中梁山岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式坡地产流规律
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摘要
坡地产流是造成岩溶区水土流失的主要驱动力,研究典型岩溶槽谷区坡地产流规律,对岩溶区防治水土流失、合理利用地下水资源具有重要理论意义。在重庆市中梁山龙凤和龙车槽谷选取不同土地利用方式的4个标准径流小区,对降水、地表径流、壤中流、裂隙流和土壤含水率进行了同步监测,探讨了坡地产流特征。结果表明:(1)4个不同土地利用方式的径流小区,坡地总产流量从大到小依次为:耕地(3696.9L)>果园地(3657.2L)>竹林地(2922.9L)>林地(2211.1L),总径流系数(3.1%—5.2%)远低于非岩溶区(约20%);(2)4个径流小区的产流形式主要为地表径流,壤中流和裂隙流产生滞后于地表径流;(3)降水因子、前期土壤含水率共同影响地表径流,但降水因子对地表径流的影响远大于前期土壤含水率。降水因子中,15min最大雨强是影响耕地、果园地的地表径流的主要因素,降水量是影响林地、竹林地的地表径流的主要因素;前期土壤含水率对耕地、林地、果园地地表径流影响较大,对竹林地地表径流影响较小。
Slope runoff is the most important soil erosion force in karst areas, the properties of which in a typical karst trough valley are of great significance for soil erosion prevention and for groundwater resources management. In this study, four standard runoff plots with different land-use patterns were set in a typical karst trough valley located in the Zhongliang Mountain, Chongqing. Land-uses in the trough valley, were farmland, orchard, bamboo land and forest. Hydrological characteristics, including precipitation, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, fissure flow and soil moisture content, were monitored simultaneously, and then slope runoff properties in the typical karst trough valley were determined by slope runoff plots. The results were:(1) In the four runoff plots, the total runoff coefficient(3.1%—5.2%) was significantly lower than that of non-karst areas(approximately 20%), and the total slope runoff of the four kinds of land-use decreased in an orderly way, with farmland being observed to have the greatest amount(3696.9L), followed by orchards(3657.2L), then bamboo land(2922.9 L), and finally forest(2211.1L).(2) Surface runoff was the dominant runoff form in the four runoff plots, and this was followed by soil-layer flow and fissure flow.(3) Precipitation factors and antecedent soil moisture content together affected surface runoff discharge; however, precipitation factors were the predominant factor. Four precipitation factors were involved in the surface runoff formation analysis, in which the maximum intensity of continuous rainfall in 15 minutes was the predominant factor in farmland and orchards, and precipitation was the predominant factor in forests and bamboo land. Meanwhile, the antecedent soil moisture content had relatively greater impact on farmland, followed by forest land and then orchards, than bamboo land.
Slope runoff is the most important soil erosion force in karst areas, the properties of which in a typical karst trough valley are of great significance for soil erosion prevention and for groundwater resources management. In this study, four standard runoff plots with different land-use patterns were set in a typical karst trough valley located in the Zhongliang Mountain, Chongqing. Land-uses in the trough valley, were farmland, orchard, bamboo land and forest. Hydrological characteristics, including precipitation, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, fissure flow and soil moisture content, were monitored simultaneously, and then slope runoff properties in the typical karst trough valley were determined by slope runoff plots. The results were:(1) In the four runoff plots, the total runoff coefficient(3.1%—5.2%) was significantly lower than that of non-karst areas(approximately 20%), and the total slope runoff of the four kinds of land-use decreased in an orderly way, with farmland being observed to have the greatest amount(3696.9L), followed by orchards(3657.2L), then bamboo land(2922.9 L), and finally forest(2211.1L).(2) Surface runoff was the dominant runoff form in the four runoff plots, and this was followed by soil-layer flow and fissure flow.(3) Precipitation factors and antecedent soil moisture content together affected surface runoff discharge; however, precipitation factors were the predominant factor. Four precipitation factors were involved in the surface runoff formation analysis, in which the maximum intensity of continuous rainfall in 15 minutes was the predominant factor in farmland and orchards, and precipitation was the predominant factor in forests and bamboo land. Meanwhile, the antecedent soil moisture content had relatively greater impact on farmland, followed by forest land and then orchards, than bamboo land.
引文
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[2] Ficco K K,Sasowsky I D.An interdisciplinary framework for the protection of karst aquifers.Environmental Science & Policy,2018,89:41- 48.
[3] Ender A,Goeppert N,Goldscheider N.Hydrogeological controls of variable microbial water quality in a complex subtropical karst system in Northern Vietnam.Hydrogeology Journal,2018,26(7):2297- 2314.
[4] 韩行瑞.岩溶水文地质学.北京:科学出版社,2015:45- 55.
[5] 王腊春,史运良.西南喀斯特山区三水转化与水资源过程及合理利用.地理科学,2006,26(2):173- 178.
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[8] Fidelibus M D,Balacco G,Gioia A,Iacobellis V,Spilotro G.Mass transport triggered by heavy rainfall:the role of endorheic basins and epikarst in a regional karst aquifer.Hydrological Processes,2017,31(2):394- 408.
[9] 刘大刚,吕玉香,郭传道.西南典型断陷盆地岩溶地下水径流特征研究.地下水,2018,40(1):15- 17.
[10] 秦伟,曹文洪,郭乾坤,于洋,殷哲.植被格局对侵蚀产沙影响的研究评述.生态学报,2017,37(14):4905- 4912.
[11] Hubble T C T,Docker B B,Rutherfurd I D.The role of riparian trees in maintaining riverbank stability:A review of Australian experience and practice.Ecological Engineering,2010,36(3):292- 304.
[12] Chen H,Zhang X P,Abla M,Lü D,Yan R,Ren Q F,Ren Z Y,Yang Y H,Zhao W H,Lin P F,Liu B Y,Yang X H.Effects of vegetation and rainfall types on surface runoff and soil erosion on steep slopes on the Loess Plateau,China.CATENA,2018,170:141- 149.
[13] Ziadat F M,Taimeh A Y.Effect of rainfall intensity,slope,land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion in an arid environment.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(6):582- 590.
[14] Zhang B J,Zhang G H,Yang H Y,Wang H.Soil resistance to flowing water erosion of seven typical plant communities on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China.CATENA,2019,173:375- 383.
[15] 朱晓锋,陈洪松,付智勇,王克林,张伟,徐勤学,方荣杰.喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-表层岩溶带产流及氮素流失特征.应用生态学报,2017,28(7):2197- 2206.
[16] Fu Z Y,Chen H S,Xu Q X,Jia J T,Wang S,Wang K L.Role of epikarst in near-surface hydrological processes in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:implications of field rainfall simulation experiments.Hydrological Processes,2016,30(5):795- 811.
[17] 姜光辉,陈坤琨,于奭,彭稳.峰丛洼地的坡地径流成分划分.水文,2009,29(6):14- 19.
[18] 纪启芳,张兴奇,张科利,杨勇,杨光檄,顾再柯.贵州省喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙特征.水土保持研究,2012,19(4):1- 5.
[19] 郭小娇,龚晓萍,汤庆佳,陈长杰,姜光辉,李鑫,邹艳娥.典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究.中国岩溶,2016,35(6):629- 638.
[20] 王坤香,王克勤.昆明松花坝水源区坡耕地对集水区产流产沙的影响.中国水土保持科学,2017,15(6):66- 72.
[21] 何周窈,苏正安,熊东红,王勇,杨鸿琨.金沙江干热河谷区坡面剑麻的水土保持效应.山地学报,2018,36(5):731- 739.
[22] 田太强,何丙辉,闫建梅.不同施肥与耕作模式下紫色土坡地产流特征.水土保持通报,2014,34(3):1- 5.
[23] 余新晓,志强,陈丽华,谢宝元,王礼先.森林生态水文.北京:中国林业出版社,2004.
[24] Zhao N N,Yu F L,Li C Z,Wang H,Liu J,Mu W B.Investigation of rainfall-runoff processes and soil moisture dynamics in grassland plots under simulated rainfall conditions.Water,2014,6(9):2671- 2689.
[25] 谢颂华,涂安国,莫明浩,刘苑秋.自然降雨事件下红壤坡地壤中流产流过程特征分析.水科学进展,2015,26(4):526- 534.
[26] Sarkar R,Dutta S,Dubey A K.An insight into the runoff generation processes in wet sub-tropics:Field evidences from a vegetated hillslope plot.CATENA,2015,128:31- 43.
[27] Wei W,Chen L D,Fu B J,Huang Z L,Wu D P,Gui L D.The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area,China.Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(3/4):247- 258.
[28] Li C J,Pan C Z.The relative importance of different grass components in controlling runoff and erosion on a hillslope under simulated rainfall.Journal of Hydrology,2018,558:90- 103.
[29] Peng T,Wang S J.Effects of land use,land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China.CATENA,2012,90:53- 62.
[30] Li X Y,Contreras S,Solé-Benet A,Cantón Y,Domingo F,Lázaro R,Lin H,Van Wesemael B,Puigdefábregas J.Controls of infiltration-runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain.CATENA,2011,86(2):98- 109.
[31] 肖金强,张志强,武军.坡面尺度林地植被对地表径流与土壤水分的影响初步研究.水土保持研究,2006,13(5):227- 231.
[32] Nunes A N,de Almeida A C,Coelho C O A.Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal.Applied Geography,2011,31(2):687- 699.
[33] 罗鉴银,傅瓦利.岩溶地区开凿隧道对地下水循环系统的破坏——以重庆市中梁山为例.西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,27(4):432- 435.
[34] 曹聪,刘智,孙一博,洪爱花,王欢,刘江.川东平行岭褶皱区岩溶发育规律特征研究.地下水,2018,40(3):34- 35,38- 38.
[35] Cheng P,Zhao L H,Luo Z B,Li L,Li Q,Deng X,Peng W Q.Analytical solution for the limiting drainage of a mountain tunnel based on area-well theory.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2019,84:22- 30.
[36] 罗鉴银,傅瓦利.岩溶地区开挖隧道对水资源的影响——以渝合高速公路隧道为例.西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,28(1):154- 156,160- 160.
[37] Fu Z Y,Chen H S,Zhang W,Xu Q X,Wang S,Wang K L.Subsurface flow in a soil-mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:A field rainfall simulation study.Geomorphology,2015,250(1):1- 14.
[38] Yan Y J,Dai Q H,Yuan Y F,Peng X D,Zhao L S,Yang J.Effects of rainfall intensity on runoff and sediment yields on bare slopes in a karst area,SW China.Geoderma,2018,330:30- 40.
[39] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,彭旭东,靳丽.喀斯特裸坡产流产沙过程试验研究.生态学报,2017,37(6):2067- 2079.
[40] 蒋荣,张兴奇,纪启芳,杨勇,杨光檄,顾再柯.坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响.环境保护科学,2012,38(5):13- 17.
[41] 李瑞,刘瑞禄,吕涛,李勇,刘云芳,杜迪.贵州省喀斯特地区典型小流域不同种植模式坡面径流产沙研究.水土保持通报,2012,32(5):132- 135.
[2] Ficco K K,Sasowsky I D.An interdisciplinary framework for the protection of karst aquifers.Environmental Science & Policy,2018,89:41- 48.
[3] Ender A,Goeppert N,Goldscheider N.Hydrogeological controls of variable microbial water quality in a complex subtropical karst system in Northern Vietnam.Hydrogeology Journal,2018,26(7):2297- 2314.
[4] 韩行瑞.岩溶水文地质学.北京:科学出版社,2015:45- 55.
[5] 王腊春,史运良.西南喀斯特山区三水转化与水资源过程及合理利用.地理科学,2006,26(2):173- 178.
[6] 申小梦.岩溶地区“三水转化”规律研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2016.
[7] Williams P W.The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology:a review.International Journal of Speleology,2008,37(1):1- 10.
[8] Fidelibus M D,Balacco G,Gioia A,Iacobellis V,Spilotro G.Mass transport triggered by heavy rainfall:the role of endorheic basins and epikarst in a regional karst aquifer.Hydrological Processes,2017,31(2):394- 408.
[9] 刘大刚,吕玉香,郭传道.西南典型断陷盆地岩溶地下水径流特征研究.地下水,2018,40(1):15- 17.
[10] 秦伟,曹文洪,郭乾坤,于洋,殷哲.植被格局对侵蚀产沙影响的研究评述.生态学报,2017,37(14):4905- 4912.
[11] Hubble T C T,Docker B B,Rutherfurd I D.The role of riparian trees in maintaining riverbank stability:A review of Australian experience and practice.Ecological Engineering,2010,36(3):292- 304.
[12] Chen H,Zhang X P,Abla M,Lü D,Yan R,Ren Q F,Ren Z Y,Yang Y H,Zhao W H,Lin P F,Liu B Y,Yang X H.Effects of vegetation and rainfall types on surface runoff and soil erosion on steep slopes on the Loess Plateau,China.CATENA,2018,170:141- 149.
[13] Ziadat F M,Taimeh A Y.Effect of rainfall intensity,slope,land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion in an arid environment.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24(6):582- 590.
[14] Zhang B J,Zhang G H,Yang H Y,Wang H.Soil resistance to flowing water erosion of seven typical plant communities on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China.CATENA,2019,173:375- 383.
[15] 朱晓锋,陈洪松,付智勇,王克林,张伟,徐勤学,方荣杰.喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-表层岩溶带产流及氮素流失特征.应用生态学报,2017,28(7):2197- 2206.
[16] Fu Z Y,Chen H S,Xu Q X,Jia J T,Wang S,Wang K L.Role of epikarst in near-surface hydrological processes in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:implications of field rainfall simulation experiments.Hydrological Processes,2016,30(5):795- 811.
[17] 姜光辉,陈坤琨,于奭,彭稳.峰丛洼地的坡地径流成分划分.水文,2009,29(6):14- 19.
[18] 纪启芳,张兴奇,张科利,杨勇,杨光檄,顾再柯.贵州省喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙特征.水土保持研究,2012,19(4):1- 5.
[19] 郭小娇,龚晓萍,汤庆佳,陈长杰,姜光辉,李鑫,邹艳娥.典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究.中国岩溶,2016,35(6):629- 638.
[20] 王坤香,王克勤.昆明松花坝水源区坡耕地对集水区产流产沙的影响.中国水土保持科学,2017,15(6):66- 72.
[21] 何周窈,苏正安,熊东红,王勇,杨鸿琨.金沙江干热河谷区坡面剑麻的水土保持效应.山地学报,2018,36(5):731- 739.
[22] 田太强,何丙辉,闫建梅.不同施肥与耕作模式下紫色土坡地产流特征.水土保持通报,2014,34(3):1- 5.
[23] 余新晓,志强,陈丽华,谢宝元,王礼先.森林生态水文.北京:中国林业出版社,2004.
[24] Zhao N N,Yu F L,Li C Z,Wang H,Liu J,Mu W B.Investigation of rainfall-runoff processes and soil moisture dynamics in grassland plots under simulated rainfall conditions.Water,2014,6(9):2671- 2689.
[25] 谢颂华,涂安国,莫明浩,刘苑秋.自然降雨事件下红壤坡地壤中流产流过程特征分析.水科学进展,2015,26(4):526- 534.
[26] Sarkar R,Dutta S,Dubey A K.An insight into the runoff generation processes in wet sub-tropics:Field evidences from a vegetated hillslope plot.CATENA,2015,128:31- 43.
[27] Wei W,Chen L D,Fu B J,Huang Z L,Wu D P,Gui L D.The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area,China.Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(3/4):247- 258.
[28] Li C J,Pan C Z.The relative importance of different grass components in controlling runoff and erosion on a hillslope under simulated rainfall.Journal of Hydrology,2018,558:90- 103.
[29] Peng T,Wang S J.Effects of land use,land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China.CATENA,2012,90:53- 62.
[30] Li X Y,Contreras S,Solé-Benet A,Cantón Y,Domingo F,Lázaro R,Lin H,Van Wesemael B,Puigdefábregas J.Controls of infiltration-runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain.CATENA,2011,86(2):98- 109.
[31] 肖金强,张志强,武军.坡面尺度林地植被对地表径流与土壤水分的影响初步研究.水土保持研究,2006,13(5):227- 231.
[32] Nunes A N,de Almeida A C,Coelho C O A.Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal.Applied Geography,2011,31(2):687- 699.
[33] 罗鉴银,傅瓦利.岩溶地区开凿隧道对地下水循环系统的破坏——以重庆市中梁山为例.西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,27(4):432- 435.
[34] 曹聪,刘智,孙一博,洪爱花,王欢,刘江.川东平行岭褶皱区岩溶发育规律特征研究.地下水,2018,40(3):34- 35,38- 38.
[35] Cheng P,Zhao L H,Luo Z B,Li L,Li Q,Deng X,Peng W Q.Analytical solution for the limiting drainage of a mountain tunnel based on area-well theory.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2019,84:22- 30.
[36] 罗鉴银,傅瓦利.岩溶地区开挖隧道对水资源的影响——以渝合高速公路隧道为例.西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006,28(1):154- 156,160- 160.
[37] Fu Z Y,Chen H S,Zhang W,Xu Q X,Wang S,Wang K L.Subsurface flow in a soil-mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:A field rainfall simulation study.Geomorphology,2015,250(1):1- 14.
[38] Yan Y J,Dai Q H,Yuan Y F,Peng X D,Zhao L S,Yang J.Effects of rainfall intensity on runoff and sediment yields on bare slopes in a karst area,SW China.Geoderma,2018,330:30- 40.
[39] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,彭旭东,靳丽.喀斯特裸坡产流产沙过程试验研究.生态学报,2017,37(6):2067- 2079.
[40] 蒋荣,张兴奇,纪启芳,杨勇,杨光檄,顾再柯.坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响.环境保护科学,2012,38(5):13- 17.
[41] 李瑞,刘瑞禄,吕涛,李勇,刘云芳,杜迪.贵州省喀斯特地区典型小流域不同种植模式坡面径流产沙研究.水土保持通报,2012,32(5):132- 135.