太行山区水资源供需关系的垂直梯度特征
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摘要
太行山区具有水少土薄的生态劣势,却承担着华北平原水源供应的重要作用.开展太行山区水资源供需关系垂直特征研究,有助于指导山区生态系统的可持续管理.本研究基于遥感数据以及In VEST模型,定量评估太行山区产水量,并根据不同地区人均综合用水指标计算耗水量,通过不同海拔的水资源产耗比科学划定太行山区水资源的供给区和受益区.结果表明:2005—2014年,太行山区年均产水总量为65.94亿m~3,耗水总量为45.32亿m~3,水资源盈余20.62亿m~3;从县域和集水区尺度看,太行山区边缘低海拔地区存在一定程度的水资源短缺问题,整个太行山区的产耗比为1.53;根据产耗比随海拔的变化,可将太行山区划分为3个垂直带,0～300 m为水资源补给区,建议发展为农林复合型过渡带,300～950 m为水资源过渡平衡区,建议维持当前自产自耗的现状,950 m以上为水资源外溢区,建议划为水源涵养保护区,严禁一切开发破坏行为.
Taihang Mountains plays a key role in water supply for the North China Plain,even though it has the ecological disadvantages of less water and soil. Research on the vertical characteristics of water supply and demand in Taihang Mountains is beneficial for the sustainable management of the mountain ecosystem. Here,we quantitatively evaluated water provision in the Taihang Mountains using remote sensing data and In VEST model. Water consumption was calculated according to the index of per capita comprehensive water use in different areas. The supply and benefit areas were scientifically demarcated based on water supply to demand ratios at different altitudes.The results showed that,from 2005 to 2014,the average volume of water yield and water consumption were 65. 94 × 10~8 and 45. 32 × 10~8m~3,respectively,with a surplus water volume of 20.62 ×10~8m~3. On the county and catchment scales,there were water shortages in the low-altitude peripheral areas of the Taihang Mountains. However,the water shortage problem was inconspicuous for the overall mountain area,with a water supply to demand ratio of 1.53. Based on the variations in the water supply to demand ratio with respect to altitude,Taihang Mountains could be divided into three vertical bands. Areas with the altitude range of 0-300 m were water recharge areas,which were recommended for development as a complex agroforestry transition zone. Areas with the 300-950 m altitude range were water transfer balance areas,which were suggested as a maintenance zone retaining current levels of water production and consumption. Areas with altitudes greater than 950 m were water spillover areas,which should be designated for water conservation reserves with strict prohibitions regarding destruction.
Taihang Mountains plays a key role in water supply for the North China Plain,even though it has the ecological disadvantages of less water and soil. Research on the vertical characteristics of water supply and demand in Taihang Mountains is beneficial for the sustainable management of the mountain ecosystem. Here,we quantitatively evaluated water provision in the Taihang Mountains using remote sensing data and In VEST model. Water consumption was calculated according to the index of per capita comprehensive water use in different areas. The supply and benefit areas were scientifically demarcated based on water supply to demand ratios at different altitudes.The results showed that,from 2005 to 2014,the average volume of water yield and water consumption were 65. 94 × 10~8 and 45. 32 × 10~8m~3,respectively,with a surplus water volume of 20.62 ×10~8m~3. On the county and catchment scales,there were water shortages in the low-altitude peripheral areas of the Taihang Mountains. However,the water shortage problem was inconspicuous for the overall mountain area,with a water supply to demand ratio of 1.53. Based on the variations in the water supply to demand ratio with respect to altitude,Taihang Mountains could be divided into three vertical bands. Areas with the altitude range of 0-300 m were water recharge areas,which were recommended for development as a complex agroforestry transition zone. Areas with the 300-950 m altitude range were water transfer balance areas,which were suggested as a maintenance zone retaining current levels of water production and consumption. Areas with altitudes greater than 950 m were water spillover areas,which should be designated for water conservation reserves with strict prohibitions regarding destruction.
引文
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[2] Deng W(邓伟). Discussion on mountain area resource and environment carrying capacity. Geographical Research(地理研究),2010,29(6):959-969(in Chinese)
[3] Li M-D(李梦娣),Fan J-T(范俊韬),Kong W-J(孔维静),et al. Assessment of aquatic ecological security for mountainous rivers:A case study in the Taizi River Basin, Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(8):2685-2694(in Chinese)
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[11] Liu Q(刘倩),Wang S-L(王书丽),Deng B-L(邓邦良),Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents and their ecological stoichiometry in litters and soils on meadow of Wugong Mountain,Jiangxi,China at different altitudes. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(5):1535-1541(in Chinese)
[12] Xu J-Y(许杰玉),Wang P-T(王鹏腾),Wang Z-S(汪自书),et al. Study on supply-demand analysis and sustainable development plan of water resources in Hefei. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering(水资源与水工程学报),2015,26(1):96-101(in Chinese)
[13] Liu Z-H(刘忠华),Yu H(于华),Yang F-T(杨方廷),et al. Study on water resources allocation in Shanxi in conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering(水力发电学报),2016,35(3):36-46(in Chinese)
[14] Sun D-Y(孙栋元),Li Y-H(李元红),Hu X-Q(胡想全),et al. Study on balance and configuiation of water resources supply and demand in Heihe river basin.Research of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持研究),2014,21(3):217-221(in Chinese)
[15] Li J-Z(李静芝),Zhu X(朱翔),Li J-B(李景保). Research on the dynamics analysis and optimization decision-making of water resources supply and demand system in Dongting Lake District. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2013,28(2):199-210(in Chinese)
[16] Shi Q-F(石清峰). Mainly Plants of Soil and Water Conservation and the Cultivation in Taihang Mountains.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1994(in Chinese)
[17] Zhou Z-F(周泽福),Zhang G-C(张光灿),Lin F-R(林富荣). The Study of Water Conservation Forest in Taihang Mountains. Beijing:China Forestry Press,2006(in Chinese)
[18] Budyko MI. Evaporation Under Natural Conditions.Leningrad:Gidrometeoizdat,1948
[19] Fu B-P(傅抱璞). On the calculation of the evaporation from land surface. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica(大气科学),1981,5(1):23-31(in Chinese)
[20] Zhang L,Hickel K,Dawes W,et al. A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration.Water Resources Research,2004,40:1-14
[21] Bureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources,People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国水利部水文局). Annual Hydrological Report,People’s Republic of China:Hydrological Data of Yellow River Basin. Zhengzhou:Digital Typography Center of Henan Yellow River Hydrological Survey and Design Institute,2005-2014(in Chinese)
[22] Bureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources,People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国水利部水文局). Annual Hydrological Report,People’s Republic of China:Hydrological Data of Haihe River Basin. Zhengzhou:Digital Typography Center of Henan Yellow River Hydrological Survey and Design Institute,2005-2014(in Chinese)
[23] Sharp R,Tallis HT,Ricketts T,et al. In VEST User’s Guide[EB/OL].(2015-06-01)[2018-12-05].http://data. naturalcapital-project. org/nightly-build/release_default/release_default/documentation/
[24] Farley KA,Jobbgy EG,Jackson RB. Effects of afforestation on water yield:A global synthesis with implications for policy. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11:1565-1576
[25] Boithias L,Acu1a V,Vergo1ós L,et al. Assessment of the water supply:Demand ratios in a Mediterranean basin under different global change scenarios and mitigation alternatives. Science of the Total Environment,2014,470:567-577
[26] Yuan Y-X(袁玉欣),Li Y-K(李元坤). Water resource crisis and the way overcoming it in Northern China. Eco-agriculture Research(生态农业研究),2000,8(3):92-94(in Chinese)
[27] Xia J(夏军),Liu M-Y(刘孟雨),Jia S-F(贾绍凤),et al. Water security problem and research perspective in North China. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2004,19(5):550-560(in Chinese)
[28] Shi P-L(石培礼),Wu B(吴波),Cheng G-W(程根伟),et al. Water retention capacity evaluaiton of main forest vegetation types in the upper Yangtze basin.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2004,19(3):351-360(in Chinese)
[29] Chen D-L(陈东立),Yu X-X(余新晓),Liao B-H(廖邦洪). Analysis on the function of conservation water of the Chinese forest ecosystem. World Forestry Research(世界林业研究),2005,18(1):49-54(in Chinese)
[30] Green MB,Bailey AS,Bailey SW,et al. Decreased water flowing from a forest amended with calcium silicate.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110:5999-6003
[31] Shi Y-F(施雅风). Rational Exploitation and Use of Water Resources in North China. Beijing:China Water Resources and Hydropower Press,1990(in Chinese)
[2] Deng W(邓伟). Discussion on mountain area resource and environment carrying capacity. Geographical Research(地理研究),2010,29(6):959-969(in Chinese)
[3] Li M-D(李梦娣),Fan J-T(范俊韬),Kong W-J(孔维静),et al. Assessment of aquatic ecological security for mountainous rivers:A case study in the Taizi River Basin, Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(8):2685-2694(in Chinese)
[4] Li S-C(李双成),Ma C(马程),Wang Y(王阳),et al. The Ecosystem Services of Geography. Beijing:Science Press,2014(in Chinese)
[5] Groot R,Wilson MA,Boumans R,et al. A typology for the classification description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and service. Ecological Economics,2002,41:393-408
[6] Madin L,Bowers S,Schildhauer M,et al. An ontology for describing and synthesizing ecological observation data. Ecological Informatics,2007,2:279-296
[7] Wendland KJ,Honzak M,Portela R,et al. Targeting and implementing payments for ecosystem services:Opportunities for bundling biodiversity conservation with carbon and water services in Madagascar. Ecological Economics,2010,69:2093-2107
[8] Fang J-Y(方精云),Shen Z-H(沈泽昊),Cui H-T(崔海亭). Ecological characteristics of mountains and research issues of mountain ecology. Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),2004,12(1):10-19(in Chinese)
[9] Chen Y(陈勇),Chen G-J(陈国阶),Wang Y-Q(王益谦). A preliminary study on the interactive relationship between population and environment in mountains. Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2002,22(3):282-287(in Chinese)
[10] Niu Y-J(牛钰杰),Zhou J-W(周建伟),Ynag S-W(杨思维),et al. Quantitative apportionment of slope aspect and altitude to soil moisture and temperature and plant distribution on alpine meadow. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报)2017,28(5):1489-1497(in Chinese)
[11] Liu Q(刘倩),Wang S-L(王书丽),Deng B-L(邓邦良),Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents and their ecological stoichiometry in litters and soils on meadow of Wugong Mountain,Jiangxi,China at different altitudes. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(5):1535-1541(in Chinese)
[12] Xu J-Y(许杰玉),Wang P-T(王鹏腾),Wang Z-S(汪自书),et al. Study on supply-demand analysis and sustainable development plan of water resources in Hefei. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering(水资源与水工程学报),2015,26(1):96-101(in Chinese)
[13] Liu Z-H(刘忠华),Yu H(于华),Yang F-T(杨方廷),et al. Study on water resources allocation in Shanxi in conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering(水力发电学报),2016,35(3):36-46(in Chinese)
[14] Sun D-Y(孙栋元),Li Y-H(李元红),Hu X-Q(胡想全),et al. Study on balance and configuiation of water resources supply and demand in Heihe river basin.Research of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持研究),2014,21(3):217-221(in Chinese)
[15] Li J-Z(李静芝),Zhu X(朱翔),Li J-B(李景保). Research on the dynamics analysis and optimization decision-making of water resources supply and demand system in Dongting Lake District. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2013,28(2):199-210(in Chinese)
[16] Shi Q-F(石清峰). Mainly Plants of Soil and Water Conservation and the Cultivation in Taihang Mountains.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1994(in Chinese)
[17] Zhou Z-F(周泽福),Zhang G-C(张光灿),Lin F-R(林富荣). The Study of Water Conservation Forest in Taihang Mountains. Beijing:China Forestry Press,2006(in Chinese)
[18] Budyko MI. Evaporation Under Natural Conditions.Leningrad:Gidrometeoizdat,1948
[19] Fu B-P(傅抱璞). On the calculation of the evaporation from land surface. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica(大气科学),1981,5(1):23-31(in Chinese)
[20] Zhang L,Hickel K,Dawes W,et al. A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration.Water Resources Research,2004,40:1-14
[21] Bureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources,People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国水利部水文局). Annual Hydrological Report,People’s Republic of China:Hydrological Data of Yellow River Basin. Zhengzhou:Digital Typography Center of Henan Yellow River Hydrological Survey and Design Institute,2005-2014(in Chinese)
[22] Bureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources,People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国水利部水文局). Annual Hydrological Report,People’s Republic of China:Hydrological Data of Haihe River Basin. Zhengzhou:Digital Typography Center of Henan Yellow River Hydrological Survey and Design Institute,2005-2014(in Chinese)
[23] Sharp R,Tallis HT,Ricketts T,et al. In VEST User’s Guide[EB/OL].(2015-06-01)[2018-12-05].http://data. naturalcapital-project. org/nightly-build/release_default/release_default/documentation/
[24] Farley KA,Jobbgy EG,Jackson RB. Effects of afforestation on water yield:A global synthesis with implications for policy. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11:1565-1576
[25] Boithias L,Acu1a V,Vergo1ós L,et al. Assessment of the water supply:Demand ratios in a Mediterranean basin under different global change scenarios and mitigation alternatives. Science of the Total Environment,2014,470:567-577
[26] Yuan Y-X(袁玉欣),Li Y-K(李元坤). Water resource crisis and the way overcoming it in Northern China. Eco-agriculture Research(生态农业研究),2000,8(3):92-94(in Chinese)
[27] Xia J(夏军),Liu M-Y(刘孟雨),Jia S-F(贾绍凤),et al. Water security problem and research perspective in North China. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2004,19(5):550-560(in Chinese)
[28] Shi P-L(石培礼),Wu B(吴波),Cheng G-W(程根伟),et al. Water retention capacity evaluaiton of main forest vegetation types in the upper Yangtze basin.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2004,19(3):351-360(in Chinese)
[29] Chen D-L(陈东立),Yu X-X(余新晓),Liao B-H(廖邦洪). Analysis on the function of conservation water of the Chinese forest ecosystem. World Forestry Research(世界林业研究),2005,18(1):49-54(in Chinese)
[30] Green MB,Bailey AS,Bailey SW,et al. Decreased water flowing from a forest amended with calcium silicate.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110:5999-6003
[31] Shi Y-F(施雅风). Rational Exploitation and Use of Water Resources in North China. Beijing:China Water Resources and Hydropower Press,1990(in Chinese)
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