云南水稻氮肥减量后移增效技术研究
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摘要
为了探索减量增效施肥技术,减少氮肥施用量,提高肥料利用效率,在云南省不同生态稻作区进行了氮肥减量增效试验。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的降低和氮肥后移比例的增加,籼稻产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,而粳稻产量均比对照增产3.0%左右;籼稻的氮肥农学利用效率由7.11 kg/kg提高到11.35 kg/kg,粳稻由10.10 kg/kg提高到19.59 kg/kg;有效穗数和群体颖花量随着氮肥用量和基蘖肥比例的降低呈下降趋势,而穗总粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重均有所增加;总之,采用氮肥减量后移技术可以实现水稻减肥增效的目标。
In order to reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, a field experiments was carried out at different ecological rice cropping areas in Yunnan province in 2016 and 2017.The results showed that with the decrease of nitrogen rate and the increase of the ratio of panicle nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of indica rice showed a trend of first increase and then decrease, the grain yield of japonica rice was stable increased by 3% companed to CK. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for indica rice increased from 7.11 kg/kg to 11.35 kg/kg, and for japonica rice was increased from 10.10 kg/kg to 19.59 kg/kg. The number of effective panicles and the number of spikelets per unit were decreased with the decrease of nitrogen rate and the decrease of basic tiller nitrogen fertilizer, but the numbers of spikelets per panicle, filled spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight were increased. In a word, the target of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing grain yield could be achieved by applying postponing and decreasing nitrogen fertilizer.
In order to reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, a field experiments was carried out at different ecological rice cropping areas in Yunnan province in 2016 and 2017.The results showed that with the decrease of nitrogen rate and the increase of the ratio of panicle nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of indica rice showed a trend of first increase and then decrease, the grain yield of japonica rice was stable increased by 3% companed to CK. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for indica rice increased from 7.11 kg/kg to 11.35 kg/kg, and for japonica rice was increased from 10.10 kg/kg to 19.59 kg/kg. The number of effective panicles and the number of spikelets per unit were decreased with the decrease of nitrogen rate and the decrease of basic tiller nitrogen fertilizer, but the numbers of spikelets per panicle, filled spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight were increased. In a word, the target of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing grain yield could be achieved by applying postponing and decreasing nitrogen fertilizer.
引文
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[8]仇少君,赵士诚,苗建国,等.氮素运筹对两个晚稻品种产量及其主要构成因素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1 326-1 335.
[9]孙永健,孙园园,李旭毅,等.不同灌水方式和施氮量对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响[J].杂交水稻,2010,25(Suppl1):408-416.
[10]孙永健,马均,孙园园,等.水氮管理模式对杂交籼稻冈优527群体质量和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):2 047-2 061.
[11]黄庆宇,李德安.氮肥运筹对高原稻区超高产水稻产量形成的影响[J].现代农业科技,2017(7):15.
[12]龙瑞平,张朝钟,戈芹英,等.施氮量对高海拔机插粳稻产量及群体生长特性的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(2):89-95.
[13]霍中洋,张洪程,吴桂成,等.超级粳稻单产800 kg/667 m2氮素吸收特点及施氮模式的构建[J].中国稻米,2012,18(6):10-13.
[14]胡家权,董林波,施立兵,等.水稻氮肥减量施用及施用时期后移试验[J].云南农业科技,2017(6):28-29.
[2]朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):259-273.
[3]张洪程,吴桂成,戴其根,等.水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1 837-1 851.
[4]凌启鸿.水稻群体质量理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版杜,1995:34-44.
[5]凌启鸿,张洪程,戴其根,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2 457-2 467.
[6]徐富贤,张林,熊洪,等.冬水田杂交中稻川香优9838的高产栽培技术与植株性状研究[J].中国稻米,2009,15(6):32-35.
[7]徐富贤,熊洪,张林,等.西南地区氮肥后移对杂交中稻产量及构成因素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):29-36.
[8]仇少君,赵士诚,苗建国,等.氮素运筹对两个晚稻品种产量及其主要构成因素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1 326-1 335.
[9]孙永健,孙园园,李旭毅,等.不同灌水方式和施氮量对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响[J].杂交水稻,2010,25(Suppl1):408-416.
[10]孙永健,马均,孙园园,等.水氮管理模式对杂交籼稻冈优527群体质量和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):2 047-2 061.
[11]黄庆宇,李德安.氮肥运筹对高原稻区超高产水稻产量形成的影响[J].现代农业科技,2017(7):15.
[12]龙瑞平,张朝钟,戈芹英,等.施氮量对高海拔机插粳稻产量及群体生长特性的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(2):89-95.
[13]霍中洋,张洪程,吴桂成,等.超级粳稻单产800 kg/667 m2氮素吸收特点及施氮模式的构建[J].中国稻米,2012,18(6):10-13.
[14]胡家权,董林波,施立兵,等.水稻氮肥减量施用及施用时期后移试验[J].云南农业科技,2017(6):28-29.