nitrate leaching from maize intercropping systems with N fertilizer overdose[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2012,11(9):1555-1565.
[2]刘宏斌，张云贵，李志宏，等．北京市平原农区深层地下水硝态氮污染状况研究[J]．土壤学报，2005,42(3):411-418.
[3] MIN J,SHI W M,XING G X,et al.Effects of a catch crop and reduced nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen leaching in greenhouse vegetable production systems[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2011,91(1):31-39.
[4]韦高玲，卓慕宁，廖义善，等．不同施肥水平下菜地耕层土壤中氮磷淋溶损失特征[J]．生态环境学报，2016,25(6):1023-1031.
[5]王强，徐建明，姜丽娜，等．轮作水稻对大棚土壤硝化作用和氮挥发的影响[J]．水土保持学报，2017,31(1):186-190.
[6]张凤云，吴普特，赵西宁，等．间套作提高农田水分利用效率的节水机理[J]．应用生态学报，2012,23(5):1400-1406.
[7]董娴娴，刘辰深，张丽娟，等．耕层水氮调控对土壤深层累积NO3--N运移及后效的影响[J]．中国农业科学，2011,44(12):2476-2483.
[8] WANG Q,XU J M,LIN H,et al.Effect of rice planting on the nutrient accumulation and transfer in soils under plastic greenhouse vegetable-rice rotation system in southeast China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(1):204-209.
[9]滕艳敏，韩卉，郝梓依，等．不同蔬菜种植模式对土壤淋溶水总氮、总磷和COD的影响[J]．中国生态农业学报，2017,25(5):759-768.
[10]吴琼，赵同科，安志装，等．蔬菜间作及氮肥调控对土壤硝酸盐及氮素表观损失的影响[J]．农业科学与技术，2012,13(4):833-837,876.
[11]刘宏斌．农田面源污染监测方法与实践[M]．北京：科学出版社，2015.
[12]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002.
[13]单立楠．不同施肥模式下菜地氮素面源污染特征及生态拦截控制研究[D]．杭州：浙江大学，2015.
[14] PENG S Z,HE Y P,YANG S H,et al.Effect of controlled irrigation and drainage on nitrogen leaching losses from paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2015,13(4):303-312.
[15] YANG X L,LU Y L,TONG Y A,et al.A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat-maize rotation system:comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,199:34-42.
[16]马庆旭，吴良欢，曹小闯，等．营养液pH和氮形态对小白菜生长、氮素吸收及品质的影响[J]．水土保持学报，2015,29(6):64-68.
[17]李建兴，何丙辉，梅雪梅，等．紫色土区坡耕地不同种植模式对土壤渗透性的影响[J]．应用生态学报，2013,24(3):725-731.
[18]袁京，李国学，李荣花，等．小麦/玉米轮作体系中不同施肥方法下的养分淋溶排污系数测算[J]．农业环境科学学报，2015,34(4):738-744.
[19] SHARPLEY A,BEEGLE D,BOLSTER C,et al.Phosphorus indices:why we need to take stock of how we are doing[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41(6):1711-1719.
[20]习斌，翟丽梅，刘申，等．有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2015,21(2):326-335.
[21] HU J L,LIN X,WANG J H,et al.Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and-solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil[J].Pedobiologia,2009,53(1):49-58.
[22]谭德水，江丽华，谭淑樱，等．基于减少土壤硝态氮淋失的作物搭配种植模式研究进展[J]．中国生态农业学报，2014,22(2):136-142.
[23] NIE S W,ENEJI A E,CHEN Y Q,et al.Nitrate leaching from maize intercropping systems with N fertilizer overdose[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2012,11(9):1555-1565.