国内外涂料制造工业挥发性有机物排放标准比较
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摘要
VOCs (挥发性有机物)已成为中国大气污染防治的重点污染物,涂料的生产和使用是VOCs排放的重要固定源.美国、欧盟于20世纪90年代制定了涂料制造工业的VOCs排放标准,而中国自2010年起才开始管控VOCs的排放.通过对美国、欧盟和中国现行的涂料制造工业VOCs排放标准体系进行对比研究发现,中国涂料制造工业VOCs排放标准体系完整且严厉,由源头替代、工艺过程控制、排放限值、监控与管理等构成,但存在表征方法不明确、分析方法不准确、总量控制指标缺乏等问题.因此,基于优化VOCs全过程防控标准体系,提出以下4点建议:①强化源头VOCs排放控制,制定高固分涂料、水性涂料(油墨)各类涂料产品的VOCs含量限值,并配以相关分析方法;②加强VOCs工艺过程控制,在强调密闭要求的基础上,制定吸风罩捕集效率的统一判断标准;③选用TOC (有机碳)代替NMHC (非甲烷总烃)作为VOCs的表征指标,借鉴欧盟的逸散率制定排放绩效值,构建总量控制指标;④实施溶剂管理计划和PRTR (污染物释放和转移登记记录),以实现VOCs减排的长效机制.
Volatile organic compounds( VOCs) have become the dominant pollutants for air pollution control in China. The United States and European Union set up the VOCs emission standards for the coatings industry in the 1990 s,while China began to regulate the VOCs emission since 2010. The present study conducted a detailed contrastive analysis of the VOCs emission standard systems for the coating industry in the United States,European Union and China,and results indicated that VOCs emission standard systems for the coating industry in China are comprehensive and strict which include source substitution,process control,emission limited value,monitoring and management. However,the systems exhibit some shortages such as characterization methods,inaccurate analysis methods,lack of total emission control index. Therefore,four suggestions are proposed to optimize the whole process control systems for VOCs:( 1) Strengthen the emission control of VOCs in the source,promulgate the VOCs content limits for coatings such as high-solid coatings and water-based coatings( inks),and correlate with relevant analytical methods.( 2) Strengthen VOCs emission in process control and regulate uniform standard to judge capture efficiency of the suction hoods.( 3) Substitute TOC( total organic carbon) or THC( total hydrocarbons) for NMHC( non-methane hydrocarbons),and regulate the emission performance value for the final building total emission quantity control referring to the ratio of VOCs fugitive emission rate.( 4) Promote a solvent management plan and PRTR( pollutant release and transfer registration record system) for long-term reduction mechanism of VOCs.
Volatile organic compounds( VOCs) have become the dominant pollutants for air pollution control in China. The United States and European Union set up the VOCs emission standards for the coatings industry in the 1990 s,while China began to regulate the VOCs emission since 2010. The present study conducted a detailed contrastive analysis of the VOCs emission standard systems for the coating industry in the United States,European Union and China,and results indicated that VOCs emission standard systems for the coating industry in China are comprehensive and strict which include source substitution,process control,emission limited value,monitoring and management. However,the systems exhibit some shortages such as characterization methods,inaccurate analysis methods,lack of total emission control index. Therefore,four suggestions are proposed to optimize the whole process control systems for VOCs:( 1) Strengthen the emission control of VOCs in the source,promulgate the VOCs content limits for coatings such as high-solid coatings and water-based coatings( inks),and correlate with relevant analytical methods.( 2) Strengthen VOCs emission in process control and regulate uniform standard to judge capture efficiency of the suction hoods.( 3) Substitute TOC( total organic carbon) or THC( total hydrocarbons) for NMHC( non-methane hydrocarbons),and regulate the emission performance value for the final building total emission quantity control referring to the ratio of VOCs fugitive emission rate.( 4) Promote a solvent management plan and PRTR( pollutant release and transfer registration record system) for long-term reduction mechanism of VOCs.
引文
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[2]HATFIELD M L,HARTZ K E H.Secondary organic aerosol from biogenic volatile organic compound mixtures[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(13):2211-2219.
[3]RYERSON T B,TRAINER M,HOLLOWAY J S,et al.Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies[J].Science,2001,292(5517):719-723.
[4]MIN S,ZHANG Y H,ZENG L M,et al.Ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta and the roles of VOC and NOxin its production[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(1):512-518.
[5]ATKINSON R.Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(12):2063-2101.
[6]DERWENT R G,JENKIN M E,UTEMBE S R,et al.Secondary organic aerosol formation from a large number of reactive man-made organic compounds[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(16):3374-3381.
[7]TSIGARIDIS K,KANAKIDOU M.Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(22):4682-4692.
[8]ZHOU J,YOU Y,BAI Z,et al.Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(3):452-459.
[9]LI L,LI H,ZHANG X,et al.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of benzene homologues in ambient air in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(1):214-223.
[10]AHMAD-KHAN H.Benzene's toxicity:a consolidated short review of human and animal studies[J].Human&Experimental Toxicology,2007,26(9):677-685.
[11]SMITH M T,ZHANG L,MCHALE C M,et al.Benzene,the exposome and future investigations of leukemia etiology[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2011,192(1/2):155-159.
[12]《中国涂料》编辑部.以环保促转型,以绿色谋发展:2017年中国涂料、颜料行业工作年会在京隆重召开[J].中国涂料,2017,32(3):1-3.Editorial Office of China Coating.To promote transformation and development by environmental protection:China coatings&pigments industry annual meeting 2017 was held in Beijing[J].China Coating,2017,32(3):1-3.
[13]European Environment Agency.Directive 2010/75/EU industrial emissions directives[S].Denmark:European Environment Agency,2010.
[14]European Environment Agency.Directive 1999/13/EU on the limitation of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations[S].Denmark:European Environment Agency,1999.
[15]US EPA.Method 18 measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[16]US EPA.Method 25 gaseous nonmethane organic emissions[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[17]国家环境保护总局.HJ/T 38-1999固定污染源排气中非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[18]国家环境保护总局.GB 16297-1996大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.
[19]环境保护部.GB 31572-2015合成树脂工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[20]北京市环境保护局.DB 11/501-2017北京市大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[21]北京市环境保护局.DB 11/1385-2017有机化学品制造工业大气污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[22]天津市环境保护局.DB 12/524-2014工业企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].天津:中国环境科学出版社,2014.
[23]重庆市环境保护局.DB 50/418-2016大气污染物综合排放标准[S].重庆:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[24]河北省环境保护厅.DB 13/2322-2016工业企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].石家庄:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[25]上海市环境保护局.DB 31/933-2015大气污染物综合排放标准[S].上海:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[26]上海市环境保护局.DB 31/881-2015涂料、油墨及其类似产品制造工业大气污染物排放标准[S].上海:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[27]陕西省环境保护厅.DB 61/T 1061-2017挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].西安:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[28]江苏省环境保护厅.DB 32/3151-2016化学工业挥发性有机物排放标准[S].南京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[29]福建省环境保护厅.DB 35/233-2011厦门市大气污染物排放标准[S].福州:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[30]US EPA.40 CFR part 60 subpart SSS standards of performance for magnetic tape coating facilities[S].Washington DC:US EPA,1988.
[31]US EPA.40 CFR Part 60 subpart VVV standards of performance for polymeric coating of supporting substrates facilities[S].Washington DC:US EPA,1989.
[32]US EPA.Method 24 determination of volatile matter content,water content,density,volume solids,and weight solids of surface coating[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[2]HATFIELD M L,HARTZ K E H.Secondary organic aerosol from biogenic volatile organic compound mixtures[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(13):2211-2219.
[3]RYERSON T B,TRAINER M,HOLLOWAY J S,et al.Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies[J].Science,2001,292(5517):719-723.
[4]MIN S,ZHANG Y H,ZENG L M,et al.Ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta and the roles of VOC and NOxin its production[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(1):512-518.
[5]ATKINSON R.Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(12):2063-2101.
[6]DERWENT R G,JENKIN M E,UTEMBE S R,et al.Secondary organic aerosol formation from a large number of reactive man-made organic compounds[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(16):3374-3381.
[7]TSIGARIDIS K,KANAKIDOU M.Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(22):4682-4692.
[8]ZHOU J,YOU Y,BAI Z,et al.Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(3):452-459.
[9]LI L,LI H,ZHANG X,et al.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of benzene homologues in ambient air in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(1):214-223.
[10]AHMAD-KHAN H.Benzene's toxicity:a consolidated short review of human and animal studies[J].Human&Experimental Toxicology,2007,26(9):677-685.
[11]SMITH M T,ZHANG L,MCHALE C M,et al.Benzene,the exposome and future investigations of leukemia etiology[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2011,192(1/2):155-159.
[12]《中国涂料》编辑部.以环保促转型,以绿色谋发展:2017年中国涂料、颜料行业工作年会在京隆重召开[J].中国涂料,2017,32(3):1-3.Editorial Office of China Coating.To promote transformation and development by environmental protection:China coatings&pigments industry annual meeting 2017 was held in Beijing[J].China Coating,2017,32(3):1-3.
[13]European Environment Agency.Directive 2010/75/EU industrial emissions directives[S].Denmark:European Environment Agency,2010.
[14]European Environment Agency.Directive 1999/13/EU on the limitation of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations[S].Denmark:European Environment Agency,1999.
[15]US EPA.Method 18 measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[16]US EPA.Method 25 gaseous nonmethane organic emissions[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[17]国家环境保护总局.HJ/T 38-1999固定污染源排气中非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[18]国家环境保护总局.GB 16297-1996大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.
[19]环境保护部.GB 31572-2015合成树脂工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[20]北京市环境保护局.DB 11/501-2017北京市大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[21]北京市环境保护局.DB 11/1385-2017有机化学品制造工业大气污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[22]天津市环境保护局.DB 12/524-2014工业企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].天津:中国环境科学出版社,2014.
[23]重庆市环境保护局.DB 50/418-2016大气污染物综合排放标准[S].重庆:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[24]河北省环境保护厅.DB 13/2322-2016工业企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].石家庄:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[25]上海市环境保护局.DB 31/933-2015大气污染物综合排放标准[S].上海:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[26]上海市环境保护局.DB 31/881-2015涂料、油墨及其类似产品制造工业大气污染物排放标准[S].上海:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[27]陕西省环境保护厅.DB 61/T 1061-2017挥发性有机物排放控制标准[S].西安:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[28]江苏省环境保护厅.DB 32/3151-2016化学工业挥发性有机物排放标准[S].南京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[29]福建省环境保护厅.DB 35/233-2011厦门市大气污染物排放标准[S].福州:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[30]US EPA.40 CFR part 60 subpart SSS standards of performance for magnetic tape coating facilities[S].Washington DC:US EPA,1988.
[31]US EPA.40 CFR Part 60 subpart VVV standards of performance for polymeric coating of supporting substrates facilities[S].Washington DC:US EPA,1989.
[32]US EPA.Method 24 determination of volatile matter content,water content,density,volume solids,and weight solids of surface coating[S].Washington DC:US EPA,2017.