高钾用量和根区施肥可提升皖南不同质地土壤烟叶钾含量
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摘要
钾是烟叶的品质元素之一,提升烟叶钾含量一直是我国烟草行业关注的重点之一。本文选取安徽烤烟主产区皖南宣城市砂土与黏土两类典型土壤,以云烟97为试验材料,研究田间条件下不同高钾用量水平与施肥方式对烟叶钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,在耕层土壤全层混施方式下,随着施钾量增加(0、300、600、900、1 200、1 800、2400mg/kg,以纯K计),两种质地土壤烟叶钾含量均显著上升,呈先快速增加而后缓慢增加的趋势。在钾肥用量低于1 200 mg/kg时,每增加钾肥用量100 mg/kg,砂土和黏土烟叶不同部位钾含量分别平均增加2.4 g/kg和1.0 g/kg。更高钾肥用量可使砂土烟叶钾平均含量提升到44.0 g/kg,黏土则只能提升到26.2 g/kg。两类土壤钾肥效果差异极大的原因与土壤固钾能力有关,土壤速效钾含量与烟叶钾含量呈线性相关,而黏土钾肥固定率平均为71%,远高于砂土的25%,这是两种质地土壤钾肥肥效差异的根本原因。在常规同等钾肥用量条件下(K2O25kg/667m2),氮磷钾根区集中施用较常规条施显著促进了烟叶对钾的吸收,提升了烟叶钾含量,而且砂土的效果要好于黏土,其原因也与根区施肥可显著提升烟叶根区土壤速效钾含量有关。以上结果表明,选择固钾能力弱的土壤,提高钾肥用量并改进施肥方法可以有效提升皖南烟叶钾的含量。
Potassium(K) is one of the quality elements of tobacco leaves. How to effectively increase K content in tobacco leaves has always been one of the focuses of tobacco study in China. In this study, the tobacco cultivar of Yunyan 97 and a sandy soil at Xiangyang and a clayey soil at Hanting of Xuancheng, southern Anhui Province were taken as experimental materials to investigate the effects of high K fertilizer rates and fertilization methods on K contents in tobacco leaves and the relationship between K contents in tobacco leaves and soil properties. Results showed that when K fertilizer was mixed evenly with plough layer soil, K contents in the tobacco leaves significantly increased as K fertilizer rate(0, 300, 600, 900, 1 200, 1 800, 2 400 mg/kg) increased at two sites, and K contents increased at a higher speed at first and then slowed down in quadratic polynomial curve. When K rate was below 1 200 mg/kg,K contents in tobacco leaves increased by 2.4 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg in sandy and clayey soils, respectively, with the increasement of K fertilizer per 100 mg/kg. A higher K application rate can increase the average K content in tobacco leaves to 44.0 g/kg in sandy soil,while only increase to 26.2 g/kg in clayey soil. The significant difference in the effect of K fertilizer on tobacco between the two texture soils was due to the different abilities of soil K fixation. The content of soil available K was linearly related to K content in tobacco leaves. The soil K-fixing rate was 71% at clayey soil, which was notably higher than that at sandy soil(25%). And this is the fundamental cause of the difference in K fertilizer performance between the two soils. With a K fertilizer rate equal to the conventional one(K2 O 25 kg/667 m2), concentrated application of N, P and K in the root zone significantly promoted the absorption of K by tobacco leaves, increased K content in tobacco leaves, and the performance of K fertilizer was better in sandy soil than that in clayey soil. The reason may be that root zone fertilization can significantly increase the content of available potassium in the root zone of tobacco leaves.The results above indicate that increasing K application rate and improving fertilization method can effectively increase K content in tobacco leaves in soils with weak K-fixing abilities.
Potassium(K) is one of the quality elements of tobacco leaves. How to effectively increase K content in tobacco leaves has always been one of the focuses of tobacco study in China. In this study, the tobacco cultivar of Yunyan 97 and a sandy soil at Xiangyang and a clayey soil at Hanting of Xuancheng, southern Anhui Province were taken as experimental materials to investigate the effects of high K fertilizer rates and fertilization methods on K contents in tobacco leaves and the relationship between K contents in tobacco leaves and soil properties. Results showed that when K fertilizer was mixed evenly with plough layer soil, K contents in the tobacco leaves significantly increased as K fertilizer rate(0, 300, 600, 900, 1 200, 1 800, 2 400 mg/kg) increased at two sites, and K contents increased at a higher speed at first and then slowed down in quadratic polynomial curve. When K rate was below 1 200 mg/kg,K contents in tobacco leaves increased by 2.4 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg in sandy and clayey soils, respectively, with the increasement of K fertilizer per 100 mg/kg. A higher K application rate can increase the average K content in tobacco leaves to 44.0 g/kg in sandy soil,while only increase to 26.2 g/kg in clayey soil. The significant difference in the effect of K fertilizer on tobacco between the two texture soils was due to the different abilities of soil K fixation. The content of soil available K was linearly related to K content in tobacco leaves. The soil K-fixing rate was 71% at clayey soil, which was notably higher than that at sandy soil(25%). And this is the fundamental cause of the difference in K fertilizer performance between the two soils. With a K fertilizer rate equal to the conventional one(K2 O 25 kg/667 m2), concentrated application of N, P and K in the root zone significantly promoted the absorption of K by tobacco leaves, increased K content in tobacco leaves, and the performance of K fertilizer was better in sandy soil than that in clayey soil. The reason may be that root zone fertilization can significantly increase the content of available potassium in the root zone of tobacco leaves.The results above indicate that increasing K application rate and improving fertilization method can effectively increase K content in tobacco leaves in soils with weak K-fixing abilities.
引文
[1]胡霭堂.植物营养学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003
[2] Day A D, Ludeke K L. Potassium as a plant nutrient//Plant nutrients in desert environments[C]. Berlin, Heidelberg:Spinger, 1993
[3]黄莹,敖俊华,陈迪文,等.钾对水分胁迫下甘蔗幼苗生理和光合特性的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(6):49–54
[4]刘晓燕,何萍,金继运.钾在植物抗病性中的作用及机理的研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(3):445–450
[5]廖晓勇,向明,秦毅.土壤施钾对烤烟品质的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(4):124–126
[6] Cakmak I. Potassium for better crop production and quality[J]. Plant&Soil, 2010, 335(1/2):1–2
[7]郭九信,冯绪猛,胡香玉,等.氮肥用量及钾肥施用对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响[J].作物学报, 2013, 39(12):2262–2271
[8]霍晓兰,姬青云,滑小赞,等.氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对马铃薯产量的影响[J].山西农业科学, 2011, 39(10):1064–1066
[9]李静,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.钾肥运筹对烤烟钾吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4):969–978
[10] Wang X. Potassium and nitrogen distribution pattern and growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings influenced by nitrogen form and calcium carbonate in hydroponic culture[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2005, 28(12):2145–2157
[11] Zhao Z, Li C, Yang Y, et al. Why does potassium concentration in flue-cured tobacco leaves decrease after apex excision[J]. Field Crops Research, 2010, 116(1):86–91
[12]王程栋,王树声,刘新民,等.曲靖烟区土壤化学性状及海拔对烟叶钾含量的影响[J].中国烟草科学, 2013,34(4):25–29
[13]梁洪波,董建新,元建,等.褐土上不同氮、钾比例对烟叶化学成分的影响[J].中国烟草学报, 2006, 12(6):27–32
[14]祖朝龙,季学军,马称心,等.皖南土壤和烟叶中矿质元素含量与烟叶焦甜香特色风格的关系[J].土壤, 2010,42(1):26–32
[15]潘秋筑,钱晓刚.钾肥施用技术对烟叶钾含量影响的初步研究[J].耕作与栽培, 1994(3):26–28
[16] Lu L, Chen Y, Lu L, et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals dynamic changes in the gene expression of tobacco seedlings under low potassium stress[J]. Journal of Genetics, 2015, 94(3):397–406
[17]吴玉萍,陈萍,师君丽,等.云南省不同品种和产区烤烟中钾含量的差异分析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2010, 32(S1):42–46
[18]钟秋瓒,申昌优,肖先仪,等.烤烟“3414”肥料效应研究[J].江西农业学报, 2013, 25(12):82–85
[19]郭清源,丁松爽,刘国顺,等.钾用量与灌溉量对不同土层钾素及烟叶钾含量的积累效应[J].中国烟草科学,2015, 36(1):61–67
[20]王迅,梁洪涛,刘挺,等.施钾量与施钾方法对烤烟中部叶品质的影响[J].湖南农业科学, 2014(10):28–31
[21]曹志洪,胡国松,周秀如,等.土壤供钾特性和烤烟的钾肥有效施用[J].烟草科技, 1993(2):33–37
[22]蒋雨洲,张吉立,李洋,等.不同钾肥追施量对烤烟钾吸收与烟叶钾含量的影响[J].江苏农业科学, 2014, 42(9):98–100
[23]张翔,马聪,毛家伟,等.钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2012(5):50–53
[24]介晓磊,化党领,谭金芳,等.中国烟草钾营养研究现状分析(Ⅰ)烟草钾营养的各学科研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2005, 21(10):212–217
[25]王火焰,周健民.根区施肥——提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施[J].土壤, 2013, 45(5):785–790
[26]刘永哲,陈长青,尚健,等.沙壤土包膜尿素释放期与小麦适宜施用方式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(4):905–912
[27]刘晓伟,陈小琴,王火焰,等.根区一次施氮提高水稻氮肥利用效率的效果和原理[J].土壤, 2017, 49(5):868–875
[28] Lu D, Huan W, Yan T, et al. A heterogeneous potassium supply enhances the leaf potassium concentration of ridge-cultivated tobacco grown in calcareous soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition&Soil Science, 2017, 180(6):659–666
[29]许明祥,赵允格,赵伯善.施钾水平对烟叶含钾量的影响[J].西北农业学报, 2000, 9(4):67–70
[2] Day A D, Ludeke K L. Potassium as a plant nutrient//Plant nutrients in desert environments[C]. Berlin, Heidelberg:Spinger, 1993
[3]黄莹,敖俊华,陈迪文,等.钾对水分胁迫下甘蔗幼苗生理和光合特性的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(6):49–54
[4]刘晓燕,何萍,金继运.钾在植物抗病性中的作用及机理的研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(3):445–450
[5]廖晓勇,向明,秦毅.土壤施钾对烤烟品质的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(4):124–126
[6] Cakmak I. Potassium for better crop production and quality[J]. Plant&Soil, 2010, 335(1/2):1–2
[7]郭九信,冯绪猛,胡香玉,等.氮肥用量及钾肥施用对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响[J].作物学报, 2013, 39(12):2262–2271
[8]霍晓兰,姬青云,滑小赞,等.氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对马铃薯产量的影响[J].山西农业科学, 2011, 39(10):1064–1066
[9]李静,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.钾肥运筹对烤烟钾吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4):969–978
[10] Wang X. Potassium and nitrogen distribution pattern and growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings influenced by nitrogen form and calcium carbonate in hydroponic culture[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2005, 28(12):2145–2157
[11] Zhao Z, Li C, Yang Y, et al. Why does potassium concentration in flue-cured tobacco leaves decrease after apex excision[J]. Field Crops Research, 2010, 116(1):86–91
[12]王程栋,王树声,刘新民,等.曲靖烟区土壤化学性状及海拔对烟叶钾含量的影响[J].中国烟草科学, 2013,34(4):25–29
[13]梁洪波,董建新,元建,等.褐土上不同氮、钾比例对烟叶化学成分的影响[J].中国烟草学报, 2006, 12(6):27–32
[14]祖朝龙,季学军,马称心,等.皖南土壤和烟叶中矿质元素含量与烟叶焦甜香特色风格的关系[J].土壤, 2010,42(1):26–32
[15]潘秋筑,钱晓刚.钾肥施用技术对烟叶钾含量影响的初步研究[J].耕作与栽培, 1994(3):26–28
[16] Lu L, Chen Y, Lu L, et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals dynamic changes in the gene expression of tobacco seedlings under low potassium stress[J]. Journal of Genetics, 2015, 94(3):397–406
[17]吴玉萍,陈萍,师君丽,等.云南省不同品种和产区烤烟中钾含量的差异分析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2010, 32(S1):42–46
[18]钟秋瓒,申昌优,肖先仪,等.烤烟“3414”肥料效应研究[J].江西农业学报, 2013, 25(12):82–85
[19]郭清源,丁松爽,刘国顺,等.钾用量与灌溉量对不同土层钾素及烟叶钾含量的积累效应[J].中国烟草科学,2015, 36(1):61–67
[20]王迅,梁洪涛,刘挺,等.施钾量与施钾方法对烤烟中部叶品质的影响[J].湖南农业科学, 2014(10):28–31
[21]曹志洪,胡国松,周秀如,等.土壤供钾特性和烤烟的钾肥有效施用[J].烟草科技, 1993(2):33–37
[22]蒋雨洲,张吉立,李洋,等.不同钾肥追施量对烤烟钾吸收与烟叶钾含量的影响[J].江苏农业科学, 2014, 42(9):98–100
[23]张翔,马聪,毛家伟,等.钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2012(5):50–53
[24]介晓磊,化党领,谭金芳,等.中国烟草钾营养研究现状分析(Ⅰ)烟草钾营养的各学科研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2005, 21(10):212–217
[25]王火焰,周健民.根区施肥——提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施[J].土壤, 2013, 45(5):785–790
[26]刘永哲,陈长青,尚健,等.沙壤土包膜尿素释放期与小麦适宜施用方式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(4):905–912
[27]刘晓伟,陈小琴,王火焰,等.根区一次施氮提高水稻氮肥利用效率的效果和原理[J].土壤, 2017, 49(5):868–875
[28] Lu D, Huan W, Yan T, et al. A heterogeneous potassium supply enhances the leaf potassium concentration of ridge-cultivated tobacco grown in calcareous soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition&Soil Science, 2017, 180(6):659–666
[29]许明祥,赵允格,赵伯善.施钾水平对烟叶含钾量的影响[J].西北农业学报, 2000, 9(4):67–70