梭梭林下土壤结皮对土壤水分空间分布格局的影响
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摘要
为了解土壤结皮对土壤水分空间分布格局的影响过程,以梭梭林下不同类型结皮下样地土壤水分为研究对象,采用分层取样的方法,分别对无结皮(NSC)、物理结皮(PSC)和生物结皮(BSC)样地0～0.5、0.5～10、10～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层的土壤进行采集,并对各层土壤含水量进行测定,分析对比2种结皮发育对土壤水分分布格局的影响作用。结果表明:1)物理结皮与无结皮样地各层土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,0～20 cm土层的土壤含水量季节性变化幅度都较大,但略低于无结皮样地。而20～60 cm土层的变化幅度较小,无结皮样地长期保持在1.0%～1.3%,物理结皮样地长期保持在0.6%～1.1%之间,显著<无结皮样地(P<0.05),深层土壤渐趋干化。2)生物结皮样地只有0～10 cm土层的变化幅度较大,而10～60 cm土层的变化幅度都较小,长期维持在0.4%～0.8%,土壤严重趋于干化。3)由于生物结皮对入渗水分的截留和阻碍作用,0～0.5 cm土层的土壤含水量显著高于无结皮和物理结皮样地(P<0.05);而0.5～20 cm土层显著低于无结皮和物理结皮样地(P<0.05);同时,20～60 cm土层略<物理结皮样地,且显著<无结皮样地(P<0.05)。由此可见,相对于无结皮样地,物理结皮和生物结皮的覆盖不同程度地影响着土壤水分的空间分布格局,二者的存在不利于水分入渗,并使深层土壤渐趋干化。
In order to understand the effects of soil crust on the spatial distribution pattern of soil moisture,the soil moisture under different types of crusts in Haloxylon ammodendron plantations was studied.Using the stratified sampling method,samples were collected from the soil layers of 0-0.5 cm,0.5-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm in different types of crusts:no soil crust(NSC),physical soil crusts(PSC) and biological soil crust(BSC),and the soil water content of each layer was measured to analyze the effects of two kinds of crust development on soil water distribution pattern.The results showed that 1) the variation trend of soil moisture content of each layer in PSC and NSC sample plots was basically the same,and the seasonal variation of soil water content in 0-20 cm soil layer was larger,but slightly lower than NSC.While the change range of 20-60 cm soil layer was small.The NSC sample plot was maintained between 1.0% and 1.3% for a long time,and the PSC sample plot maintained between 0.6% and 1.1% for a long time,which was significantly lower than that in NSC plot(P<0.05).The deep soil gradually became dry.2) In BSC plot,there was a large variation range only in 0-10 cm soil layer,while the variation range of 10-60 cm soil layer was small,and it maintained between 0.4% and 0.8% for a long time.The soil was seriously dry.3) Due to the interception and obstruction of BSC on infiltration water,the soil water content of 0～0.5 cm soil layer was significantly higher than those in NSC and PSC plots(P<0.05); while the soil water content of 0.5～20 cm soil layer was significantly lower than those in NSC and PSC plots(P<0.05).At the same time,the soil water content of 20-60 cm soil layer was slightly lower than that in PSC plot,and significantly lower than that in NSC plot(P<0.05).It could be seen that compared with NSC,the PSC and BSC affected the spatial distribution pattern of soil moisture in different extents.The existence of PSC and BSC was not conducive to water infiltration and making the deep soil gradually dry.
In order to understand the effects of soil crust on the spatial distribution pattern of soil moisture,the soil moisture under different types of crusts in Haloxylon ammodendron plantations was studied.Using the stratified sampling method,samples were collected from the soil layers of 0-0.5 cm,0.5-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm in different types of crusts:no soil crust(NSC),physical soil crusts(PSC) and biological soil crust(BSC),and the soil water content of each layer was measured to analyze the effects of two kinds of crust development on soil water distribution pattern.The results showed that 1) the variation trend of soil moisture content of each layer in PSC and NSC sample plots was basically the same,and the seasonal variation of soil water content in 0-20 cm soil layer was larger,but slightly lower than NSC.While the change range of 20-60 cm soil layer was small.The NSC sample plot was maintained between 1.0% and 1.3% for a long time,and the PSC sample plot maintained between 0.6% and 1.1% for a long time,which was significantly lower than that in NSC plot(P<0.05).The deep soil gradually became dry.2) In BSC plot,there was a large variation range only in 0-10 cm soil layer,while the variation range of 10-60 cm soil layer was small,and it maintained between 0.4% and 0.8% for a long time.The soil was seriously dry.3) Due to the interception and obstruction of BSC on infiltration water,the soil water content of 0～0.5 cm soil layer was significantly higher than those in NSC and PSC plots(P<0.05); while the soil water content of 0.5～20 cm soil layer was significantly lower than those in NSC and PSC plots(P<0.05).At the same time,the soil water content of 20-60 cm soil layer was slightly lower than that in PSC plot,and significantly lower than that in NSC plot(P<0.05).It could be seen that compared with NSC,the PSC and BSC affected the spatial distribution pattern of soil moisture in different extents.The existence of PSC and BSC was not conducive to water infiltration and making the deep soil gradually dry.
引文
[1] BELNAP J,LANGE O L.Biological soil crusts:structure,function,and management[J].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2001:239-257.
[2] GEORGE D B,ROUNDY B A,CLAIR L L,et al.The effects ofmicrobiotic soil crustson soil water loss[J].Arid Land Researchand Management,2003,17(2):113-125.
[3] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M ].北京:清华大学出版社,1988:77-131.
[4] SINGER M J,SKUJINS J.Physical properties of arid region soils[J].Semiarid Lands and Deserts:Soil Resource and Reclamation,1991:81-89.
[5] 王新平,李新荣,康尔泗,等.腾格里沙漠东南缘人工植被区降水入渗与再分配规律研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1234-1241.WANG X P,LI X R,KANG E S,et al.The infiltration and redistribution of precipitation in revegetated sand dunes in the Tengger Desert,shapotou,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23( 6):1234-1241.(in Chinese)
[6] BELNAP J,LANGE O L.Biological soil crusts:structure,function,and management[J].Berlin:Springer,2003:281-302.
[7] BYERS J E.Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006,21(9):493-500.
[8] 赵文智,程国栋.干旱区生态水文过程研究若干问题评述[J].科学通报,2001,46(22):1851-1857.
[9] BOWKER M A,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C.Biological crusts as a model system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(3):405-417.
[10] KIDRON G J,MONGER H C,VONSHAK A,et al.Contrasting effects of microbiotic crusts on runoff in desert surfaces[J].Geomorphology,2012,139:484-494.
[11] FISCHER T,YAIR A,VESTE M.Infiltration,water holding capacity and growth patterns of biological soil crusts on sand dunes under arid andtemperate climates[C].Vienna:Egu General Assembly,2012,14:5034.
[12] 李新荣,贾玉奎,龙利群,等.干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(1):4-11.
[13] 张军红,吴波.油蒿群落生物结皮对降水人渗过程的影响[J].中国科学院大学学报,2014,31(2):214-220.ZHANG J H,WU B.Influences of biological soil crust in artemisia ordosica community on the precipitation process[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,31(2):214-220.(in Chinese)
[14] HERAS M,MERINO-MARTíN L,NICOLAU J M.Effect of vegetationcover on the hydrology of reclaimed mining soils under mediterranean-continental climate[J].Catena,2009,77(1):39-47.
[15] GREENE R S B,CHARTRES C J,HODGKINSON K C.The effects of fire on the soil in degraded semiarid woodland.I.cryptogam cover and physical and micro-morphological properties[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1990,28(5):755-777.
[16] BOWKER M A,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C.Biological crusts as amodel system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(3):405-417.
[17] XIAO B,WANG Q H,ZHAO Y G,et al.Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48(1):11-17.
[18] 张锦春,纪永福,王芳林,等.民勤退化人工梭梭种群雨养恢复试验研究[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(1):77-81.ZHANG J C,JI Y F,WANG F L,et al.Rain-fed recovery of degenerated artificial Haloxylon ammodendron population in Minqin[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(1):77-81.(in Chinese)
[19] 格日乐,刘艳琦,左志严,等.土壤水分对植物根-土界面相互作用特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):135-140.GE R L,LIU Y Q,ZUO Z Y,et al.Effect of soil moisture on the characteristics of root-soil interface interaction[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):135-140.(in Chinese)
[20] LI X R,ZHANG Z S,HUANG L,et al.A review of studies on eco-hydrological process and reciprocal mechanism of artificial vegetation systems in sand regions of China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(5):397-410.
[21] BROTHERSON J D,RUSHFORTH S R.Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of soils in Navajo National Monument,Arizona[J].The Great Basin Naturalist,1983,43(1):73-78.
[22] FISCHER T,VESTE M,WIEHE W,et al.Water repellency and poreclogging at early successional stages of microbiotic crusts on inland dunes,Brandenburg,NE Germany[J].Catena,2010,80(1):47-52.
[23] 刘新平,张铜会,赵哈林,等.流动沙丘干沙层厚度对土壤水分蒸发的影响[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(4):523-526.
[24] 李守中,肖洪浪,李新荣,等.干旱、半干旱地区微生物结皮土壤水文学的研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(4):500-506.
[25] 张克斌,卢晓杰,李瑞.北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(4):147-151.
[26] DUAN Z H,XIAO H L,LI X R,et al.E-volution of soil properties on stabilized sands in the Tengger Desert,China[J].Geomorphology,2004,59(1/4):237-246.
[27] MALAMISSA O,LE BISSONNAIS Y,DEFARGE C,et al.Role of a microbial cover on structural stability of a sandy soil in sahelian part of western Niger[J].Geoderma,2001,101:15-30.
[28] 白秀文,哈申吐力古尔,徐杰.不同类型结皮影响下土壤水分的变化规律[J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学汉文版,2017,46(3):401-407.BAI X W,HA S T L G E,XU J.The change of soil moisture affected by different types crust[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University:Narural Science Edition,2017,46(3):401-407.(in Chinese)
[29] 付广军,廖超英,孙长忠.毛乌素沙地土壤结皮对水分运动的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(1):7-10.FU G J,LIAO C Y,SUN C Z.The effects of crust water movement in Maowusu Sand Land[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(1):7-10.(in Chinese)
[2] GEORGE D B,ROUNDY B A,CLAIR L L,et al.The effects ofmicrobiotic soil crustson soil water loss[J].Arid Land Researchand Management,2003,17(2):113-125.
[3] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M ].北京:清华大学出版社,1988:77-131.
[4] SINGER M J,SKUJINS J.Physical properties of arid region soils[J].Semiarid Lands and Deserts:Soil Resource and Reclamation,1991:81-89.
[5] 王新平,李新荣,康尔泗,等.腾格里沙漠东南缘人工植被区降水入渗与再分配规律研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1234-1241.WANG X P,LI X R,KANG E S,et al.The infiltration and redistribution of precipitation in revegetated sand dunes in the Tengger Desert,shapotou,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23( 6):1234-1241.(in Chinese)
[6] BELNAP J,LANGE O L.Biological soil crusts:structure,function,and management[J].Berlin:Springer,2003:281-302.
[7] BYERS J E.Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006,21(9):493-500.
[8] 赵文智,程国栋.干旱区生态水文过程研究若干问题评述[J].科学通报,2001,46(22):1851-1857.
[9] BOWKER M A,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C.Biological crusts as a model system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(3):405-417.
[10] KIDRON G J,MONGER H C,VONSHAK A,et al.Contrasting effects of microbiotic crusts on runoff in desert surfaces[J].Geomorphology,2012,139:484-494.
[11] FISCHER T,YAIR A,VESTE M.Infiltration,water holding capacity and growth patterns of biological soil crusts on sand dunes under arid andtemperate climates[C].Vienna:Egu General Assembly,2012,14:5034.
[12] 李新荣,贾玉奎,龙利群,等.干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(1):4-11.
[13] 张军红,吴波.油蒿群落生物结皮对降水人渗过程的影响[J].中国科学院大学学报,2014,31(2):214-220.ZHANG J H,WU B.Influences of biological soil crust in artemisia ordosica community on the precipitation process[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,31(2):214-220.(in Chinese)
[14] HERAS M,MERINO-MARTíN L,NICOLAU J M.Effect of vegetationcover on the hydrology of reclaimed mining soils under mediterranean-continental climate[J].Catena,2009,77(1):39-47.
[15] GREENE R S B,CHARTRES C J,HODGKINSON K C.The effects of fire on the soil in degraded semiarid woodland.I.cryptogam cover and physical and micro-morphological properties[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1990,28(5):755-777.
[16] BOWKER M A,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C.Biological crusts as amodel system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(3):405-417.
[17] XIAO B,WANG Q H,ZHAO Y G,et al.Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48(1):11-17.
[18] 张锦春,纪永福,王芳林,等.民勤退化人工梭梭种群雨养恢复试验研究[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(1):77-81.ZHANG J C,JI Y F,WANG F L,et al.Rain-fed recovery of degenerated artificial Haloxylon ammodendron population in Minqin[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(1):77-81.(in Chinese)
[19] 格日乐,刘艳琦,左志严,等.土壤水分对植物根-土界面相互作用特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):135-140.GE R L,LIU Y Q,ZUO Z Y,et al.Effect of soil moisture on the characteristics of root-soil interface interaction[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):135-140.(in Chinese)
[20] LI X R,ZHANG Z S,HUANG L,et al.A review of studies on eco-hydrological process and reciprocal mechanism of artificial vegetation systems in sand regions of China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(5):397-410.
[21] BROTHERSON J D,RUSHFORTH S R.Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of soils in Navajo National Monument,Arizona[J].The Great Basin Naturalist,1983,43(1):73-78.
[22] FISCHER T,VESTE M,WIEHE W,et al.Water repellency and poreclogging at early successional stages of microbiotic crusts on inland dunes,Brandenburg,NE Germany[J].Catena,2010,80(1):47-52.
[23] 刘新平,张铜会,赵哈林,等.流动沙丘干沙层厚度对土壤水分蒸发的影响[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(4):523-526.
[24] 李守中,肖洪浪,李新荣,等.干旱、半干旱地区微生物结皮土壤水文学的研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(4):500-506.
[25] 张克斌,卢晓杰,李瑞.北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(4):147-151.
[26] DUAN Z H,XIAO H L,LI X R,et al.E-volution of soil properties on stabilized sands in the Tengger Desert,China[J].Geomorphology,2004,59(1/4):237-246.
[27] MALAMISSA O,LE BISSONNAIS Y,DEFARGE C,et al.Role of a microbial cover on structural stability of a sandy soil in sahelian part of western Niger[J].Geoderma,2001,101:15-30.
[28] 白秀文,哈申吐力古尔,徐杰.不同类型结皮影响下土壤水分的变化规律[J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学汉文版,2017,46(3):401-407.BAI X W,HA S T L G E,XU J.The change of soil moisture affected by different types crust[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University:Narural Science Edition,2017,46(3):401-407.(in Chinese)
[29] 付广军,廖超英,孙长忠.毛乌素沙地土壤结皮对水分运动的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(1):7-10.FU G J,LIAO C Y,SUN C Z.The effects of crust water movement in Maowusu Sand Land[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(1):7-10.(in Chinese)
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