种养结合BAF工艺对密闭循环养殖水净化效果分析
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摘要
为了满足受控生态生保系统对鱼类生长和水资源循环利用的需求,该文围绕密闭循环水产养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture system,RAS)平台构建以曝气生物滤池(biological aerated filter,BAF)工艺为核心,辅以蔬菜栽培系统的水质净化工艺,探讨其对RAS持续运行的作用及原理。试验初始,向平台养殖池内输入300 L市政原水和60尾罗非鱼鱼苗,随后系统连续循环运行200 d,通过分析系统水质及鱼类生长状况,考察BAF耦合蔬菜栽培工艺在RAS中的适用性。结果表明,1～60 d单独BAF工艺对密闭RAS内水质污染物控制效果较差,运行60 d后水中TOC、N和P类污染物均出现大量累积。针对该问题,构建2级BAF和蔬菜栽培耦合工艺,在后续140 d内,TOC和NH4+-N累积浓度分别由60.3和2.9 mg/L降低至11.2和1.2 mg/L;NO2--N持续稳定在0.1 mg/L以下;NO3--N和PO43--P分别由累积浓度114.2和43.1 mg/L降低并稳定至54.7和15.6 mg/L左右。在BAF耦合蔬菜栽培工艺保障下,密闭RAS内95%以上水资源持续再生;罗非鱼生长状态良好,零死亡率,最大养殖密度达41.9 kg/m3;同步收获4批次蔬菜,总质量达23 420 g,平均株质量达195.17 g/株。试验结果说明,BAF耦合蔬菜栽培可有效保障RAS持续稳定运行,可为密闭受控生态生保系统的水生动物养殖提供技术借鉴。
For achieving the requirement of fish production and water sustained regeneration in controlled ecological life support system, a pilot-scale modified biological aerated filter(BAF) coupled with vegetable cultivation system was constructed as a purification plant for the closed recirculating aquaculture system(RAS). The performance of the modified purification process on RAS was investigated, and its principle was also discussed in this research. At initial stage, 300 L municipal water as well as 60 tilapia mossambica were inset in the freshwater pond of RAS. In the followed experimental 200 days, the variation of water quality and fish growth was tracked and investigated, and then the navigability of purification process for RAS was analyzed and discussed. The experimental results showed that in the first research period(1-60 days), the single BAF process showed poor performance on the pollutant removal, and there were a mount of TOC, N and P accumulation after 60 days raising period. For resolving this problem, a modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation system was constructed and carried out in the following 140 days. The followed experimental results exhibited that the modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation showed significant good performance on the pollutant control, where the concentration of TOC and NH+4-N decreased form 60.3 and 2.9 mg/L to 11.2 and 1.2 mg/L, respectively, and the concentration of NO-3-N and PO3-4-P obviously decreased form 114.2 and 43.1 mg/L to around 54.7 and 15.6 mg/L, respectively. Besides, the concentration of NO-2-N remained below 0.1 mg/L. Modified purification process could provide health-safety environment for the tilapia mossambica growth and vegetable cultivation in closed RAS, more than 95% water was regenerated, and the maximum aquiculture density was 41.3 kg/m3 and without fish death. At the same time, four batches of vegetables were harvested. The total weight of vegetables was 23 420 g, and the individual weight was 195.17 g, respectively. The results showed that the modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation could ensure the sustainable and stable operation of RAS and provide technical reference for fish culture in the controlled ecological life security system.
For achieving the requirement of fish production and water sustained regeneration in controlled ecological life support system, a pilot-scale modified biological aerated filter(BAF) coupled with vegetable cultivation system was constructed as a purification plant for the closed recirculating aquaculture system(RAS). The performance of the modified purification process on RAS was investigated, and its principle was also discussed in this research. At initial stage, 300 L municipal water as well as 60 tilapia mossambica were inset in the freshwater pond of RAS. In the followed experimental 200 days, the variation of water quality and fish growth was tracked and investigated, and then the navigability of purification process for RAS was analyzed and discussed. The experimental results showed that in the first research period(1-60 days), the single BAF process showed poor performance on the pollutant removal, and there were a mount of TOC, N and P accumulation after 60 days raising period. For resolving this problem, a modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation system was constructed and carried out in the following 140 days. The followed experimental results exhibited that the modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation showed significant good performance on the pollutant control, where the concentration of TOC and NH+4-N decreased form 60.3 and 2.9 mg/L to 11.2 and 1.2 mg/L, respectively, and the concentration of NO-3-N and PO3-4-P obviously decreased form 114.2 and 43.1 mg/L to around 54.7 and 15.6 mg/L, respectively. Besides, the concentration of NO-2-N remained below 0.1 mg/L. Modified purification process could provide health-safety environment for the tilapia mossambica growth and vegetable cultivation in closed RAS, more than 95% water was regenerated, and the maximum aquiculture density was 41.3 kg/m3 and without fish death. At the same time, four batches of vegetables were harvested. The total weight of vegetables was 23 420 g, and the individual weight was 195.17 g, respectively. The results showed that the modified BAF process coupled with vegetable cultivation could ensure the sustainable and stable operation of RAS and provide technical reference for fish culture in the controlled ecological life security system.
引文
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[10]顾川川,张宇雷.国内外工厂化养殖鱼池流态研究进展概述[J].渔业现代化,2013,40(6):10-14.Gu Chuanchuan,Zhang Yulei.Summary of research progress on flow pattern of industrial culture fish pond at domestic and abroad[J].Fishery Modernization,2013,40(6):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Wang G Y,Yang J,Ma F,et al.Ammonia conversion characteristics in a closed recirculating aquaculture system[C].International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,2009:1-4.
[12]Martins C I M,Eding E H,Verdegem M C J,et al.New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe:A perspective on environmental sustainability[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,43(3):83-93.
[13]Tal Y,Watts J E M,Schreier S B,et al.Characterization of the microbial community and nitrogen transformation processes associated with moving bed bioreactors in a closed recirculated mariculture system[J].Aquaculture,2003,215(1):187-202.
[14]程果锋,陆诗敏,刘兴国,等.基于人工湿地的循环水养殖系统运行效果研究[J].渔业现代化,2018,45(5):47-52.Cheng Guofeng,Lu Shimin,Liu Xingguo,et al.Study on the operation effect of circulating aquaculture system based on constructed wetland[J].Fishery Modernization,2018,45(05):47-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]战培荣,刘伟,曹广斌,等.流化床生物滤器净化循环水养鱼系统的工艺与特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):226-230.Zhan Peirong,Liu Wei,Cao Guangbin,et al.Technology and performance of a recirculation purified water intensive fish culture system using fluidized bed biofilter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(2):226-230.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]程果锋,张宇雷,吴凡,等.涡旋式流化砂床生物滤器的设计与研究[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(6):6-10.Cheng Guofeng,Zhang Yulei,Wu Fan,et al.Design and study of a vortexing fluidized-bed biofilter[J].Fishery Modernization.2011,38(6):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Holan A B,Wold P A,Leiknes T O.Membrane performance and fouling behavior of membrane bioreactors installed in marine recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2014,58(1):45-51.
[18]管崇武,杨菁,单建军,等.工厂化循环水养殖中臭氧/紫外线反应系统的水处理性能[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):253-259.Guan Chongwu,Yang Jing,Shan Jianjun.Water treatment performance of O3/UV reaction system in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):253-259.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]程启云,韩世成,曹广斌,等.工厂化水产养殖中的悬浮物处理技术[J].水产学杂志,2014(2):61-67.Cheng Qiyun,Han Shicheng,Cao Guangbin,et al.Techniques on suspended solid removal in a recirculating system in aquaculture:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2014(2):61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Farabegoli G,Chiavola A,Rolle E.The biological aerated filter(BAF)as alternative treatment for domestic sewage:Optimization of plant performance[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,171(1-3):1126.
[21]Han M,Zhao Z,Gao W,et al.Effective combination of permanganate composite chemicals(PPC)and biological aerated filter(BAF)to pre-treat polluted drinking water source[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2016,57(58):1-10.
[22]Qiu L P,Du M A,Ma J,et al.Kinetic characteristic of single biological aerated filter(BAF)for domestic wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2006,38(2):203-207.
[23]Mendoza-Espinosa L G,Stephenson T.A review of biological aerated filters(BAFs)for wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Engineering Science,1999,16(3):201-216.
[24]谭洪新,刘艳红,朱学宝,等.闭合循环水产养殖-植物水栽培综合生产系统的工艺设计及运行效果[J].水产学报,2004,28(6):689-694.Tan Hongxin,Liu Yanhong,Zhu Xuebao,et al.The producing effect and technological design for integrated system of closed circulating aquaculture and plant hydroponics[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(6):689-694.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]于秀针,姜鲁艳,马艳,等.不同配方营养液对京水菜和生菜生长及产量品质的影响[J].农业工程技术,2017(28):70-72.Yu Xiuzhen,Jiang Luyan,Ma Yan,et al.Effects of different nutrient solutions on growth,yield and quality of Beijing water rape and lettuce[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology,2017(28):70-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]王君,杨其长,仝宇欣.红蓝光下光强对生菜电能、光能利用效率及品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(8):59-66.Wang Jun,Yang Qichang,Tong Yuxin.Effects on electric-energy and light use efficiency and quality for lettuce under different light intensities supplied with red light and blue light[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(8):59-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[28]Fadhil R,Endan J,Taip F S,et al.Biological performance of Asian catfish(Clarias batrachus)(Teleostei,Clariidae)cultured in recirculating aquaculture system.[J].Aquaculture Aquarium Conservation&Legislation,2011,4(5):684-690.
[29]Zhang S Y,Li G,Wu H B,et al.An integrated recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)for land-based fish farming:The effects on water quality and fish production[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2011,45(3):93-102.
[30]郭小芳.浅谈植物对铵、硝态氮的相对吸收能力[J].中国农资,2011(6):24-24.Guo Xiaofang.The study of relative absorption capacity of plant to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen[J].China Agricultural Means of Production,2011(6):24-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]Conley D J,Paerl H W,Howarth R W,et al.Controlling eutrophication:nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Science,2009,323(5917):1014.
[32]Hu J Y,Ong S L,Ng W J,et al.A new method for characterizing denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria by using three different types of electron acceptors[J].Water Research,2003,37(14):3463-3471.
[2]郭双生,董文平,艾为党,等.2人30天受控生态生保系统物质流调控技术研究[J].载人航天,2013,19(5):67-74.Guo Shuangsheng,Dong Wenping,Ai Weidang,et al.Study on regulating technique of material flow for 2-person and 30d in Integrated CELSS[J].Manned Spaceflight,2013,19(5):67-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Dai K,Yu Q,Zhang Z.Aromatic hydrocarbons in a controlled ecological life support system during a4-person-180-day integrated experiment.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,610-611:905-911.
[4]Guo S S,Mao R X,Zhang L L,et al.Progress and prospect of research on controlled ecological life support technique[J].REACH-Reviews in Human Space Exploration,2017,6:1-10.
[5]张宇雷,吴凡,王振华,等.超高密度全封闭循环水养殖系统设计及运行效果分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(15):151-156.Zhang Yulei,Wu Fan,Wang Zhenhua,et al.Engineering design and performance evaluation of super high density recirculating aquaculture system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(15):151-156.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]黄滨,刘滨,雷霁霖,等.工业化循环水福利养殖关键技术与智能装备的研究[J].水产学报,2013,37(11):1750-1760.Huang Bin,Liu Bin,Lei Jilin,et al.Study on key technology and intelligent equipment of industrial recycling water welfare breeding-China knowledge network[J].Journal of Fisheries of China.2013,37(11):1750-1760.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Zhang S Y,Li G,Wu H B,et al.An integrated recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)for land-based fish farming:The effects on water quality and fish production[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2011,45(3):93-102.
[8]Zhou C,Yang X,Zhang B,et al.An adaptive image enhancement method for a recirculating aquaculture system[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):6243.
[9]王峰,雷霁霖,高淳仁,等.国内外工厂化循环水养殖研究进展[J].中国水产科学,2013,20(5):1100-1111.Wang Feng,Lei Jilin,Gao Chunren et al.Research progress of industrial circulating water culture at domestic and abroad[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(5):1100-1111.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]顾川川,张宇雷.国内外工厂化养殖鱼池流态研究进展概述[J].渔业现代化,2013,40(6):10-14.Gu Chuanchuan,Zhang Yulei.Summary of research progress on flow pattern of industrial culture fish pond at domestic and abroad[J].Fishery Modernization,2013,40(6):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Wang G Y,Yang J,Ma F,et al.Ammonia conversion characteristics in a closed recirculating aquaculture system[C].International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,2009:1-4.
[12]Martins C I M,Eding E H,Verdegem M C J,et al.New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe:A perspective on environmental sustainability[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,43(3):83-93.
[13]Tal Y,Watts J E M,Schreier S B,et al.Characterization of the microbial community and nitrogen transformation processes associated with moving bed bioreactors in a closed recirculated mariculture system[J].Aquaculture,2003,215(1):187-202.
[14]程果锋,陆诗敏,刘兴国,等.基于人工湿地的循环水养殖系统运行效果研究[J].渔业现代化,2018,45(5):47-52.Cheng Guofeng,Lu Shimin,Liu Xingguo,et al.Study on the operation effect of circulating aquaculture system based on constructed wetland[J].Fishery Modernization,2018,45(05):47-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]战培荣,刘伟,曹广斌,等.流化床生物滤器净化循环水养鱼系统的工艺与特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):226-230.Zhan Peirong,Liu Wei,Cao Guangbin,et al.Technology and performance of a recirculation purified water intensive fish culture system using fluidized bed biofilter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(2):226-230.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]程果锋,张宇雷,吴凡,等.涡旋式流化砂床生物滤器的设计与研究[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(6):6-10.Cheng Guofeng,Zhang Yulei,Wu Fan,et al.Design and study of a vortexing fluidized-bed biofilter[J].Fishery Modernization.2011,38(6):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Holan A B,Wold P A,Leiknes T O.Membrane performance and fouling behavior of membrane bioreactors installed in marine recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2014,58(1):45-51.
[18]管崇武,杨菁,单建军,等.工厂化循环水养殖中臭氧/紫外线反应系统的水处理性能[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):253-259.Guan Chongwu,Yang Jing,Shan Jianjun.Water treatment performance of O3/UV reaction system in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):253-259.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]程启云,韩世成,曹广斌,等.工厂化水产养殖中的悬浮物处理技术[J].水产学杂志,2014(2):61-67.Cheng Qiyun,Han Shicheng,Cao Guangbin,et al.Techniques on suspended solid removal in a recirculating system in aquaculture:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2014(2):61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Farabegoli G,Chiavola A,Rolle E.The biological aerated filter(BAF)as alternative treatment for domestic sewage:Optimization of plant performance[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,171(1-3):1126.
[21]Han M,Zhao Z,Gao W,et al.Effective combination of permanganate composite chemicals(PPC)and biological aerated filter(BAF)to pre-treat polluted drinking water source[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2016,57(58):1-10.
[22]Qiu L P,Du M A,Ma J,et al.Kinetic characteristic of single biological aerated filter(BAF)for domestic wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2006,38(2):203-207.
[23]Mendoza-Espinosa L G,Stephenson T.A review of biological aerated filters(BAFs)for wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Engineering Science,1999,16(3):201-216.
[24]谭洪新,刘艳红,朱学宝,等.闭合循环水产养殖-植物水栽培综合生产系统的工艺设计及运行效果[J].水产学报,2004,28(6):689-694.Tan Hongxin,Liu Yanhong,Zhu Xuebao,et al.The producing effect and technological design for integrated system of closed circulating aquaculture and plant hydroponics[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(6):689-694.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]于秀针,姜鲁艳,马艳,等.不同配方营养液对京水菜和生菜生长及产量品质的影响[J].农业工程技术,2017(28):70-72.Yu Xiuzhen,Jiang Luyan,Ma Yan,et al.Effects of different nutrient solutions on growth,yield and quality of Beijing water rape and lettuce[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology,2017(28):70-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]王君,杨其长,仝宇欣.红蓝光下光强对生菜电能、光能利用效率及品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(8):59-66.Wang Jun,Yang Qichang,Tong Yuxin.Effects on electric-energy and light use efficiency and quality for lettuce under different light intensities supplied with red light and blue light[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(8):59-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[28]Fadhil R,Endan J,Taip F S,et al.Biological performance of Asian catfish(Clarias batrachus)(Teleostei,Clariidae)cultured in recirculating aquaculture system.[J].Aquaculture Aquarium Conservation&Legislation,2011,4(5):684-690.
[29]Zhang S Y,Li G,Wu H B,et al.An integrated recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)for land-based fish farming:The effects on water quality and fish production[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2011,45(3):93-102.
[30]郭小芳.浅谈植物对铵、硝态氮的相对吸收能力[J].中国农资,2011(6):24-24.Guo Xiaofang.The study of relative absorption capacity of plant to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen[J].China Agricultural Means of Production,2011(6):24-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]Conley D J,Paerl H W,Howarth R W,et al.Controlling eutrophication:nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Science,2009,323(5917):1014.
[32]Hu J Y,Ong S L,Ng W J,et al.A new method for characterizing denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria by using three different types of electron acceptors[J].Water Research,2003,37(14):3463-3471.
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