黔西北乡土植物篱对典型石漠化区石灰土侵蚀动力学过程的调控
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摘要
在自然降水条件下,定量研究黔西北喀斯特石漠化区典型乡土植物刺梨在坡耕地产流产沙的变化规律,分析该植物篱控制侵蚀产沙的水动力学机理。结果表明,刺梨植物篱截流、分流作用延缓径流产生及汇流时间,增加喀斯特坡面径流入渗量,减小坡面侵蚀动力。在不同降雨强度条件下,喀斯特坡面入渗率与径流量和产沙量呈负线性相关。植物根系缠绕串连黏结根土,改变土壤的入渗特性,增强土壤抗冲性与抗蚀能力。根系密度随土层深度增加而减少,减沙效应亦变小。土壤抗侵蚀能力与d<1mm的须根密度呈极显著正相关关系,与d≤2mm须根的根量、根长与土壤抗冲指数存在线性回归关系。当I30雨强为2.41mm时,植物篱小区几乎无流水侵蚀,而对照样地侵蚀产生较多泥沙;当I30为4.72,8.35mm时,研究小区皆已侵蚀产沙,并在对照样地侵蚀产生细沟,显示雨强加大,坡面产流动力加强,冲沙携沙能力加大。说明植物篱起到保水固土减沙和对土壤侵蚀水动力过程的调控。喀斯特坡面流侵蚀产沙水动力主要受降雨强度和雨滴动能影响,雨滴侵蚀力的大小取决于雨量、雨强、雨滴大小。侵蚀产沙量与雨强、降雨历时呈显著的幂函数关系。揭示了植物根系固土减沙和提高土壤抗侵蚀水动力的调控机理。
Under natural rainfall conditions,the variations of runoff and sediment yield of typical native plant Rosa roxburghii quantitative studied on karst rocky desertification area of Northwest Guizhou,and the hydrodynamic mechanism of controlling erosion and sediment yield by hedgerow analyzed.The results showed that the interception and diversion of R.roxburghii hedgerow delayed runoff production and confluence time,increased runoff infiltration on karst slopes and reduced erosion power.Under different rainfall intensities,the infiltration rate of karst slope was negatively linearly correlated with runoff and sediment yield.The root system of plants twisted and banded the root soil in series,which changed the infiltration characteristics of the soil and enhanced the erosion resistance and corrosion resistance of the soil.Root density decreased with the increasing of soil depth and sediment reduction effect is also reduced.The soil erosion resistance was significantly positively correlated with the density of fibrous roots less than 1 mm,and linearly correlated with the quantity and length of fibrous roots less than 2 mm and the soil erosion resistance index.When the rainfall intensity of I30 was 2.41 mm,there was almost no runoff erosion in hedgerow plot,but more sediment was produced in the control plot.When I30 was 4.72 mm and 8.35 mm,the erosion and sediment yield of the study plots were all increased,and rills were formed in the control plot,which indicated that the rainfall intensity increased,the productivity of slope surface flow was strengthened,and the sand carrying capacity increased.It showed that hedgerows played an important role in water conservation,soil consolidation and sediment reduction,as well as in regulating the hydrodynamic process of soil erosion.The hydrodynamic forces of runoff erosion and sediment yield on karst slopes were mainly affected by rainfall intensity and kinetic energy of raindrops.The size of raindrop erosion depended on rainfall,rainfall intensity and raindrop size.Erosion sediment yield had a significant power function relationship with rainfall intensity and duration.It is reveals the regulation mechanisms of soil consolidation and sediment reduction by plant roots and the improvement of soil erosion resistance hydrodynamics.
Under natural rainfall conditions,the variations of runoff and sediment yield of typical native plant Rosa roxburghii quantitative studied on karst rocky desertification area of Northwest Guizhou,and the hydrodynamic mechanism of controlling erosion and sediment yield by hedgerow analyzed.The results showed that the interception and diversion of R.roxburghii hedgerow delayed runoff production and confluence time,increased runoff infiltration on karst slopes and reduced erosion power.Under different rainfall intensities,the infiltration rate of karst slope was negatively linearly correlated with runoff and sediment yield.The root system of plants twisted and banded the root soil in series,which changed the infiltration characteristics of the soil and enhanced the erosion resistance and corrosion resistance of the soil.Root density decreased with the increasing of soil depth and sediment reduction effect is also reduced.The soil erosion resistance was significantly positively correlated with the density of fibrous roots less than 1 mm,and linearly correlated with the quantity and length of fibrous roots less than 2 mm and the soil erosion resistance index.When the rainfall intensity of I30 was 2.41 mm,there was almost no runoff erosion in hedgerow plot,but more sediment was produced in the control plot.When I30 was 4.72 mm and 8.35 mm,the erosion and sediment yield of the study plots were all increased,and rills were formed in the control plot,which indicated that the rainfall intensity increased,the productivity of slope surface flow was strengthened,and the sand carrying capacity increased.It showed that hedgerows played an important role in water conservation,soil consolidation and sediment reduction,as well as in regulating the hydrodynamic process of soil erosion.The hydrodynamic forces of runoff erosion and sediment yield on karst slopes were mainly affected by rainfall intensity and kinetic energy of raindrops.The size of raindrop erosion depended on rainfall,rainfall intensity and raindrop size.Erosion sediment yield had a significant power function relationship with rainfall intensity and duration.It is reveals the regulation mechanisms of soil consolidation and sediment reduction by plant roots and the improvement of soil erosion resistance hydrodynamics.
引文
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[9]雷廷武,Nearingma M A.侵蚀细沟水流水力学特性与形态特征的试验研究[J].水利学报,2001,32(11):49-54.
[10]张科利.黄土坡面发育的细沟流水动力学特征的研究[J].泥沙研究,1999(1):60-68.
[11]张光辉.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165.
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[14]Yalin M S.An expression for bedload transportation[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1963,89(3):221-250.
[15]潘成忠,上官周平.牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响[J].水利学报,2005,36(3):371-377.
[16]李勉,姚文艺,陈江南,等.草被覆盖下坡面沟坡系统坡面流阻力变化特征试验研究[J].水利学报,2007,38(1):112-119.
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[19]吴普特,周佩华.雨滴击溅在薄层水流侵蚀中的作用[J].水土保持通报,1992,12(4):19-26.
[20]肖培青,姚文艺,申震洲,等.苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究[J].水利学报,2011,42(2):232-237.
[21]刘青泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(I):坡面流[J].力学进展,2004,34(3):360-372.
[22]夏卫生,雷廷武,吴金水,等.电解质脉冲法测量薄层水流流速的实验研究[J].自然科学进展,2004,14(11):1277-1281.
[23]Horton R E.Erosional development of stream s and their drainage basins:Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1945,56(3):275-370.
[24]Yen B C,Wenzel H G.Dynamic equations for steady spatially varied flow[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,ASCE,1970,96:801-814.
[25]Emmett W W.Overland flow[A].In:Kirkby M J ED.Hillslope Hydrology[C].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1978:145-175.
[26]赵人俊.流域水文模拟:新安江模型与陕北模型[M].北京:水利出版社,1984.
[27]Li J C,Liu Q Q,Zhou J F.Environmental mechanics research in China[J].Advances in Applied Mechanics,2003,39:217-306.
[28]Liu Q Q,Chen L,Li J C,et al.Two-dimensional kinematic wave modeling of overland-flow[J].Journal of hydrology,2004,291:28-41.
[29]李勇,徐晓琴,朱显谟,等.黄土高原植物根系强化土壤渗透力的有效性[J].科学通报,1992,37(4):366-369.
[30]Ghidey F,Alberts E E.Plant root effects on soil erodibility,splash detachment,soil strength,and aggregate stability[J].Transaction of the ASAE,1997,40(1):129-135.
[31]Gyssels G,Poesen J.The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates[J].Earth Surface Proc Landforms,2003,28:371-384.
[32]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):93-96.
[33]刘定辉,李勇.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):34-37.
[34]朱显谟.黄土高原脱贫致富之道:三论黄土高原的国土整治[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(3):1-5.
[35]王库.植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(3):250-252.
[36]刘国彬.黄土高原土壤抗冲性研究及有关问题[J].水土保持研究,1997,4(5):91-101.
[37]文安邦,张信宝,王玉宽,等.云贵高原区龙川江上游泥沙输移比研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):139-141.
[38]李勇,朱显谟,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性的有效性[J].科学通报,1991,36(12):935-938.
[39]李勇,徐晓琴,朱显漠.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性机制初步研究[J].中国科学(B辑),1992(3):254-259.
[2]Cullum R F,Wilson G V,Mcgregor K C,et al.Runoff and soil loss from ultra-narrow row cotton plots with and without stiff-grass hedges[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2007,93:56-63.
[3]Raffaelle J R,Mcgregor K C,Foster G R,et al.Effect of narrow grass strips on conservation reserve land converted to cropland[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1997,40(6):1581-1587.
[4]Chaubey I,Edwards D R,Daniel T C,et al.Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in controlling losses of surface applied poultry litter constituents[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1995,38(6):1687-1692.
[5]孙辉,唐亚,陈克明,等.固氮植物篱防治坡耕地土壤侵蚀效果研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,19(6):1-5.
[6]蔡强国,黎四龙.植物篱笆减少侵蚀的原因分析[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):54-60.
[7]朱远达,蔡强国,张光远,等.植物篱对土壤养分流失的控制机理研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(4):345-351.
[8]李勇,吴钦孝,朱显漠,等.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性能的研究[J].水土保持学报,1990,4(1):1-6.
[9]雷廷武,Nearingma M A.侵蚀细沟水流水力学特性与形态特征的试验研究[J].水利学报,2001,32(11):49-54.
[10]张科利.黄土坡面发育的细沟流水动力学特征的研究[J].泥沙研究,1999(1):60-68.
[11]张光辉.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165.
[12]Gilley J E,Kottwite E R,Simanton J R.Hydraulic characteristics of rills[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1990,33(6):1900-1906.
[13]Abranhams A D,Li G,Parson A J.Rill hydraulics on the semiarid hillslope southern Arizona[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landformsm,1996,21:35-47.
[14]Yalin M S.An expression for bedload transportation[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1963,89(3):221-250.
[15]潘成忠,上官周平.牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响[J].水利学报,2005,36(3):371-377.
[16]李勉,姚文艺,陈江南,等.草被覆盖下坡面沟坡系统坡面流阻力变化特征试验研究[J].水利学报,2007,38(1):112-119.
[17]中华人民共和国水利部.SL277-2002水土保持监测技术规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[18]中华人民共和国水利电力部水利水土保持司.SD 239-87水土保持试验规范[S].北京:中国水利电力出版社,1988.
[19]吴普特,周佩华.雨滴击溅在薄层水流侵蚀中的作用[J].水土保持通报,1992,12(4):19-26.
[20]肖培青,姚文艺,申震洲,等.苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究[J].水利学报,2011,42(2):232-237.
[21]刘青泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(I):坡面流[J].力学进展,2004,34(3):360-372.
[22]夏卫生,雷廷武,吴金水,等.电解质脉冲法测量薄层水流流速的实验研究[J].自然科学进展,2004,14(11):1277-1281.
[23]Horton R E.Erosional development of stream s and their drainage basins:Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1945,56(3):275-370.
[24]Yen B C,Wenzel H G.Dynamic equations for steady spatially varied flow[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,ASCE,1970,96:801-814.
[25]Emmett W W.Overland flow[A].In:Kirkby M J ED.Hillslope Hydrology[C].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1978:145-175.
[26]赵人俊.流域水文模拟:新安江模型与陕北模型[M].北京:水利出版社,1984.
[27]Li J C,Liu Q Q,Zhou J F.Environmental mechanics research in China[J].Advances in Applied Mechanics,2003,39:217-306.
[28]Liu Q Q,Chen L,Li J C,et al.Two-dimensional kinematic wave modeling of overland-flow[J].Journal of hydrology,2004,291:28-41.
[29]李勇,徐晓琴,朱显谟,等.黄土高原植物根系强化土壤渗透力的有效性[J].科学通报,1992,37(4):366-369.
[30]Ghidey F,Alberts E E.Plant root effects on soil erodibility,splash detachment,soil strength,and aggregate stability[J].Transaction of the ASAE,1997,40(1):129-135.
[31]Gyssels G,Poesen J.The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates[J].Earth Surface Proc Landforms,2003,28:371-384.
[32]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):93-96.
[33]刘定辉,李勇.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):34-37.
[34]朱显谟.黄土高原脱贫致富之道:三论黄土高原的国土整治[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(3):1-5.
[35]王库.植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(3):250-252.
[36]刘国彬.黄土高原土壤抗冲性研究及有关问题[J].水土保持研究,1997,4(5):91-101.
[37]文安邦,张信宝,王玉宽,等.云贵高原区龙川江上游泥沙输移比研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):139-141.
[38]李勇,朱显谟,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性的有效性[J].科学通报,1991,36(12):935-938.
[39]李勇,徐晓琴,朱显漠.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性机制初步研究[J].中国科学(B辑),1992(3):254-259.