水稻种植在牛粪化肥配施条件下消纳氮磷的作用
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摘要
为研究水稻作为湿地植物在防治面源污染方面的作用,本研究采用盆栽试验的方式,设置了4个施肥处理[100%化肥(100%F)、70%化肥+30%牛粪(70%F+30%M)、50%化肥+50%牛粪(50%F+50%M)、30%化肥+70%牛粪(30%F+70%M)],在每个施肥处理中又分别设定水稻种植和无水稻种植(UN)两种处理,以探讨种植水稻对整个体系中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的消纳作用。结果表明,水稻种植能够降低盆面水的pH值、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)浓度,尤其是在70%F+30%M处理下,水稻对COD、TP、TN的减低效果最显著,与无水稻种植相比,其水稻种植条件下分别降低58.16%、65.50%和72.92%。100%F的水稻籽粒和茎叶的P含量最高;70%F+30%M各部分的N含量最高;50%F+50%M各部分的P含量最高;30%F+70%M籽粒的N含量最高,而茎叶的P含量最高。因此,在配施牛粪的情况下,水稻种植可以显著降低盆面水的pH值、COD、TP、TN,稳定土壤中的N含量,同时增加水稻植株中N、P的含量,其中以70%F+30%M处理下水稻的水处理能力及植株N含量最佳。
In order to study the role of rice as a wetland plant in preventing non-point source pollution, four fertilization treatments were set up in a potted experiment [which were 100% chemical fertilizer(100%F), 70% chemical fertilizer + 30% dairy manure(70%F+30%M),50% chemical fertilizer + 50% dairy manure(50%F+50%M), 30% chemical fertilizer + 70% dairy manure(30%F+70%M)], and in each fertilization treatment, rice planting and non-rice planting(UN)were set respectively in this study were used to investigate the absorption of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)from the whole system by rice planting. The results showed that rice cultivation could reduce the pH, chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP), and total nitrogen(TN)concentrations of basin surface water, especially under the 70%F+30%M treatment. Rice had the most significant effects on reducing the COD, TP, and TN. Compared with non-rice,COD, TP, and TN were reduced by 58.16%, 65.50%, and 72.92%, respectively, under rice planting conditions. P content of grain, stems and leaves of rice with 100% F was the highest. The N content of each part of the 70%F+30%M treatment plants was the highest. The P content of each part of the 50%F+50%M treatment plants was the highest. The seed grain N content of the 30%F+70%M treatment was the highest, whereas the P content of stems and leaves was the highest. Therefore, under the condition of the use of fresh dairy manure use with chemical fertilizer, rice plantings could significantly reduce the pH, COD, TP, TN of basin surface water, and stability of soil TN content,while at the same time increasing the N and P content in rice plants. The water treatment capacity and N content of rice were the best under the 70%F+30%M treatment.
In order to study the role of rice as a wetland plant in preventing non-point source pollution, four fertilization treatments were set up in a potted experiment [which were 100% chemical fertilizer(100%F), 70% chemical fertilizer + 30% dairy manure(70%F+30%M),50% chemical fertilizer + 50% dairy manure(50%F+50%M), 30% chemical fertilizer + 70% dairy manure(30%F+70%M)], and in each fertilization treatment, rice planting and non-rice planting(UN)were set respectively in this study were used to investigate the absorption of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)from the whole system by rice planting. The results showed that rice cultivation could reduce the pH, chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP), and total nitrogen(TN)concentrations of basin surface water, especially under the 70%F+30%M treatment. Rice had the most significant effects on reducing the COD, TP, and TN. Compared with non-rice,COD, TP, and TN were reduced by 58.16%, 65.50%, and 72.92%, respectively, under rice planting conditions. P content of grain, stems and leaves of rice with 100% F was the highest. The N content of each part of the 70%F+30%M treatment plants was the highest. The P content of each part of the 50%F+50%M treatment plants was the highest. The seed grain N content of the 30%F+70%M treatment was the highest, whereas the P content of stems and leaves was the highest. Therefore, under the condition of the use of fresh dairy manure use with chemical fertilizer, rice plantings could significantly reduce the pH, COD, TP, TN of basin surface water, and stability of soil TN content,while at the same time increasing the N and P content in rice plants. The water treatment capacity and N content of rice were the best under the 70%F+30%M treatment.
引文
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[2]郭海瑞,赵立纯,窦超银.稻田人工湿地氮磷去除机制及其研究进展[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(6):23-26.GUO Hai-rui,ZHAO Li-chun,DOU Chao-yin.Nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism of constructed wetland in rice field and its research progress[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2018,46(6):23-26.
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[4]马凡凡,邢素林,徐云连,等.肥料施用对稻田氮磷流失的影响[J].中国稻米,2018,24(2):14-18.MA Fan-fan,XING Su-lin,XU Yun-lian,et al.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy field[J].Journal of Chinese Rice,2018,24(2):14-18.
[5]吕亚敏,吴玉红,李洪达,等.减肥措施对稻田田面水氮、磷动态变化特征的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(4):349-355.LüYa-min,WU Yu-hong,LI Hong-da,et al.Effects of dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface water of paddy field under different fertilizer rate[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(4):349-355.
[6]汤秋香,任天志,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同轮作农田氮、磷流失特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):608-615.TANG Qiu-xiang,REN Tian-zhi,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in various crop rotation system in northern watershed of Erhai lake[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(3):608-615.
[7]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):292-304.WANG Jing,CHENG Yi,CAI Zu-cong,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):292-304.
[8]岳玉波,沙之敏,赵峥,等.不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(12):1424-1432.YUE Yu-bo,SHA Zhi-min,ZHAO Zheng,et al.Effects of rice cultivation patterns on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and runoff losses[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(12):1424-1432.
[9]陈贵,张红梅,沈亚强,等.绿肥和小麦秸秆与化肥配施对水稻生长和青紫泥土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2015,27(10):1797-1801.CHEN Gui,ZHANG Hong-mei,SHEN Ya-qiang,et al.Influence of incorporation of green manure,wheat straw and chemical fertilizer on rice growth and fertility of purple clay-based paddy soil[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2015,27(10):1797-1801.
[10]谢光辉,包维卿,刘继军,等.中国畜禽粪便资源研究现状述评[J].中国农业大学学报,2018,23(4):75-87.XIE Guang-hui,BAO Wei-qing,LIU Ji-jun,et al.An overview of researches on livestock and poultry excreta resource in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2018,23(4):75-87.
[11]宓文海,吴良欢,马庆旭,等.有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):103-108.MI Wen-hai,WU Liang-huan,MA Qing-xu,et al.Combined application of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers improving rice yield and soil fertility of yellow clayey paddy soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(13):103-108.
[12]董春华,高菊生,曾希柏,等.长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):336-345.DONG Chun-hua,GAO Ju-sheng,ZENG Xi-bai,et al.Effects of long-term organic manure and inorganic fertilizer combined application on rice yield and soil organic carbon content in reddish paddy fields[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(2):336-345.
[13]侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,等.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):516-523.HOU Hong-qian,LIU Xiu-mei,LIU Guang-rong,et al.Effect of long-term located organic-inorganic fertilizer application on rice yield and soil fertility in red soil area of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(3):516-523.
[14]李想.有机无机肥磷配施的协同效应与机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.LI Xiang.The synergistic effects and mechanisms of combined application of organic and inorganic phosphorous fertilizer[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agriculture University,2012.
[15]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.LU Ru-kun.Soil agrochemical analysis method[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999.
[16]Mirona J,Yosefa E,Nikbachata M,et al.Fresh dairy manure as a substitute for chemical fertilization in growing wheat forage;effects on soil properties,forage yield and composition,weed contamination,and hay intake and digestibility by sheep[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168:179-187.
[17]Peacock A D,Mullen M D,Ringelberg D B,et al.Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applications[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2001,33:1011-1019.
[18]Geohring L D,McHugh O V,Walter M T,et al.Phosphorus transport into subsurface drains by macropores after manure application:Implications for best manure management practices[J].Soil Science,2001,166:896-909.
[19]沈其荣,沈振国,史瑞和.有机肥氮素的矿化特征及其化学组成的关系[J].南京农业大学学报,1992,15(1):59-64.SHEN Qi-rong,SHEN Zhen-guo,SHI Rui-he.The characteristics of mineralization of nitrogen in organic manure and its relation to chemical composition of organic manure[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,1992,15(1):59-64.
[20]Zou X.Effect of C/N ratio on properties of aerobic granular sludge[J].Chin J Environ Eng,2012,6(11):3928-3932.
[21]Wang H Y,Song Q,Wang J,et al.Simultaneous nitrification,denitrification and phosphorus removal in an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor with high dissolved oxygen:Effects of carbon to nitrogen ratios[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:1145-1152.
[22]Chen D M,Yuan L,Liu Y R,et al.Long-term application of manures plus chemical fertilizers sustained high rice yield and improved soil chemical and bacterial properties[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2017,90:34-42.
[23]He Q L,Zhou J,Song Q,et al.Elucidation of microbial characterization of aerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor performing simultaneous nitrification,denitrification and phosphorus removal at varying carbon to phosphorus ratios[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,241:127-133.
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