植物叶片表面水溶与非水溶性颗粒物滞纳量分离定量评估——以5种树种为例
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摘要
为了精确、定量评估植物叶片表面水溶性和非水溶性颗粒物的质量及粒径分布,进一步提高对城市树木大气颗粒物吸滞能力的定量评估精度,本研究以3种阔叶树种(银杏、国槐、垂柳)和2种针叶树种(油松、圆柏)为研究对象,于雨后14 d(降水量>15 mm)采集叶样,依次对其进行泡洗+刷洗(WC+BC)、超声清洗(UC),然后对每个清洗步骤下叶片洗脱液进行离心分离,对上清液与沉淀物进行烘干、称量,测定水溶性和非水溶性颗粒物的质量,采用无水乙醇和去离子水对水溶性和非水溶性颗粒物进行溶解,分别测定其粒径分布,并依此计算叶片表面滞纳不同径级水溶性和非水溶性颗粒物的质量.结果表明:阔叶和针叶树种叶片表面滞纳水溶性、非水溶性颗粒物质量(比例)分别为480.61(52.3%)、438.91(47.7%)和97.93(12.0%)、715.84 mg·m~(-2)(88.0%).5种树种叶面水溶性颗粒物粒径分布呈单峰曲线,而叶面非水溶性颗粒物粒径则呈多峰分布,且水溶性颗粒物的平均粒径(40.36μm)明显小于非水溶性颗粒物平均粒径(105.65μm).阔叶树种国槐、银杏在空气中含水溶性颗粒物较多的区域具有较高的颗粒物滞纳能力;而针叶树种圆柏在空气中非水溶性颗粒物较多的区域具有较高的颗粒物滞纳能力.
To accurately and quantitatively evaluate the mass and particle size distribution of water-soluble and water-insoluble particulate matters(PM) on the surface of tree leaves, which would help to improve the accuracy of quantitative assessment of the retention ability of urban trees to atmospheric particles, we collected leaf samples from three broadleaved tree species [Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba), Chinese scholar tree(Sophora japonica) and weeping willow(Salix babylonica)] and two conifer species [Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) and China savin(Sabina chinensis)] 14 d after the rain(rainfall>15 mm). The PMs retained on leaves were collected by a succeeding procedure of washing + brushing(WC+BC) and ultrasonic cleaning(UC). Then, the extracts at each step were divided into water-soluble and water-insoluble PMs through centrifuge. The mass of water-soluble and water-insoluble particles were dry weighted. Then, the water-soluble and water-insoluble particles were dissolved by anhydrous ethanol and deionized water to measure the particle size distribution. The mass of water-soluble and water-insoluble particles with different particle sizes was calculated. Results showed that the mass(proportion) of water-soluble PMs retained on leaf surfaces of broad-leaved and conifer species were 480.61(52.3%) and 438.91(47.7%) mg·m~(-2), respectively, while that for water-insoluble PM_s were 97.93(12.0%) and 715.84(88.0%) mg·m~(-2), respectively. The particle size distribution of water-soluble particles on the leaves of the five tree species showed the unimodal curve with mean size of 40.36 μm. Water-insoluble particles on leaves showed multimodal distribution, with mean size of 105.65 μm. S. japonica and G. biloba had higher PM retention ability in regions suffering with more water-soluble PM pollution, while S. chinensis had higher retention ability to water-insoluble PMs.
To accurately and quantitatively evaluate the mass and particle size distribution of water-soluble and water-insoluble particulate matters(PM) on the surface of tree leaves, which would help to improve the accuracy of quantitative assessment of the retention ability of urban trees to atmospheric particles, we collected leaf samples from three broadleaved tree species [Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba), Chinese scholar tree(Sophora japonica) and weeping willow(Salix babylonica)] and two conifer species [Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) and China savin(Sabina chinensis)] 14 d after the rain(rainfall>15 mm). The PMs retained on leaves were collected by a succeeding procedure of washing + brushing(WC+BC) and ultrasonic cleaning(UC). Then, the extracts at each step were divided into water-soluble and water-insoluble PMs through centrifuge. The mass of water-soluble and water-insoluble particles were dry weighted. Then, the water-soluble and water-insoluble particles were dissolved by anhydrous ethanol and deionized water to measure the particle size distribution. The mass of water-soluble and water-insoluble particles with different particle sizes was calculated. Results showed that the mass(proportion) of water-soluble PMs retained on leaf surfaces of broad-leaved and conifer species were 480.61(52.3%) and 438.91(47.7%) mg·m~(-2), respectively, while that for water-insoluble PM_s were 97.93(12.0%) and 715.84(88.0%) mg·m~(-2), respectively. The particle size distribution of water-soluble particles on the leaves of the five tree species showed the unimodal curve with mean size of 40.36 μm. Water-insoluble particles on leaves showed multimodal distribution, with mean size of 105.65 μm. S. japonica and G. biloba had higher PM retention ability in regions suffering with more water-soluble PM pollution, while S. chinensis had higher retention ability to water-insoluble PMs.
引文
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[23]Cao J-J(曹军骥).PM2.5and the Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2014(in Chinese)
[24]Baidurela A(阿丽亚·拜都热拉),Halik U(玉米提·哈力克),Aishan T(塔依尔江·艾山),et al.Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities,northwest China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2015,51(3):57-63(in Chinese)
[25]Fan S-X(范舒欣),Yan H(晏海),Qishi M-Y(齐石茗月),et al.Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2015,39(7):736-745(in Chinese)
[26]Wang L(王蕾),Gao S-Y(高尚玉),Liu L-Y(刘连友),et al.Atmospheric particle-retaining capability of eleven garden plant species in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(4):597-601(in Chinese)
[27]Wang L(王蕾),Ha S(哈斯),Liu L-Y(刘连友),et al.Physico-chemical characteristics of ambient particles setting upon leaf surface of six conifers in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2007,18(3):487-492(in Chinese)
[28]Yin W(尹洧).Environmental impact,source and analytical technology of the water-soluble ions in atmospheric particulate matters.Modern instruments and medical(现代仪器与医疗),2016,22(1):24-27(in Chinese)
[29]Kuang BY,Lin P,Hu M,et al.Aerosol size distribution characteristics of organosulfates in the Pearl River Delta region,China.Atmospheric Environment,2016,130:23-35
[30]Liu HX,Zheng JR,Qu CK,et al.Characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10in a typical mining city,central China.Atmosphere,2017,8:74
[31]Gupta S,Srivastava A,Jain VK.Particle size distribution of aerosols and associated heavy metals in kitchen environments.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,142:141-148
[32]Cao ZG,Yu G,Chen YS,et al.Particle size:A missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust.Environment International,2012,49:24-30
[2]Hofman J,Stokkaer I,Snauwaert L,et al.Spatial distribution assessment of particulate matter in an urban street canyon using biomagnetic leaf monitoring of tree crown deposited particles.Environmental Pollution,2013,183:123-132
[3]Yang J,Mc Bride J,Zhou J,et al.The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2005,3:65-78
[4]Wang H(王华),Lu S-W(鲁绍伟),Li S-N(李少宁),et al.Inhalable particulate matter and fine particulate matter:Their basic characteristics,monitoring methods,and forest regulation functions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,24(3):869-877(in Chinese)
[5]Przybysz A,SbA,Hanslin HM,et al.Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level,rainfall and the passage of time.Science of the Total Environment,2014,481:360-369
[6]Chen LX,Liu CM,Zou R,et al.Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matter in the urban environment.Environmental Pollution,2016,208:198-208
[7]Yao XH,Chan CK,Fang M,et al.The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5in Shanghai and Beijing,China.Atmospheric Environment,2002,36:4223-4234
[8]Chan CK,Yao X.Air pollution in mega cities in China.Atmospheric Environment,2007,42:1-42
[9]Gao JJ,Tian HZ,Cheng K,et al.The variation of chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10and formation causes during two haze pollution events in urban Beijing,China.Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:141-148
[10]Huang RJ,Zhang YL,Bozzetti C,et al.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature,2014,514:218-222
[11]Han XK,Guo QJ,Liu CQ,et al.Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade:Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope.Environmental Pollution,2016,218:230-241
[12]Zhang Y,Huang W,Cai TQ,et al.Concentrations and chemical compositions of fine particles(PM2.5)during haze and non-haze days in Beijing.Atmospheric Research,2016,174-175:62-69
[13]Dzier6)zanowski K,Gawroński SW.Use of trees for reducing particulate matter pollution in air.Challenges of Modern Technology,2011,1:69-73
[14]Zhang Z-D(张志丹),Xi B-Y(席本野),Cao Z-G(曹治国),et al.Exploration of a quantitative methodology to characterize the retention of PM2.5and other atmospheric particulate matter by plant leaves:Taking Populus tomentosa as an example.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(8):2238-2242(in Chinese)
[15]Xu YS,Xu W,Mo L,et al.Quantifying particulate matter accumulated on leaves by 17 species of urban trees in Beijing,China.Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2018,25:12545-12556
[16]Yu X-R(俞学如).The Characteristic of Foliar Dust of Main Afforestation Tree Species in Nanjing and Association with Leaf’s Surface Micro-structure.Master Thesis.Nanjing:Nanjing Forest University,2008(in Chinese)
[17]Liu H-H(刘欢欢),Cao Z-G(曹治国),Jia L-M(贾黎明),et al.Analysis of the role of ultrasonic cleaning in quantitative evaluation of the retention of tree leaves to atmospheric particles:A case study with Ginkgo biloba.Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2016,52(12):133-140(in Chinese)
[18]Liu J-Q(刘金强),Cao Z-G(曹治国),Liu H-H(刘欢欢),et al.Ultrasonic based investigation on particulate size distribution and retention efficiency of particulate matters retained on tree leaves:Taking Ginkgo biloba and Pinus tabuliformis as examples.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2016,40(8):798-809(in Chinese)
[19]Liu JQ,Cao ZG,Zou SY,et al.An investigation of the leaf retention capacity,efficiency and mechanism for atmospheric particulate matter of five greening tree species in Beijing,China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,616-617:417-426
[20]Cao ZG,Yu G,Chen YS,et al.Mechanisms influencing the BFR distribution patterns in office dust and implications for estimating human exposure.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,252-253:11-18
[21]Wang B(王兵),Zhang W-K(张维康),Niu X(牛香),et al.Particulate matter adsorption capacity of 10evergreen species in Beijing.Environmental Science(环境科学),2015,36(2):408-414(in Chinese)
[22]Xing FQ,Mao JF,Meng JX,et al.Needle morphological evidence of the homoploid hybrid origin of Pinus densata based on analysis of artificial hybrids and the putative parents,Pinus tabuliformis and Pinus yunnanensis.Ecology and Evolution,2014,4:1890-1902
[23]Cao J-J(曹军骥).PM2.5and the Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2014(in Chinese)
[24]Baidurela A(阿丽亚·拜都热拉),Halik U(玉米提·哈力克),Aishan T(塔依尔江·艾山),et al.Maximum dust retention of main greening trees in arid land oasis cities,northwest China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2015,51(3):57-63(in Chinese)
[25]Fan S-X(范舒欣),Yan H(晏海),Qishi M-Y(齐石茗月),et al.Dust capturing capacities of twenty-six deciduous broad-leaved trees in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2015,39(7):736-745(in Chinese)
[26]Wang L(王蕾),Gao S-Y(高尚玉),Liu L-Y(刘连友),et al.Atmospheric particle-retaining capability of eleven garden plant species in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(4):597-601(in Chinese)
[27]Wang L(王蕾),Ha S(哈斯),Liu L-Y(刘连友),et al.Physico-chemical characteristics of ambient particles setting upon leaf surface of six conifers in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2007,18(3):487-492(in Chinese)
[28]Yin W(尹洧).Environmental impact,source and analytical technology of the water-soluble ions in atmospheric particulate matters.Modern instruments and medical(现代仪器与医疗),2016,22(1):24-27(in Chinese)
[29]Kuang BY,Lin P,Hu M,et al.Aerosol size distribution characteristics of organosulfates in the Pearl River Delta region,China.Atmospheric Environment,2016,130:23-35
[30]Liu HX,Zheng JR,Qu CK,et al.Characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10in a typical mining city,central China.Atmosphere,2017,8:74
[31]Gupta S,Srivastava A,Jain VK.Particle size distribution of aerosols and associated heavy metals in kitchen environments.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,142:141-148
[32]Cao ZG,Yu G,Chen YS,et al.Particle size:A missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust.Environment International,2012,49:24-30