乡村振兴背景下乡村发展综合评价及类型识别研究
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摘要
党的十九大决定"实施乡村振兴战略",着力破解城乡发展不平衡与乡村发展不充分问题,促进城乡融合,解决"三农"问题。针对乡村发展的现状特征与变动趋向,开展村庄尺度乡村发展水平评价及类型识别研究,对于厘清乡村发展的内部差异与多元趋向,助力乡村振兴意义重大。研究采取"发展-重构"综合评价方法对山东省淄博市昆仑镇进行实证研究,通过选取与生产、生活和生态功能相关的数据指标,分别建构村庄发展度与重构度评价指标体系,进而运用因子分析法提取二者的公因子并计算综合评价得分,二维组合聚类评价结果后提出发展度高-重构度高、发展度高-重构度低、发展度低-重构度高和发展度低-重构度低4种一级发展类型,及其呈现的"热点-过渡-冷点"圈层分布特征。在此基础之上,运用系统聚类方法逐类分析一级发展类型村庄,依据因子特征与现场调研情况进一步识别出城镇集聚型、村庄集聚型、均衡稳定型、生产收缩型、生活收缩型、生产衰退型与生态衰退型7个二级发展类型,明确各类村庄发展的特征与需求。基于上述分析,提出优化镇村空间格局和城乡产业分工促进区域城乡融合,以及立足村庄发展需求施行要素差异化供给的策略建议,以期提高乡村可持续发展能力。
The report of 19th CPC National Congress puts forward rural revitalization strategy,which bridges the gap between city and country in order to promote urban-rural integration,and solves inadequate development in rural areas and ‘Sannong ' problem.According to the present characteristics and changing trend of rural development,it is essential to evaluate and recognize the development type of different villages,which will contribute to cope with rural multi-development tendency and promote the rural revitalization. Taking the town of Kunlun in Shandong Povince as an example,this paper chooses data of functions of ecology,production and living to construct relevant indexes and utilizes the comprehensive assessment method to estimate the degree of development and reconstruction in each village,which is called ‘development-reconstruction'system. Firstly,the factor analysis is adopted to extract common factors and calculate their comprehensive score of these villages. Through cluster analysis for the score above,four primary types and their ‘hot-transition-cold'circle structure are proposed,including ‘high-high',‘high-low',‘lowhigh'and‘low-low'. Secondly,system clustering method is used to recognize seven secondary types depending on the primary types,including‘town convergency type',‘rural convergency type',‘balanced type',‘production retraction type',‘living retraction type',‘production recession type',and ‘ecology recession type',and distinguish their development characteristics and demands according to the common factors and local research. Finally,the corresponding strategies are put forward to enhance the capability for sustainable development, including promoting urban-rural integration by optimizing town-village spatial pattern and urban-rural industrial division,and improving supplying level of elementary sources aimed at the diversity requirement of village development.
The report of 19th CPC National Congress puts forward rural revitalization strategy,which bridges the gap between city and country in order to promote urban-rural integration,and solves inadequate development in rural areas and ‘Sannong ' problem.According to the present characteristics and changing trend of rural development,it is essential to evaluate and recognize the development type of different villages,which will contribute to cope with rural multi-development tendency and promote the rural revitalization. Taking the town of Kunlun in Shandong Povince as an example,this paper chooses data of functions of ecology,production and living to construct relevant indexes and utilizes the comprehensive assessment method to estimate the degree of development and reconstruction in each village,which is called ‘development-reconstruction'system. Firstly,the factor analysis is adopted to extract common factors and calculate their comprehensive score of these villages. Through cluster analysis for the score above,four primary types and their ‘hot-transition-cold'circle structure are proposed,including ‘high-high',‘high-low',‘lowhigh'and‘low-low'. Secondly,system clustering method is used to recognize seven secondary types depending on the primary types,including‘town convergency type',‘rural convergency type',‘balanced type',‘production retraction type',‘living retraction type',‘production recession type',and ‘ecology recession type',and distinguish their development characteristics and demands according to the common factors and local research. Finally,the corresponding strategies are put forward to enhance the capability for sustainable development, including promoting urban-rural integration by optimizing town-village spatial pattern and urban-rural industrial division,and improving supplying level of elementary sources aimed at the diversity requirement of village development.
引文
[1]孙施文．重视城乡规划作用，提升城乡治理能力建设[J]．城市规划，2015(1):86-88．
[2]刘彦随．中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]．地理学报，2018,73(4):637-650．
[3]龙花楼，屠爽爽．论乡村重构[J]．地理学报，2017,72(4):563-576．
[4]CLOKE P J.An index of rurality for England and Wales[J].Regional studies,1977,11(1):31-46．
[5]CLOKE P,EDWARDS G.Rurality in England and Wales 1981:a replication of the 1971 index[J].Journal of the Regional Studies Association,1986,20(4):289-306．
[6]HARRINGTON V,DAN O D.Rurality in England and Wales 1991:a replication and extension of the 1981 rurality index[J].Sociologia ruralis,1998,38(2):178-203．
[7]WOODS M.Rural geography:processes,responses and experiences in rural restructuring[M].London:Sage,2005．
[8]WOODS M.Government,advocating rurality the repositioning[J].Journal of rural studies,1998,14(1):13-26．
[9]WOODS M.Performing rurality and practising rural geography[J].Progress in human geography,2010,6(6):835-846．
[10]CLOKE P.Changing patterns of urbanization in rural areas of England and Wales,1961-1971[J].Regional studies,1978,12(5):603-617．
[11]PINI B.Focus groups,feminist research and farm women:opportunities for empowerment in rural social research[J].Journal of rural studies,2002,18(3):339-351．
[12]STEPHENSON W.The study of behavior:Q-technique and its methodology[M].Chic-ago:University of Chicago Press,1953．
[13]HIDLE K,CRUICKSHANK J,NESJE L M.Market,commodity,resource and strength:logics of Norwegian rurality[J].Norwegian journal of geography,2006,60(3):189-198．
[14]PRIETO-LARA E,OCANA-RIOLA R.Updating rurality index for small areas in Spain[J].Social indicators research,2010,95(2):267-280．
[15]GULUMSER A A,BAYCAN-LEVENT T,NIJKAMP P.Mapping rurality:analysis of rural structure in Turkey[J].International journal of agricultural resources,governance and ecology,2009(8):130-157．
[16]LIANG M,JUE Y,GUANGRAN D.Mapping rural-urban disparities in late-stage cancer with high-resolution rurality index and GWR[J].Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology,2018,26:15-23．
[17]KITCHIN R,THRIFT N.International encyclopedia of human geography[M]//HALFACREE H.Rurality and post-rurality.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:449-456．
[18]URRY J.Localities,regions and social class[J].International journal of urban and regional research,1981,5(4):455-473．
[19]LANE B.What is rural tourism[J].Journal of sustainable tourism,1994,2(1-2):7-21．
[20]RYE J F.Rural youths’images of the rural[J].Journal of rural studies,2006,22(4):409-421．
[21]HALFACREE K.Locality and social representation:space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural[J].Journal of rural studies,1993,9(1):23-37．
[22]MARSDEN T,LOWE P,WHATMORE S.Rural restructuring:global processes and their responses[M]//MORMONT M.Who is rural?or,how to be rural:towards a sociology of the rural.London:David Fulton,1990．
[23]BOGDANOV N,MEREDITH D,EFSTRATOGLOU S.A typology of rural areas in Serbia[J].Economic annals,2008,53:7-29．
[24]GALLUZZO N.An analysis of ruraltiy index in Romanian countryside by a quantitative approach[J].Trakia journal of sciences,2018(2):134-139．
[25]张小林．乡村概念辨析[J]．地理学报，1998(4):79-85．
[26]周华，王炳君．江苏省乡村性及乡村转型发展耦合关系研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2013,23(9):48-55．
[27]龙花楼，刘彦随，邹健．中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价[J]．地理学报，2009,64(4):426-434．
[28]张荣天，张小林，李传武．基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究[J]．人文地理，2013,28(2):91-97．
[29]陈阳，李伟芳，马仁锋，等．浙江省乡村性空间分异及其影响因素分析[J]．经济地理，2014,34(12):133-139．
[30]刘华芹．类型学视角:城镇化进程中的农村社区分化和乡村振兴重点[J]．河北学刊，2019,39(1):167-173．
[31]谭雪兰，于思远，陈婉铃，等．长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究[J]．地理科学，2017,37(8):1203-1210．
[32]谭雪兰，安悦，蒋凌霄，等．长株潭地区乡村多功能类型分异特征及形成机制[J]．经济地理，2018,38(10):80-88．
[33]李贵才，朱倩琼，刘樱，等．广州市乡村发展类型及演化模式[J]．地域研究与开发，2018,37(4):156-161．
[34]龙冬平，李同昇，于正松，等．基于微观视角的乡村发展水平评价及机理分析---以城乡统筹示范区陕西省高陵县为例[J]．经济地理，2013,33(11):115-121．
[35]张挺，徐艳梅，李河新．乡村建设成效评价和指标内在影响机理研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(11):37-46．
[36]韩俊．乡村振兴要循序渐进地撤并一批衰退村庄[J]．农村工作通讯，2018(7):52．
[37]董越，华晨．基于经济、建设、生态平衡关系的乡村类型分类及发展策略[J]．规划师，2017,33(1):128-133．
[38]贺雪峰．农民行动逻辑与乡村治理的区域差异[J]．开放时代，2007(1):105-121．
[39]朱纪广，李小建，王德，等．传统农区不同类型乡村功能演变研究---以河南省西华县为例[J]．经济地理，2019,39(1):149-156．
[40]郑风田，杨慧莲．村庄异质性与差异化乡村振兴需求[J]．新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2019,40(1):57-64．
[41]李裕瑞，刘彦随，龙花楼．黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理[J]．地理学报，2012(6):771-782．
[42]李小建，周雄飞，郑纯辉．河南农区经济发展差异地理影响的小尺度分析[J]．地理学报，2008(2):147-155．
[43]雷振东．整合与重构:关中乡村聚落转型研究[M]．南京:东南大学出版社，2009．
[44]韩欣宇．城乡统筹背景下乡村住区发展与空间重构研究[D]．天津:天津大学，2019．
[45]范少言，赵玉龙．村域尺度乡村发展水平评价及特征---以甘肃环县为例[J]．开发研究，2018(1):51-55．
[46]李冰清，王占岐，张利国，等．基于集聚发展路径的农村居民点空间重构研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(11):47-55．
[47]李智，张小林，李红波，等．基于村域尺度的乡村性评价及乡村发展模式研究---以江苏省金坛市为例[J]．地理科学，2017,37(8):1194-1202.
[2]刘彦随．中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]．地理学报，2018,73(4):637-650．
[3]龙花楼，屠爽爽．论乡村重构[J]．地理学报，2017,72(4):563-576．
[4]CLOKE P J.An index of rurality for England and Wales[J].Regional studies,1977,11(1):31-46．
[5]CLOKE P,EDWARDS G.Rurality in England and Wales 1981:a replication of the 1971 index[J].Journal of the Regional Studies Association,1986,20(4):289-306．
[6]HARRINGTON V,DAN O D.Rurality in England and Wales 1991:a replication and extension of the 1981 rurality index[J].Sociologia ruralis,1998,38(2):178-203．
[7]WOODS M.Rural geography:processes,responses and experiences in rural restructuring[M].London:Sage,2005．
[8]WOODS M.Government,advocating rurality the repositioning[J].Journal of rural studies,1998,14(1):13-26．
[9]WOODS M.Performing rurality and practising rural geography[J].Progress in human geography,2010,6(6):835-846．
[10]CLOKE P.Changing patterns of urbanization in rural areas of England and Wales,1961-1971[J].Regional studies,1978,12(5):603-617．
[11]PINI B.Focus groups,feminist research and farm women:opportunities for empowerment in rural social research[J].Journal of rural studies,2002,18(3):339-351．
[12]STEPHENSON W.The study of behavior:Q-technique and its methodology[M].Chic-ago:University of Chicago Press,1953．
[13]HIDLE K,CRUICKSHANK J,NESJE L M.Market,commodity,resource and strength:logics of Norwegian rurality[J].Norwegian journal of geography,2006,60(3):189-198．
[14]PRIETO-LARA E,OCANA-RIOLA R.Updating rurality index for small areas in Spain[J].Social indicators research,2010,95(2):267-280．
[15]GULUMSER A A,BAYCAN-LEVENT T,NIJKAMP P.Mapping rurality:analysis of rural structure in Turkey[J].International journal of agricultural resources,governance and ecology,2009(8):130-157．
[16]LIANG M,JUE Y,GUANGRAN D.Mapping rural-urban disparities in late-stage cancer with high-resolution rurality index and GWR[J].Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology,2018,26:15-23．
[17]KITCHIN R,THRIFT N.International encyclopedia of human geography[M]//HALFACREE H.Rurality and post-rurality.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:449-456．
[18]URRY J.Localities,regions and social class[J].International journal of urban and regional research,1981,5(4):455-473．
[19]LANE B.What is rural tourism[J].Journal of sustainable tourism,1994,2(1-2):7-21．
[20]RYE J F.Rural youths’images of the rural[J].Journal of rural studies,2006,22(4):409-421．
[21]HALFACREE K.Locality and social representation:space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural[J].Journal of rural studies,1993,9(1):23-37．
[22]MARSDEN T,LOWE P,WHATMORE S.Rural restructuring:global processes and their responses[M]//MORMONT M.Who is rural?or,how to be rural:towards a sociology of the rural.London:David Fulton,1990．
[23]BOGDANOV N,MEREDITH D,EFSTRATOGLOU S.A typology of rural areas in Serbia[J].Economic annals,2008,53:7-29．
[24]GALLUZZO N.An analysis of ruraltiy index in Romanian countryside by a quantitative approach[J].Trakia journal of sciences,2018(2):134-139．
[25]张小林．乡村概念辨析[J]．地理学报，1998(4):79-85．
[26]周华，王炳君．江苏省乡村性及乡村转型发展耦合关系研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2013,23(9):48-55．
[27]龙花楼，刘彦随，邹健．中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价[J]．地理学报，2009,64(4):426-434．
[28]张荣天，张小林，李传武．基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究[J]．人文地理，2013,28(2):91-97．
[29]陈阳，李伟芳，马仁锋，等．浙江省乡村性空间分异及其影响因素分析[J]．经济地理，2014,34(12):133-139．
[30]刘华芹．类型学视角:城镇化进程中的农村社区分化和乡村振兴重点[J]．河北学刊，2019,39(1):167-173．
[31]谭雪兰，于思远，陈婉铃，等．长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究[J]．地理科学，2017,37(8):1203-1210．
[32]谭雪兰，安悦，蒋凌霄，等．长株潭地区乡村多功能类型分异特征及形成机制[J]．经济地理，2018,38(10):80-88．
[33]李贵才，朱倩琼，刘樱，等．广州市乡村发展类型及演化模式[J]．地域研究与开发，2018,37(4):156-161．
[34]龙冬平，李同昇，于正松，等．基于微观视角的乡村发展水平评价及机理分析---以城乡统筹示范区陕西省高陵县为例[J]．经济地理，2013,33(11):115-121．
[35]张挺，徐艳梅，李河新．乡村建设成效评价和指标内在影响机理研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(11):37-46．
[36]韩俊．乡村振兴要循序渐进地撤并一批衰退村庄[J]．农村工作通讯，2018(7):52．
[37]董越，华晨．基于经济、建设、生态平衡关系的乡村类型分类及发展策略[J]．规划师，2017,33(1):128-133．
[38]贺雪峰．农民行动逻辑与乡村治理的区域差异[J]．开放时代，2007(1):105-121．
[39]朱纪广，李小建，王德，等．传统农区不同类型乡村功能演变研究---以河南省西华县为例[J]．经济地理，2019,39(1):149-156．
[40]郑风田，杨慧莲．村庄异质性与差异化乡村振兴需求[J]．新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2019,40(1):57-64．
[41]李裕瑞，刘彦随，龙花楼．黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理[J]．地理学报，2012(6):771-782．
[42]李小建，周雄飞，郑纯辉．河南农区经济发展差异地理影响的小尺度分析[J]．地理学报，2008(2):147-155．
[43]雷振东．整合与重构:关中乡村聚落转型研究[M]．南京:东南大学出版社，2009．
[44]韩欣宇．城乡统筹背景下乡村住区发展与空间重构研究[D]．天津:天津大学，2019．
[45]范少言，赵玉龙．村域尺度乡村发展水平评价及特征---以甘肃环县为例[J]．开发研究，2018(1):51-55．
[46]李冰清，王占岐，张利国，等．基于集聚发展路径的农村居民点空间重构研究[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(11):47-55．
[47]李智，张小林，李红波，等．基于村域尺度的乡村性评价及乡村发展模式研究---以江苏省金坛市为例[J]．地理科学，2017,37(8):1194-1202.